中国生态毒理学研究现状

从陆生生态毒理与水生生态毒理两方面综述了我国生态毒理学在近年取得的研究成果。陆生生态毒理包括大气污染物、重金属和有毒有机物对植物影响的生态毒理效应研究及陆生动物生态毒理学研究;水生生态毒理包括化学物质对浮游类生物和鱼虾类生物的生态毒理效应研究及逆境物理因素对水生生物影响的毒理研究。      

蚯蚓及其在生态环境保护中的应用

蚯蚓是土壤生态系统中非常重要的生物类群.笔者从环境生态学角度简要介绍了蚯蚓的主要种类、蚯蚓生物学特性、蚯蚓与微生物的关系以及蚯蚓的资源化利用价值.蚯蚓在生态环境保护中重要而特殊的作用主要体现在其在固体废物处理、臭气净化、污水处理等方面的应用以及蚯蚓在环境监测中作为指示生物的重要价值.同时,提出了蚯蚓作为生物指示物进行环境监测的当务之急:应建立严格的标准化试验方法和科学的评价体系;应充分考虑环境条件、污染物的类型、蚓种及其生理状态对监测效用的影响;结合理化监测结果进行综合评价.      

美国生态毒理数据库(ECOTOX)对中国数据库构建的启示

生态毒性数据库对于环境保护科学研究特别是环境基准研究具有非常重要的作用.目前,尚缺乏能够支撑我国环境管理工作的基础毒性数据库和平台,已成为制约我国开展环境基准、生态风险评估、环境质量评价、污染治理、毒理学等方面研究的瓶颈之一,因此亟需建立具有中国本土生物的毒性数据库和平台.ECOTOX（Ecotoxicology Knowledgebase,美国生态毒理数据库）的技术和经验对中国同类数据库构建有重要的启示作用.该研究系统综述了ECOTOX构建的核心内容:文献收集条件、数据来源、数据采集过程和数据收集元素,并与国内目前的毒性数据库和与生态调查数据密切相关的数据库进行了对比研究.ECOTOX存在数据收集内容有待增加、数据库构建方法落后、非英文文献中的毒性数据收集较少、与生态毒理学相关研究链接不够紧密的问题,同时我国毒性数据库的实用性和可靠性也有待进一步提高.从开展环境基准、生态风险评估和毒理学深入研究的角度,提出构建中国生态毒性数据库的建议,如提供完整、有效和共享的生态毒性数据资源,形成毒理数据整编标准和规范,衔接国内现有数据库,采用大数据云计算技术,注重中国本土生物和新型污染物毒性数据收集等.      

摇蚊幼虫的水生态毒理学研究进展

本文综述了国外对摇蚊幼虫的水生态毒理学研究的最新进展，包括生物检测、生物积累和遗传毒理研究等几方面．国外的研究表明摇蚊幼虫可以作为常用试验生物（鱼类和蚤类）的补充，用于有毒化学品的急、慢性毒性生物检测和遗传毒性研究，以及生物积累试验，以评价化学品的生态效应，并对污染物进行生物监测．     

保护生态环境,重视比较毒理研究

比较毒理学是毒理学的一个新分支 ,国外有些国家早已成立了比较毒理与生态毒理实验室 ,进行比较毒理学研究 ;比较毒理学就是用比较的观点与方法研究毒理学问题。狭义的比较毒理学就是研究不同种属动物对外源性化学物毒作用规律的科学 ;广义比较毒理学是研究一切生物体对外来影响因素反应的差异性与同一性 ,从中寻找规律为人类服务。1　生物在进化过程中 ,必然伴随着形态和功能方面的改变 ,因此进化阶段不同的生物必定具有某些特有的解剖、生化及生理方面的特征 ,比较毒理学就是在比较解剖学、比较生理学、比较生化学、比较病理学基础上发展…     

鱼类毒理蛋白质组学研究进展:以海洋青鳉鱼和斑马鱼为例

近年来由于水域生态系统污染的日益加剧,外源性化合物对水生生物,特别是鱼类毒性机制的研究引起了人们的重视。海洋青鳉鱼和斑马鱼在培养、生理和基因组信息等方面的优势使它们成为水域生态毒理学研究领域的代表性模式生物。特别是近年来它们在毒理蛋白质组学研究领域中的应用,不仅被用来研究外源性化合物的毒性作用机制,还用于筛选特异蛋白质作为外源性物质的危险性评价生物标志物。本文综述了近年来以海洋青鳉鱼和斑马鱼为模式生物的鱼类毒理蛋白质组学研究进展。     

海洋污染生态毒理学研究中的生理功能测定

在污染物的毒理学研究和海洋污染监测中除了要对生物体中的污染物浓度进行化学分析外,还应同时进行生物体生理功能的测定。本文综述了生物体生理功能测定在海洋生态毒理学研究中的应用,简要论述了这一毒理学研究方法的主要特征,其中包括:生物累积、敏感性、组织浓度与生理反应的定量关系,污染物的理化性质与活性的定量关系(QSAR),毒性机制,生态意义,污染物毒性作用的生物学综合,混合污染物的毒性作用以及生理功能测定的实验室和现场应用。     

土壤硒污染对土壤酶的生态毒理效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了Se对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶的生态毒理效应.结果表明,土壤Se对脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶有“抗性酶活性”现象.土壤Se对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有抑制作用,脲酶受Se的抑制作用最强.土壤Se含量与脲酶抑制率之间具有显著相关性,脲酶抑制率可作为Se生态风险评价的一项生物指示物.     

水环境生态风险评价程序

水环境生态风险评价是８０年代发展起来的一项新技术。它是现代环境管理的基础。评价程序分５个部分：源分析、受体评价、暴露评价、危害评价和风险表征。生态学原理是评价的指南，生态毒理试验结果是评价的核心。     

印染污泥对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

以珠三角地区4种印染污泥(textile dyeing sludge,分别记为TDS1、TDS2、TDS3、TDS4)为研究对象,首先采用化学分析方法评价印染污泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)的生态风险,进一步采用蚯蚓作为受试生物,研究了印染污泥的实际生态毒性效应.化学分析结果表明印染污泥进入环境后具有一定的生态风险,4种印染污泥中PAHs的平均含量为(2.233±1.868)ng·kg~(-1).蚯蚓毒性试验表明4种印染污泥对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(14 d)分别为TDS1:185.7 g·kg~(-1)、TDS2:247.7 g·kg~(-1)、TDS3:177.6 g·kg~(-1)、TDS4:297.5 g·kg~(-1);TDS3印染污泥对蚯蚓体腔细胞溶酶体中性红停留时间抑制率在污泥浓度为100 g·kg~(-1)时达到25.4%,在400 g·kg~(-1)时达到96.8%;蚯蚓行为回避试验对4种印染污泥的回避阈值分别为TDS1:80 g·kg~(-1)、TDS2和TDS4:120 g·kg~(-1)、TDS3:40 g·kg~(-1);印染污泥对蚯蚓生态毒性与污泥中PAHs有关.本研究对印染污泥进入环境后的生态风险评估具有指导意义.     

蚯蚓对重金属污染土壤中铅的富集研究

蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中具有十分重要的功能,利用蚯蚓处理重金属污染土壤是一种新型的绿色生物技术。实验通过测定重金属污染土壤中不同铅浓度梯度下蚯蚓在培养期内对铅富集量的研究,结果表明：蚯蚓对铅有较强的富集作用,且随铅浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内的富集量也增加;单住质量蚯蚓培养期内吸收铅量与铅浓度梯度表现出极显著性差异,说明蚯蚓可以作为检测重金属污染土壤中铅的重要生物指标,论证了在重金属污染土壤动物修复中引入蚯蚓的可行性。     

蚯蚓在污水土地处理中的应用分析

蚯蚓是一种重要的资源,一方面为人类提供蛋白质、氨基酸等营养;另一方面作为分解者,可以用来治理或降低环境污染,保护生态环境。污水土地处理具有低建设成本、低运行成本和管理方便等特点而引起了广泛关注,但土地处理也存在占地面积比较大,氮、磷去除率不高,土壤堵塞和运行不稳定等问题。针对这些问题,文章分析了蚯蚓在污染物去除、提高植物生物量和提高土壤渗透率等方面的作用,并分析了蚯蚓在解决污水土地处理中土壤堵塞、植物退化、水力负荷比较低和占地面积比较大等问题的可行性,提出将蚯蚓引入土地处理系统能提高土地处理的效率和运行的稳定性,加快污水土地处理技术的应用。     

Soil physical parameters and earthworm populations associated with opencast coal working and land restoration

A study of physical and biological soil parameters was undertaken on reinstated opencast coal sites of varying ages from final topsoil replacement. Earthworm population levels were determined at the same time as sampling of pH, particle size analysis and bulk density. The results indicated that the pH of a site was not limiting to earthworm activity, but that all the reinstated sites had zones of compaction which were remnants of the restoration practice and may be limiting to earthworm activity. Total earthworm populations reached levels similar to undisturbed adjacent controls within 10–20 years after topsoil replacement, although there were differences in species composition.     

蚯蚓处理重金属的毒理学研究启示

介绍了蚯蚓的生态毒理学研究方法以及重金属与蚯蚓的相互影响作用,并通过对早期的剩余污泥中重金属的去除方法作对比,提出了利用蚯蚓处理剩余活性污泥中重金属的技术,为剩余污泥的资源利用化提供了新的途径。     

Toxicity assessment for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels （behavior, sublethal, lethal）. In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints （acute, chronic, behavioral）. Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects at concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Ecotoxicological assessment of diffuse pollution using biomonitoring tool for sustainable land use in Thailand

As a developing country, Thailand has a significant issue with diffuse pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes. Practical risk assessment tools based on locally-occurring species are needed to assess the effects of diffuse pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection. Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species. This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of diffuse pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution. It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that diffuse pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions. Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas. Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota. Collembolan, Cyphoderus sp., was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia Candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils. In addition, the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the effects of diffuse pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.     

Agricultural management affects earthworm and termite diversity across humid to semi-arid tropical zones

Earthworm and termite diversity were studied in 12 long-term agricultural field trials across the sub-humid to semi-arid tropical zones of Eastern and Western Africa. In each trial, treatments with high and low soil organic C were chosen to represent contrasts in long-term soil management effects, including tillage intensity, organic matter and nutrient management and crop rotations. For each trial, a fallow representing a relatively undisturbed reference was also sampled. Earthworm taxonomic richness decreased in the direction fallow > high-C soil > low-C soil and earthworm abundance was higher in fallow than under continuous crop production. Termite abundance was not significantly different between fallow and high and low-C treatments and termite taxonomic richness was higher in fallow soil than in the two cropping systems. We concluded that fewer species of earthworms and termites were favored under agricultural management that led to lower soil C. Results indicated that the soil disturbance induced by continuous crop production was more detrimental to earthworms than to termites, when compared to the fallow.     

Ecotoxicological assessment of di use pollution using biomonitoring tool for sustainable land use in Thailand

As a developing country, Thailand has a significant issue with di use pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes. Practical risk assessment tools based on locallyoccurring species are needed to assess the e ects of di use pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection. Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species. This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of di use pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution. It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that di use pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions. Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas. Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota. Collembolan, Cyphoderus sp., was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils. In addition, the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the e ects of di use pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.     

蚯蚓细胞色素P450生物标记物方法研究

以蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)为试验动物,通过强化预处理(盐水洗脱)、改变离心力和溶解微粒体膜等实验,建立了蚯蚓细胞色素P450含量的定性、定量测定方法.在此基础上,以多环芳烃(菲)为供试外源污染物,分别以滤纸接触法和土壤投加法,进行了蚯蚓细胞色素P450含量与菲污染诱导的量-效关系试验.结果表明,增加和调整离心力,加入增溶剂等方法,可有效去除干扰,使蚯蚓微粒体样品的450峰值由完全被干扰掩盖(在455～457nm处滞后出现),转变为在450nm±1nm达到最大值.滤纸接触试验(10^-6,10^-5,10^-4,10^-3和10^-2mg·mL^-1)和土壤染毒试验(1,2,4,8 mg·kg^-1)均表明,蚯蚓体内P450含量与菲浓度存在量-效关系.对土壤染毒不同诱导时间(1,3,7,14,28d)的测定结果表明,不同浓度的菲对蚯蚓毒性为诱导刺激(7d)效应和诱导抑制(14d和28d)效应,导致蚯蚓体内P450总量分别为对照组的0.99～1.41倍及0.77～0.88倍(p<0.05).蚯蚓细胞色素P450含量测定方法具有简单、快速、低耗、敏感的优点,是适合于土壤低剂量污染暴露毒性诊断的生物标记物指标.