长期污灌条件下农田土壤重金属污染环境风险评价

为探讨长期污灌条件下农田土壤重金属积累状况及环境风险,选取典型污灌河流汪洋沟沿岸农田作为研究对象,对污灌区土壤和小麦植株中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量进行分析,并对重金属污染现状、潜在生态风险和潜在健康风险进行评价.结果表明,污灌土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、和Zn含量虽未超过国家标准限值,但均高于清灌土壤和上壤背景值,已表现出积累现象.污灌小麦部分样本Pb和Zn含量超标,超标率分别为23.1％和15.4％.Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn 4种重金属污染等级均为安全,说明重金属含量尚未达到警戒水平.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,Cd的生态危害系数最高,表现出中等生态危害程度;Pb、Cu和Zn表现为轻微潜在生态危害.健康风险评价显示,4种重金属的单一健康风险系数均未达到显著水平,但其综合污染风险指数大于1,说明该地区存在一定的潜在健康风险,且重金属对儿童的健康风险大于成人,应引起足够重视.     

崇明岛公路两侧蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了研究崇明岛公路两侧土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况,采集陈海、北沿公路两侧蔬菜地土壤、蔬菜和路面灰尘样品,测定重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量.结果表明,以上海市土壤环境背景值上限值为评价标准,所有土壤样品Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的超标率分别为10.1%、25.4%、6.5%和8.7%;以HJ 332-2006 食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准中蔬菜地土壤环境质量评价指标限值(pH值6.5～7.5)为标准,Cd超标率在21.0%,仅有不到3%样品Pb含量超标,而没有样品Cu、Zn含量超标.以国家食品卫生标准中规定的重金属限量为标准,路侧蔬菜样品Pb含量超标率为43.2%,Cd为18.6%,Zn和Cu则小于5%.由此可见,崇明岛主要公路两侧土壤污染以Cd为主,而蔬菜污染则以Pb为主.在长期运营的前提下,低交通量公路两侧50 m范围内耕作层土壤和两侧作物会发生一定程度的重金属污染,路面灰尘是路侧土壤和蔬菜的潜在污染源.     

典型危废处置利用企业周边土壤重金属分布特征、来源及风险评价

为探讨典型危险废物处置企业周边表层土壤重金属的分布特征和污染来源，以上海市4种典型危险废物处置利用企业周边土壤为研究对象，采集并检测表层土壤中7种重金属（Pb、Hg、Cd、Ni、Sb、Cu、As）的含量.运用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属污染特征，采用多元统计方法分析重金属来源.结果表明，研究区域土壤中Cu、Pb和Cd存在不同程度的累积，且Cd的累积程度最大；4种类型危废处置利用企业周边土壤重金属整体上处于轻度污染水平，但填埋焚烧复合处置和危废回收处置企业周边分别有11%和10%的点位达重度污染等级.潜在生态风险评价结果显示，研究区域7种重金属的综合潜在风险指数均值为118.84，其中Cd和Hg的贡献率最高，危废回收利用处置企业周边土壤潜在生态风险程度最高，其次为填埋焚烧复合处置企业，应予以重视.     

大邑铅锌矿区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染现状及评价

研究了四川省大邑县铅锌矿区附近土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd含量,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价铅锌矿区附近土壤重金属污染状况。结果表明,铅锌矿矿口以及选矿厂周边土壤重金属富集因子均超过1,距选矿厂距离≤20 m的3个土壤样点Pb、Zn和Cd的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数较高,土壤污染程度为重污染,选矿厂周边土壤重金属污染在水平层次的空间分布上表现出异质性。选矿厂周边蔬菜地下部分重金属含量普遍高于地上部分,不同重金属在蔬菜可食用部分的转移因子总体由大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Pb和Cr。选矿厂周边蔬菜地土壤与蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量之间无显著相关性,但土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd含量3者之间在α=0.01水平上显著相关。     

有色矿业区耕作土壤、蔬菜和大米中重金属污染

有色金属矿业区周边土壤重金属污染严重,对我国生态环境质量、食品安全和人体健康构成了一定威胁,研究典型矿业区周边复合污染地带的土壤环境质量及其食物安全对促进其可持续发展具有深远的意义。从湖南省的长沙、株洲、衡阳、郴州等有色金属矿业区收集耕作土壤、蔬菜和大米样品,结合主成分分析、聚类分析和相关分析,研究其中重金属元素的累积和迁移特征,评估蔬菜和大米中重金属元素对人体健康的潜在危害程度。研究结果表明,耕作土壤中主要重金属污染元素为Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn等;主成分分析表明,菜地土中第一主成分主要反映了Pb、Zn、Cd、As的复合污染信息以及与土壤pH的相关关系;水稻土中第一主成分主要反映了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的复合污染信息;聚类分析进一步阐明耕作土壤以Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn为主的复合污染特征。研究区蔬菜中Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr含量,大米中Cd、Pb和Zn含量均明显超过我国食品卫生标准;蔬菜中Cd、Pb、As和大米中Cd、Pb对人体健康的潜在危害较大。     

不同利用方式农用地土壤重金属污染状况及其动态变化特征——以广东省徐闻县为例

通过分析广东省徐闻县不同季节香蕉地、菜地、桉树林地和甘蔗地等4种不同利用方式农用地土壤As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd重金属含量,应用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价,并得出其动态变化特征。结果表明,（1）根据重金属单项污染指数可知,所研究的5种重金属中,Cu污染最为严重,4种农用地土壤Cu污染程度大小顺序为菜地〉桉树地〉香蕉地〉甘蔗地;其次是Cd污染,污染程度依次为菜地〉香蕉地〉甘蔗地〉桉树地;菜地受到轻度Zn污染;其他元素含量均未超过国家标准。从重金属综合污染指数来看,菜地受到重金属中度污染,香蕉地、桉树地和甘蔗地均为轻度污染。（2）在不同季节,土壤重金属污染状况差异较大。Cu在4种农用地土壤中的污染指数年内呈递减规律;Cd在菜地和香蕉地中夏季污染指数最低而冬季最高。（3）土壤重金属相关性分析结果表明,Cu与Pb在4种土壤中的相关系数都较高,说明土壤中Cu与Pb同源,主要来自成土母质。菜地中,Zn与碱解N,Cd与有机质在0．05水平上存在显著负相关性,这说明土壤Zn和Cd污染不是来自有机肥,可能主要来自化肥和农药。     

湘中某工矿区农户菜园重金属污染分析与健康风险评价

为研究湘中某工矿区对周边农户菜园土壤和蔬菜的影响,采集矿区周边18个蔬菜样地15个品种计80个蔬菜样品,分析土壤及蔬菜中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量,并采用污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对土壤和蔬菜重金属污染进行评价.研究表明,矿区蔬菜地土壤受到严重的重金属污染,Cd污染最为严重.从综合污染指数来看,蔬菜均受到中、重度污染,苋菜污染最严重.各元素在蔬菜中的富集能力大小为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb.重金属暴露接触对人体的风险评估结果表明,蔬菜可食部分Cd与Pb的危险度(HQ)均大于1,居民通过蔬菜途径摄入的Pb和Cd对人体健康存在较大的潜在风险.建议农户菜园在不能改制改种的情况下,种植根茎类蔬菜.     

宿州市煤矿区农田土壤重金属含量特征

通过野外采样及室内分析测试,对宿州市煤矿区周边农田表层土壤及其典型剖面中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As 7种重金属污染特征及其在剖面上的垂向迁移规律进行了研究.结果表明,煤矿区周边500 m内农田表层土壤除Cu、Zn、Pb外,Cr、Cd、Hg、As均超出国家土壤环境质量标准（I级）,其中As、Cd轻度污染,...     

4种鸢尾属植物对铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的富集特征和修复潜力

通过野外调查和实地修复铅锌矿污染土壤试验,研究了铅锌矿区排污渠污水及底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量和分布特征以及4种鸢尾属植物马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）、黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、溪荪（Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.）、花菖蒲（Iris ensata Thunb.）对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力和土壤修复效率差异。结果表明,离污染源越近,重金属污染越严重。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属均大部分沉积在排污水渠的底泥中,污水中Pb严重污染,超标达120倍,底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数分别超标1.5倍、1.7倍、1.6倍和1.7倍。排污渠岸土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数也明显超过了国家规定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准1～5倍。种植4种鸢尾属植物后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数有所降低。其中,种植马蔺1个月后土壤Pb、Cu、Cd修复效率分别为8.13%、2.45%和22.3%。黄菖蒲和花菖蒲对Zn的修复效率相对较高。4种鸢尾属植物中马蔺对Pb、Cd的吸收能力最强,马蔺地上部（叶、茎）Pb质量分数达983mg·kg-1,且转运系数大于1,是一种潜在的Pb积累植物,黄菖蒲、溪荪和花菖蒲对Zn的吸收能力较强,且吸收的重金属主要积累在根系。     

单一重金属污染对灯心草生长及重金属积累特性的影响

盆栽试验结果表明:在设置的低浓度范围内,Cd、Pb、Cu能够刺激灯心草的生长。而As(地上部除外)、Zn在整个浓度设置范围内对灯心草的生长都表现出抑制作用,且各重金属对灯心草地下部生物量影响不显著。各重金属对灯心草生长抑制程度为:Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd。以灯心草生物量减产10%为依据,将土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu3种重金属临界值分别设定为10、100、100~200 mg.kg-1。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植,土壤中As临界值尚需作进一步的研究来确定。除Cd外,其余4种重金属主要累积于灯心草根部。回归分析表明,Cd、Pb在灯心草地上和地下部以及As在灯心草地下部的积累量与土壤中各重金属添加量之间存在显著线性关系(P<0.05)。     

Risk assessment for safety of soils and vegetables around a lead/zinc mine

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu) were determined in soils and vegetables (chrysanthemum, spinach and four cultivars of Chinese cabbage from the area adjacent to a Pb/Zn mine in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China, and compared with the Chinese National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality. The accumulation of heavy metals in cabbage cv. Siyuegreen was investigated at different distances from the center of the mine. The vegetable plantation soils were polluted with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, especially by Pb and Cd. The levels of Pb and Cd were 20 and 30 times higher than the permitted standards, indicating that this Pb/Zn mining area is unsuitable for agricultural use. Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum and spinach had different enrichment coefficients. The enrichment coefficient of Cd from soil to roots of chrysanthemum was >80% and from roots to leaves of cabbage cv. Shanghaigreen was >120%. These vegetables were polluted by heavy metals and could not be regarded as safe for human consumption. Environmental accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetable plantation soils was proportional to heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and both were inversely proportional to the distance from the lead/zinc mine.     

Influence of temperature on the heavy metals accumulation of five vegetable species in semiarid area of northwest China

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of temperature on cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) accumulation in five vegetable species collected at different sites (Shuichuan, Beiwan, Dongwan and Wufe) in northwest China. The meteorological data of air and soil temperatures were recorded daily during the period from sowing to harvest for the five vegetables. The air and soil temperatures affected the capacity of pumpkin, cabbage, brassica napus and Chinese cabbage to accumulate Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. Principal component analysis showed that temperature, photosynthetic and physiological factors all contributed to the soil–plant transfer properties of DTPA-extractable heavy metals. Temperature played a more important role in Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn accumulation in four vegetables in this semiarid area. However, the enormous surface area of spinach was likely to elevate heavy metal loads owing to atmospheric deposits. For most vegetables studied, there was a striking dissimilarity in the uptake and translocation ability of Cd, Zn and Cu in soil, but similar accumulation to translocation for Pb in soil.     

Metal distribution in urban soil around steel industry beside Queen Alia Airport,Jordan

The objective of this study was to assess the extent and severity of metal contamination in urban soil around Queen Alia Airport, Jordan. Thirty-two soil samples were collected around steel manufacturing plants located in the Al-Jiza area, south Jordan, around the Queen Alia Airport. The samples were obtained at two depths, 0–10 and 10–20 cm, and were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) levels. The physicochemical factors believed to affect the mobility of metals in the soil of the study area were also examined, including pH, electrical conductivity, total organic matter, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content and cation exchange capacity. The high concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd in the soil samples were found to be related to anthropogenic sources, such as the steel manufacturing plants, agriculture and traffic emissions, with the highest concentrations of these metals close to the site of the steel plants; in contrast the concentration of Cr was low in the soil sampled close to the steel plants. The metals were concentrated in the surface soil, and concentrations decreased with increasing depth, reflecting the physical properties of the soil and its alkaline pH. The mineralogical composition of the topsoil, identified by X-ray diffraction, was predominantly quartz, calcite, dolomite and minor minerals, such as gypsum and clay minerals. Metal concentrations were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compute the statistical significance of the mean. The results of the ANOVA showed significant differences between sites for Pb, Cd and Cu, but no significant differences for the remaining metals tested. Factor analysis revealed that polluted soil occurs predominantly at sites around the steel plants and that there is no significant variation in the characteristics of the unpolluted soil, which are uniform in the study area.     

衡阳市菜园使用的商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属含量状况调查

对衡阳市菜园使用的12个有机肥样品中的Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg和As的指标进行检测,样品中重金属总As、总Hg、总Pb、总Cd、总Cr等的含量按照中国NY525—2012有机肥料重金属限量指标,总Ni、总Cu、总Zn重金属参照德国腐熟堆肥中重金属限量标准进行分析,结果表明,除牛粪、菜籽饼肥外,有9个样品均发现有超限量值的重金属成分,超标样品数占总样品数的75%,超标的重金属成分以Cu和Zn较为普遍,分别占样品总数的75%和41.7%.而在超标程度方面,有两个样品的中的Cu和两个样品中的Cr均为严重超标.这些肥料使用不当,对菜园土和蔬菜品质产生不良影响,应给予关注.     

南京市郊蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量的时空变化规律

测定了28份蔬菜地土壤样品中的铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的含量,从城市化的角度研究了南京市郊蔬菜地土壤重金属在“城区、郊区和农区”的水平空间变化和在层次间的纵向空间变化,并结合历史数据分析了蔬菜地土壤重金属的时间累积作用。结果表明,城市化影响重金属的水平空间变化,蔬菜地土壤重金属含量随着蔬菜地与城市距离的增加,在城区到郊区这一距离段呈下降趋势,在郊区到农区则基本不变;城市化影响重金属的纵向空间变化,蔬菜地各重金属元素表层减底层差值的均值,城区均为正值且绝对值较高,郊区和农区各值都在0浓度附近摆动且绝对值较小。由于受城市化的时间累积作用的影响,1999年土壤中重金属Pb和Zn含量显著高于1985年。     

In-situ electrochemical measurements of total concentration and speciation of heavy metals in acid mine drainage (AMD): assessment of the use of anodic stripping voltammetry

We assessed the use of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) for in-situ determinations of both total concentration and speciation of dissolved heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in acid mine drainage (AMD). In the Kwangyang Au–Ag mine area of South Korea, different sites with varying water chemistry within an AMD were studied with a field portable anodic stripping voltammeter. Anodic stripping voltammetry after wet oxidation (acidification) was very sensitive enough to determine total concentration of dissolved Cd because Cd was dominantly present as ‘labile’ species, whilst the technique was not so effective for determining total Cu especially in the downstream sites from the retention pond, due to its complexation with organic matter. For dissolved Pb, the concentrations determined by ASV after wet oxidation generally agreed with those by ICP-AES. In the downstream samples (pH>5), however, ASV data after wet oxidation were lower than ICP-AES data because a significant fraction of dissolved Pb was present in those samples as ‘inert’ species associated with colloidal iron oxide particles. The determination of total dissolved Zn by ASV after wet oxidation appeared to be unsatisfactory for the samples with high Cu content, possibly due to the interference by the formation of Zn–Cu intermetallic compounds on the mercury coated electrode. In AMD samples with high dissolved iron, use of ultraviolet irradiation was not effective for determining total concentrations because humate destruction by UV irradiation possibly resulted in the removal of a part of dissolved heavy metals from waters through the precipitation of iron hydroxides.     

基于不同土地利用方式的深圳市农用地土壤重金属污染评价（Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Pollution in Different Agricultural Soils of Shenzhen City）

为探讨深圳市农林土壤重金属的污染现状,分菜地、果园、林地和荒地等4种不同的土地利用类型,共采集了52个表层土壤样品,采用原子吸收法测定了其重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni全量,单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了6种重金属在土壤中的污染现状.评价结果显示,部分土壤样点存在较为严重的重金属污染,Cd的污染最为严重,Cu的污染最轻;不同用地类型下的污染等级不同,荒地处于尚清洁(警戒限)水平,菜地和林地处于轻度污染水平,果园处于中度污染水平,全市农用地土壤处于轻度污染水平.     

Rieselfelder

Soils of the large sewage farm area south of Berlin are contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn. Based on earlier studies the total amount and the bioavailable proportions of heavy metals in soil samples were analysed. In some samples very high levels of total heavy metal concentrations were detected. For Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg the maximum values were 1360, 29.7, 817 and 40.8 mg/kg soil dry matter, respectively. The biovailable fractions of heavy metals which were found primarily in the acetate and EDTA fractions and to a lesser degree in the water extract account for about 50 % (Pb, Ni), 70 % (Cd) or 90% (Zn) of their total amount and may therefore pose a considerable environmental risk.     

重金属在土壤-水稻体系中的分布、变化及迁移规律分析

以佛山市南海区小塘镇和高明区杨梅镇的标准农田为研究对象,分析重金属在土壤和水稻植株不同部位的分布及其随时间变化、迁移规律。结果表明:重金属被水稻吸收以后,多数仍滞留在土壤里,只有少量向地上部分迁移。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数分布由大到小的次序为:根→茎→籽→叶。水稻地上部分中4种重金属元素分布由大到小的次序是:Zn→Cu→Pb→Cd。水稻分蘖期重金属在根、茎和叶的积累量达到最大,随着时间的延续,在根部积累的重金属就越来越少,茎和叶积累的重金属在拔节期降至最小,随后又慢慢上升。4种重金属在水稻植株中的迁移能力由大到小依次为:Cd→Zn→Cu→Pb,但也有个别情况是Cu的迁移能力大于Zn。     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.