生态文明视野下的衡阳现代生态农业发展

阐述现代生态农业发展与生态文明建设的关系,提出生态文明观指导下的现代生态农业建设内容与评价标准.在分析衡阳现代生态农业发展现状的基础上,提出生态文明视野下衡阳现代生态农业发展对策.参11.     

系统动力学与农业生态经济系统设计

石油农业的弊病促使人们寻找农业发展的新途径,生态农业应运而生。目前国内外正大力进行这方面的研究和试验。对农业生态经济系统进行定性定量研究,预测其演进方向,确定其发展形式,这是农业生态经济研究中的一项重要课题。对农业生态经济系统进行定量研究的方法很多,诸如回归分析、列斯里矩阵和规划方法等等。本文介绍用系统动力学进行农业生态经济系统设计的程序。     

谈谈生态农业的生态设计

生态农业是一种新型农业。生态农业在我国发展很快,生态农业建设已成为我国农业发展的一条希望之路。目前,我国生态农业建设已经进入了生态设计阶段。本文根据生态学和生态经济学原理比较系统地介绍了生态农业生态设计的概念及一些基本内容。     

生态承载力的概念及其研究方法

生态承载力研究是可持续发展科学领域关注的热点问题,是判定可持续发展的重要分析手段,对生态承载力的概念和评价方法的研究有利于可持续发展科学的发展与完善。对国内外相关研究中的生态承载力概念进行了总结,并深入探讨了不同学者对于生态承载力概念达成的共识及存在的分歧,在此基础上提出了生态承载力概念的内涵。依据生态承载力评价的思路,将国内外生态承载力评价方法分为3类,第1类是指标体系评价法,第2类是以能量、物质流为基础的产品周期评价,第3类是综合性评价。上述评价方法在处理复杂系统问题上都有各自的优缺点,需要评价者根据评价目的采用互补的方式对方法进行集成,加强综合集成的方法在生态承载力评价中的应用。最后,结合生态承载力研究的发展趋势,分析了目前生态承载力研究的不足,提出了生态承载力中主动因子与被动因子、生态承载力预测及其与区域规划的结合、经济发展和科技进步对生态承载力的影响、生态承载力方法改进等亟待开展的研究内容。     

基于开发需求的安徽沿江地区生态经济分区

从压力、状态和人类响应3个方面,构建了生态经济分区指标体系,结合经济开发需求的评价结果,以县(市、城区)为基本评价单元,利用主成分分析与系统聚类的方法,根据自上而下的专家定性评估,遵循空间邻近性原则,将安徽沿江地区划分为7个生态经济类型,即:合肥污染防治与城镇生态优化区、巢滁湖泊湿地保护与平原生态农业区、马芜铜宣工业污染防治与城镇生态优化区、宣南生态农业与水土保持区、安庆平原农业与湿地生态保护区、池州森林保育与生态农业区以及皖西水源保护与森林保育区.     

欢迎订阅2005年《中国生态农业学报》

《中国生态农业学报》(原刊名《生态农业研究》)是由中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所和中国生态经济学会主办的大农业学术期刊 ,科学出版社出版 ,主要刊登生态学、生态经济学、农、林、牧、副、渔及资源与环境保护等领域创新的研究学术论文、研究技术报告 (包括理论与应用研究、农业生态工程技术与实用生物技术、生物多样性保护、湿地保护、城镇绿地生态建设、无公害农产品生产技术、农业环境污染防治技术及农业可持续发展技术体系研究等方面 )、研究简报及综述、生态农业建设和生态示范区典型模式与典型经验等 ,适于国内外从事生态学、生…     

一个从造林入手改善生态环境,促进生态农业发展典型——中路铺村农业生态系统能流效率与综合生态经济效益分析

本文试图从生态经济学的角度,对生态农业试点的中路铺村的农田生态系统的能量投入产出比及能流效率进行分析,并从经济发展和生态平衡的综合生态经济效益指标分析入手,进行某些模式评价,以探讨在该地域内对生态农业建设的可行性。     

一个从造林入手改善生态环境，促进生态农业发展典型—中路铺村农业生态系统能流效率与综合生态经济效益分析

本文试图从生态经济学的角度，对生态农业试点的中路铺村的农田生态系统的能量投入产出比及能流效率进行分析，并从经济发展和生态平衡的综合生态经济效益指标分析入手，进行某些模式评价，以探讨在该地域内对生态农业建设的可行性。     

安徽省固镇县曹老集示范良种场生态农业系统发展研究

本文在对曹老集示范良种场种养加复合生态系统进行全面调查和系统分析的基础上,明确系统发展指导思想及各业发展方向,调整生态位,增加食物链,完善生态农业模式;采用动态仿真模型作为主模型,结合有关经济预测模型、目标规划模型,对农场自然和社会、经济资源进行全面规划,优化系统结构,建立生态农业系统发展诸方案;实施方案经两年初步运行,系统生产力增强,生态经济效益显著。     

黑龙江省庆安县六合村生态农业建设与评价——Ⅰ、松嫩平原漫川漫岗农田种植系统生态经济效益分析

黑龙江省庆安县六合村自1986年开始进行生态农业建设,由于利用生态经济学原理和系统工程方法进行调控,采取了一系列农业生态工程措施,取得了明显的经济、生态和社会效益。该村以调整农、牧业结构为核心,解决三料争嘴为突破口,实行农林牧相结合,生物措施与工程措施相结合,综合推广各种适用技术,农牧业总产值达到生态农业建设前的2.6倍,粮豆总产增长2.1倍,生态环境也有所改善。 本文采用模糊综合评价的方法,对六合村生态农业建设水平进行了综合评价。     

Moving towards sustainable development: rhetoric,policy and reality of ecological agriculture in China

Past decades have witnessed the rise of sustainable agriculture movements throughout the world. In parallel with this international trend, ecological agriculture (with essential goals of food security, rural employment, poverty alleviation, natural resource management and environmental protection) has been advocated as a workable approach for the realization of sustainable agriculture in China. Two decades of ecological agricultural development have shown that it not only gained legitimacy at the senior policy level but also became a focus of scientific research in fields such as ecological economics, ecology, and agricultural and environmental sciences. However, this endeavour is hardly known in the West and little attention has been paid so far to examining the broader politico-economic and sociocultural contexts within which it has evolved. This paper attempts to provide a general review of the emerging background, development history, policy initiatives and recent tendencies of ecological agriculture. In addition, the extant problems and potential contributions of this alternative practice to China's sustainable agricultural development are discussed. The purpose of this study is to identify the gap between the policy rhetoric and practical implementation of Chinese ecological agriculture and therefore to facilitate its moving towards sustainable development.     

What motivates farmers to participate in sustainable agriculture? Evidence and policy implications

Sustained growth in agricultural productivity has become an ideal model and a political goal of agricultural development in China. Local participation is essential for the implementation of sustainable agriculture strategy. We conducted a case study in Hailun County, an important grain production base in China, to find ways to motivate farmers to participate in sustainable agriculture. We obtained data from semi-structured interviews of 98 households using participatory rural appraisal methods. Logistic regression models were used to explore factors that underlie farmers' attitudes towards agricultural production and their environmental awareness. Results indicated that low agricultural economic efficiency could result in less enthusiasm for agriculture among local farmers. This is a potential risk for China's food security and sustainable agricultural development. The backward development of the rural economy limited improvement of farmers' environmental awareness. Moreover, poor rural labour quality implied a lack of local participation in sustainable agriculture. Suggestions for sustainable agricultural development include establishment of a reasonable market and agricultural subsidy mechanisms, basic and vocational education for young adults, effective agricultural instruction and environmental education agencies and two-way communication mechanisms.     

Comparative study of Chinese ecological agriculture and sustainable agriculture

Although sustainable development has already been promulgated as one of its fundamental strategies by the national government since 1993, sustainable development, as an exotic new paradigm characteristic of profound philosophical and ethical thinking initiated in developed countries, is still not familiar to the Chinese people. Fortunately, in parallel to the evolution of sustainable agriculture, mainly in developed countries, since the beginning of the 1980s, Chinese agricultural scientists and technicians have already innovated their own unique form of Chinese Ecological Agriculture (CEA), on the basis of traditional agriculture that has been sustained for more than 4000 years. The basic principle of CEA emphasizes the obeying of both ecological rules and economic rules, as well as the approach of systematics and ecological engineering exactly corresponding to those adopted by sustainable development. The major difference between the two is that CEA has already been executed on a very large scale and has served as an effective and popularized way to implement sustainable agriculture in most parts of China. Also, as an active way of intensifying agriculture in terms of more inputs of skills, knowledge and labour, CEA is contributing much to all-round rural development throughout China.     

现代生态农业与农业安全

现代生态农业是现代农业的发展方向；现代生态农业的核心是农业的可持续发展，其重要内容是农业安全。文章着重提出现代生态农业的基本概念与内涵，指出现代生态农业是以生态理论为基础，以现代生态农业技术为手段，通过农业与环境，生态与经济的平衡，达到农业可持续发展、农业安全和人类健康的最终目标。在总结国家发展现代生态农业的经验的基础上，列举了我国东南沿海经济发达地区(包括江苏省)存在的生态环境质量和农业安全问题，最后提出现代生态农业建设和解决农业安全问题的对策与建议。     

至2050年中国生态高值农业体系建设特征与目标

2010年6月7日,国家主席胡锦涛在两院（中国科学院、中国工程院）院士大会上针对农业科技明确指出：构建我国生态高值农业和生物产业体系,建成农业高值转化的产业体系。本文对＂生态高值农业＂进行论述。所谓生态,就是要体现农业既能为社会提供安全优质的农产品又能实现农业资源的永续利用,将农业纳入可持续发展的道路;所谓高值,就是要体现农业有很高的土地产出率、投入产出率、劳动生产率。因此,＂生态高值农业＂是集约化经营与生态化生产有机结合的现代农业。它以健康消费需求为导向,以提高农业市场竞争力和可持续发展能力为核心,兼有高投入、高产出、高效益与可持续发展的双重特性,是转变农业增长方式、提高农业综合生产能力的集中体现。     

河南省农业生态环境分析与生态建设

河南省是一个农业大省,其农业的可持续发展与否,对我国的农业发展有着重要影响。在广泛、深入调查的基础上,分析了河南省农业生态环境存在的主要问题,结合农业生态建设的指导思想及目标,提出了河南省农业生态建设的４大对策。     

Ecosystem service tradeoff between traditional and modern agriculture: a case study in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China

Besides crops, agriculture supplies all three major categories of ecosystem services (ES). However, agriculture also supplies an array of ecosystem dis-services (EDS) that may harm other ecosystems. The flows of ES and EDS are directly dependent on the management of agricultural ecosystems. The traditional method of Chinese agriculture, which supports sustainable agriculture, has been proven to increase ES and reduce EDS. However, there is a lack of a detailed understanding of the ES and EDS associated with traditional agriculture, and also of differences between traditional and modern agriculture. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem dis-services (EDS) of traditional and modern agriculture in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Afterwards, the economic values of ES and EDS were quantified experimentally and calculated based on the market price. The results show that: the net economic value of traditional rice-fish agriculture was 3.31×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 (6.83 CNY = 1 USD as of July, 2009) and that of rice monoculture was 1.99×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1. Significant differences existed between traditional rice-fish and rice monoculture fields for their economic values of some ES or EDS. A benefit and cost analysis (BCA) model was used to adjust the conflict between the economic income and environmental loss from traditional and modern agriculture. The BCA model not only calculates the net income but also monetizes the EDS of the agricultural systems. The results showed that the net income of rice-fish agriculture was 1.94×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 higher than that of rice monoculture. However, the benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of rice-fish agriculture was lower than that of rice monoculture, indicating that the traditional agricultural model was not the most optimized choice for farmers. The value of the rice-fish agriculture was much higher than that of the rice monoculture. Thus, when considering the benefits that rice-fish agriculture contributes to the largescale society, these agricultural methods needs to be utilized. Furthermore, the labor opportunity costs were calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monoculture was negative. Finally, the compensation standard was calculated based on the comprehensive benefit analysis. The lowest level was 1.09×10³ CNY·ha^?1, and the highest level was 1.21×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1.     

持续农业内涵的目标界定

本文试用持续农业的目标来界定持续农业的内涵。持续农业就是具有农业生产可持续性、经济可持续性、生态可持续性和农村社会可持续性的农业。首先分别阐述了持续农业的４个目标，然后就目标之间的相关与独立关系、轻重缓急关系做了分析     

现代城郊农业的功能定位及其评价研究——以北京市为例

现代城市郊区化趋势下的城郊农业功能发生了质的转变,由提供农副产品的单一性功能逐渐转变为多样性功能,为城乡一体化布局和城市功能互补发挥了独特的作用。剖析了现代城郊农业的功能定位问题,并从生产服务功能、生态保育功能、景观文化功能三个方面构建了评价指标体系。采取类比法评价了北京市城郊农业的功能特征,估算其总经济价值量约为1100亿元,其中生产服务功能占28%,生态保育功能占66%,景观文化功能占6%。在此基础上,提出了北京市城郊农业发展模式应以生产服务为基础,生态保育为重点,景观文化为特色,探讨了京郊农业可持续发展的相应对策。     

福州市郊泉头村沼气生态工程建设及其效益分析

应用生态学和系统论的原理，把可利用的生物物质通过沼气厌氧发酵形成良性生态循环系统。这样既解决了农村能源，保护了森林资源和植被，又解决了环境保护等问题。同时，把种植业和养殖业有机地结合起来，取得了综合效益。福州市郊泉头村生态工程建设从１９８６年起经过８年的试点，采用了沼气多级发酵工艺，成功地建造了沼气生态系统工程，促进了生产的发展，１９９３年产值达６８００万元，人均产值９３４００元，成为福州市重点商品猪基地之一和菜篮子工程项目。