电子垃圾拆解区土壤-水稻系统重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

选取广东省贵屿镇为研究区域,测定土壤中15种金属(As、Be、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Li、Mn、Ni、Sb、Sn、Pb、V和Zn)的含量,并确定研究区域大米中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量;运用多元统计分析法和人体健康风险评价模型研究土壤-水稻系统重金属分布特征和健康风险.结果表明,电子垃圾拆解区周边表层土壤中Hg、Sb、Sn具有明显的积累效应,Cd、Hg的平均含量超过了《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 156182-1995)Ⅱ级标准限值,贵屿镇相较于陈店镇、司马浦镇污染较严重.多元统计分析表明,Cu、Sb、Ni、Zn、Sn、Pb、Hg来源于周边电子垃圾拆解活动,Cd、Be来源于其他人为污染源,V、Li、Cr、Co、As、Mn来源于自然源.土壤-水稻系统重金属迁移积累于稻米中的重金属评价富集量符合国家食品卫生标准,富集能力CdZnCuNiAsCrHgPb.土壤重金属健康风险评估结果显示儿童更易受到重金属污染威胁,经手-口摄入是土壤暴露风险的主要途径,且各镇土壤重金属的非致癌风险和致癌风险均在可接受范围.贵屿镇通过摄取稻米途径所引起健康风险主要来自As、Cr、Cu、Ni元素.     

福建九龙江流域重金属分布来源及健康风险评价

为研究九龙江流域水体重金属污染水平,在其主要干流及支流采集27个表层水样,分析了Zn、Cu、As、Cr、Pb、Ni和Cd共7种重金属的含量及空间分布特征,利用因子分析方法分析重金属污染物的主要来源,并采用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其所引起的健康风险作了初步评价.结果表明,流域水体中Zn的平均浓度最高,为154.893μg/L;As超过地表水Ⅲ类水质标准,超标率为14.81%,超标区域集中位于九龙江下游及河口区.因子分析表明,As、Cr、Cu和Ni的来源主要受各种人为活动影响,Cd、Pb和Zn的来源与成土母质、地球化学作用和农业生产活动有密切的关系.健康风险评价表明,化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年均风险远远超过非致癌物的年风险,儿童比成人更易于受到重金属污染的威胁.致癌物Cr和As的个人年均风险值都大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1,其中Cr>As;非致癌有毒化学物质通过饮水途径所引起的健康危害的个人年均风险大小为Cu>Pb>Zn>Ni,四者风险水平在10-9~10-10a-1之间,均低于ICRP标准4~5个数量级.     

西南某铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属空间主成分分析及生态风险评价

以西南某铅锌矿区周边农田土壤作为研究对象,采集土壤表层(0~20 cm)149个土壤样品,分析测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn共8种重金属含量.采用多元统计分析,揭示了研究区农田土壤重金属污染的主要来源及各元素之间的相关性;并应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,对农田土壤生态风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Zn含量相对处于极高水平,均值分别为15.56、419.4、933.4 mg·kg~(-1),污染十分严重;Hg和As的均值分别为0.13 mg·kg~(-1)和37.3 mg·kg~(-1),属于中度污染;Cu、Ni、Cr的均值分别为26.1、14.3、33.4 mg·kg~(-1),未超过云南省土壤环境背景值;多元统计分析结果显示Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg、As这5种元素来源相似,主要来源于矿山开采和工业活动;Cu、Ni、Cr这3种元素来源相似,主要是自然来源;研究区综合潜在生态风险指数RI的均值为2 294.8,整体上处于极高生态风险水平.矿区开采和工业活动对农田土壤造成了严重的重金属污染.     

太湖流域河流沉积物重金属分布及污染评估

为阐明经济发达地区河流表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,本研究分析了太湖流域典型水系94个样点沉积物中8种重金属(Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Hg)含量,评估了重金属的生态风险以及辨析了污染来源.结果表明,太湖流域河流表层沉积物中Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Hg的平均含量分别为163. 62、102. 46、45. 50、44. 71、37. 00、13. 34、0. 479和0. 109 mg·kg~(-1),均高于其对应的背景值(Hg除外).地累积指数评价中,Pb、Ni、Zn、Cu和Cd整体上处于低污染状态;在污染负荷指数评价中,Pb、Ni、Zn和Cu整体上处于中度污染状态,Cd、Cr、As处于低污染状态;在潜在生态风险评价中,Cd和Hg处于中等潜在生态风险,其余重金属均处于低潜在生态风险.多元统计分析表明,Pb主要来自于生活污水、农业废水排放;除受自然因素影响外,Cr、Ni和Zn还受到电镀及合金制造行业的影响; Cu和As主要来自于农药、工业废水; Cd主要来自于冶炼工业; Hg主要来源于化石燃料和石油产品的燃烧.     

上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价

通过原子光谱法对上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边表层土壤样品中As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Ti、Mn和Hg等10种重金属含量进行测定,利用富集因子、多元统计和空间插值方法分析重金属来源和空间分布特征,并评价土壤重金属的潜在生态风险水平.结果表明,除Hg和As未检出外,土壤中其他重金属平均含量范围为0.399~4 220 mg·kg~(-1),Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn和Mn等7种重金属平均含量均高于土壤背景含量,其中Cd平均含量是背景含量的2.9倍.通过相关性分析、主成分分析、富集因子分析和重金属空间分布特征分析可知,Ti、Mn和Ni空间分布特征相似,主要由自然源贡献;Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的分布特征具有一定相似性,其来源主要与工业生产、焚烧烟气和交通运输污染有关.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,被检出重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数均值为108.92,表明垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤处于中等生态风险水平,其中Cd贡献率高达79.63%,应引起重视.     

滇黔桂岩溶区河漫滩土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险

利用全国地球化学基准计划在滇黔桂岩溶区35个点位采集的70件河漫滩表、深层土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素含量特征,探究了重金属来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属元素含量大部分均高于全国土壤背景值,在滇东南地区含量最高,桂西北地区最低.表层土壤Cd、Hg明显富集,As、Cr、Cu、Ni与深层土壤含量相当;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn在农田、菜地中明显高于深层土壤,Cr、Cu和Ni在各类土地中与深层土壤相当.因子分析结果显示,表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni受地质背景控制,As、Pb、Zn既与地质背景有关,也受人为活动影响,Hg受人为活动影响较严重;深层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn继承了区域母岩特征,As、Hg和Pb受地质背景和人为活动双重影响.地累积指数法和富集因子法污染评价结果表明,研究区河漫滩表层土壤中Cd、Hg污染较重,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn大部分为轻度污染或无污染.各重金属潜在生态风险指数高低顺序依次为Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn,Cd和Hg的生态风险指数之和占综合指数的82.43%,生态风险最高;滇东南地区重金属潜在风险综合指数最高,具重度生态风险.     

中山市不同类型企业周边土壤重金属污染特性及潜在生态风险评价

以中山市不同类型涉重金属企业周边土壤(0~20cm)为调查对象,分析了土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染进行了分析和评价。结果表明,除Pb外其它7种元素含量超过广东省背景值,不同类型土壤环境的污染程度地积累指数评价处于无-中度污染,潜在生态危害处于强度危害程度。统计分析表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn具有显著相关性,不同类型企业周边土壤中重金属污染主要受Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn控制,其次是受As、Hg和Cd控制。     

铁矿周边地下水金属元素分布及健康风险评价

以崇左市红阳村、两岸村、亭乐村和孔甲村所在地为研究区域,对该区域内某铁矿周边30个地下水样品中12种金属元素（Hg、Mn、Fe、Al、Zn、Ni、As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Co、Cu）进行测定和分析,运用多元统计的方法和健康风险评价模型研究了地下水金属元素的分布特征及其引起的健康风险.结果表明,地下水中Zn和Fe平均浓度（250.32,103.96μg/L）较高,Hg、Mn、Fe、Al和Zn超过了《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848-2017）规定的Ⅲ类标准限值.Fe、Mn、Al高浓度主要分布在红阳村和亭乐村,Zn、Hg高浓度主要分布在红阳村和两岸村.多元统计分析表明,Fe、Mn、Al、Pb、As、Co元素主要来源于铁矿开采,Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni元素主要与铅锌矿的开采与区域地质背景有关,Hg主要来源于本底值及糖厂和造纸厂等企业污染,Cd主要来源于自然源.健康风险评价表明,两岸村地下水金属元素引起的健康总风险（8.82×10^-5a^-1）最高,儿童健康总风险大于成人,经饮水途径引起的健康风险比皮肤接触途径高2~3个数量级,Cr的致癌风险接近或高于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10^-5a^-1,非致癌风险水平在10^-14~10^-9a^-1,低于最大可接受风险水平4~9个数量级.     

电石渣堆放场重金属生态风险评价与成因分析

为了解电石渣堆放场重金属潜在生态风险和成因,选择天津市某电石渣堆放场为研究对象,通过现场采集电石渣样品和土壤样品,利用地累积指数和潜在生态风险评价方法对土壤重金属Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Hg含量进行分析.结果表明,场地内Zn,Cu,Cr平均值与天津市土壤背景值十分接近,地累积指数分布在-1.60~-0.10之间,不存在重金属污染现象;Ni,Pb,As地累积指数最大值小于1.00,存在个别点位轻微污染,Cd最大地累积指数为1.20,存在轻度污染现象,Hg地累积指数最大值为4.20,属于“重度污染”.Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,As潜在生态风险低,经过因子分析,主要反映了成土母质对土壤重金属含量的影响;Cd,Hg局部位置具有较高~极高潜在生态风险,是场地内重点关注的潜在污染源,主要受电石渣,煤渣堆放对土壤重金属的淋滤作用和化学抑制作用影响.     

典型石油场地周边土壤重金属形态特征及源解析

为研究荆门市某石油场地周边表层土壤重金属形态特征和来源,对研究区土壤中Cr、As、Cd、Sb、Hg、Pb、Ni、Cu和Pb这9种重金属总量和赋存形态进行了调查分析,对土壤中重金属的生态风险和生物有效性进行评价,并且用多元分析方法对重金属的来源进行辨析.结果表明,Cd在土壤中主要是以酸溶态和可还原态为主,含量平均值为0.19 mg·kg^-1,占到4种形态总和的79.86%;Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Sb和Pb主要以残渣态为主,Hg主要以残渣态和可氧化态为主,在土壤中稳定性较好.Cr处于无风险状态,Sb、Pb、Ni和Cu的风险评价结果为低风险.Cd、Hg、Zn和As的风险指数均达到中等风险水平,尤其Cd接近高风险标准,需要引起相关重视.土壤重金属总量和赋存形态的相关性和主成分分析结果表明,As、Cr、Ni、Sb、Hg和Pb等重金属主要来源受自然输入影响较大,重金属Cd受工业生产人为活动的外源性因素影响较为明显.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...