Ecotoxicological assessment of diffuse pollution using biomonitoring tool for sustainable land use in Thailand

As a developing country, Thailand has a significant issue with diffuse pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes. Practical risk assessment tools based on locally-occurring species are needed to assess the effects of diffuse pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection. Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species. This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of diffuse pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution. It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that diffuse pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions. Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas. Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota. Collembolan, Cyphoderus sp., was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia Candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils. In addition, the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the effects of diffuse pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.     

Effects of plant species coexistence on soil enzyme activities and soil microbial community structure under Cd and Pb combined pollution

The relationship between plant species coexistence and soil microbial communities under heavy metal pollution has attracted much attention in ecology. However, whether plant species coexistence could o set the impacts of heavy metal combined pollution on soil microbial community structure and soil enzymes activities is not well studied. The modified ecological dose model and PCR-RAPD method were used to assess the e ects of two plant species coexistence on soil microbial community and enzymes activities subjected to Cd and Pb combined stress. The results indicated that monoculture and mixed culture would increased microbe populations under Cd and Pb combined stress, and the order of sensitivity of microbial community responding to heavy metal stress was: actinomycetes > bacteria > fungi. The respirations were significantly higher in planted soil than that in unplanted soil. The plant species coexistence could enhance soil enzyme activities under Cd and Pb combined. Furthermore, planted soil would be helpful to enhance soil genetic polymorphisms, but Cd and Pb pollution would cause a decrease on soil genetic polymorphisms. Mixed culture would increase the ecological dose 50% (ED50) values, and the ED50 values for soil enzyme activities decreased with increasing culture time. The dehydrogenase was most sensitive to metal addition and easily loses activity under low dose of heavy metal. However, it was di cult to fully inhibit the phoshpatase activity, and urease responded similarly with phosphatase.     

农业区域战略环境影响评价中生态风险评价指标体系研究

生态风险评价是近几年逐渐兴起并不断发展的一个研究领域。它的产生适应于20世纪80年代环境治理目标和环境治理观念的转变。生态风险评价是对生态系统或其组分受到的风险进行评价。目前的研究实例主要有重金属污染对水域及土壤生态系统的风险评价,生物技术带来的生态风险评价,城镇化生态风险评价等,但是很少见到对农业生态系统的生态风险评价。农业在其经济中具有举足轻重的地位,因此对其农田生态风险进行评价,具有非常重要的理论及现实意义。本论文对农业生态系统的特点进行了叙述,提出了农业生态系统的风险评价指标体系的总体思路,再通过系统分析,最终构建了适合农业生态系统的风险评价指标体系。     

Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal, sublethal, and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides. In this study, the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed. Beside the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was carried out. It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms. Compared with adult earthworms, the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased significantly. Growth and reproduction of earthworms appeared to be more severely a ected by cypermethrin at juvenile stage than at adult stage. Applied at 10 mg/kg, cypermethrin had obvious adverse impact on the growth of juvenile earthworms, while 20 mg/kg, cypermethrin caused significant toxic e ects in reproduction. The results also indicated that ecotoxicological risk assessment using only adult specimens may underestimate the e ects of cypermethrin on soil invertebrate populations.     

淮河水体取代苯类污染及其生态风险

测定了13种取代苯类污染物、阿特拉津和乙草胺在淮河4个监测断面水、水体沉积物，鲤鱼（Grass Carp）中的浓度，并计算了上述有机污染物的生物富集因子（BAF）和生物沉积物浓缩因子（BSAF）。同时通过在现场放置的三油酸酯半渗透膜采样器（SPMD）研究，发现上述污染物在SPMD中的浓度和在鲤鱼脂肪或沉积物有机质中的浓度之间有显著相关性，因此，提出利用SPMD得到的三油酸酯沉积物富集因子（TSAF）来代替BSAF，用于沉积物污染生态风险评价。在怕检测的污染物中，影响水体水质的主要是2，4－二硝基苯，六氯苯，阿特拉津，采样断面中蚌埠的生态风险最大。     

污染土壤的风险评估研究进展

阐述了我国土壤的污染现状,分析了土壤的主要污染物及污染物的来源,并介绍了污染土壤对农作物、水环境及人体的危害,综述了国内外在污染土壤风险评价方面的研究进展,包括健康风险评价和生态风险评价,污染土壤风险评价技术在污染土壤的风险评价、风险管理方面具有广泛的应用前景,为土壤风险评估系统理论的提出及其方法体系和规范的建立提供参考.     

基于生态系统水平的河流风险评价

现有的生态风险评价方法主要围绕特定物质或特定受体,难以用于以生态系统为对象的管理.本研究依照系统生态学与复杂系统的理论概念,采取以“生态系统服务”作为生态系统水平的风险评价终点的做法,通过量化外界压力与生态系统服务的“压力-响应”模式,建立了基于生态系统水平的生态风险评价方法,并以黄河为案例说明这一方法的应用.结果显示,黄河生态系统的保护需要重点关注中下游河段,主要的风险源为城市和农业面源,需要重点保护生境及生物类目标.结果表明所建立的评价方法可为促进基于生态系统的河流管理提供技术支持.     

土地利用生态风险评价研究进展

土地利用生态风险评价是对生态系统在土地利用直接或间接作用下可能产生的不利影响的评价。在梳理已有研究工作的基础上,从评价模型、生态风险空间表达和不确定性分析三个方面,总结土地利用生态风险评价研究方法的进展,阐述土地利用生态风险管理在土地利用生态风险评价中的地位和作用。目前该领域存在的主要问题是:（1）评价指标和评价标准不统一;（2）评价过程和评价结果的不确定性较大;（3）生态风险管理环节研究薄弱。未来的发展趋势包括:（1）关注全球变化条件下的土地利用生态风险;（2）重视土地利用生态风险评价在国土空间规划与生态修复中的作用;（3）加强土地利用生态风险管理研究;（4）建立并完善土地利用生态风险评价的数据管理平台。     

土壤环境中微塑料的污染现状及其影响研究进展

微塑料作为一种持久性污染物,对土壤生态系统具有严重影响,土壤中微塑料的污染已愈加受到国内外学者的广泛关注。当前关于土壤环境中微塑料的研究较少,针对当前土壤中微塑料的来源、分布、降解迁移、生态效应及污染防治等方面进行综述。主要包括以下几个方面:1）概括土壤生态系统中微塑料的来源、分布特点和迁移降解规律,确定了土壤环境中微塑料的赋存状态;2）总结土壤生态系统中微塑料与其他污染物的复合效应;3）分析了微塑料对土壤理化性质、动物、植物、微生物的影响,并揭示了微塑料对于土壤生态系统的影响;4）根据土壤微塑料的分布特点、降解迁移及生态效应提出污染防治措施。最后,对今后土壤微塑料的研究重点进行了展望。     

Driving forces from soil invertebrates to ecosystem functioning: the allometric perspective

The European soil policy is being focussed towards a more conscious and sustainable use of the soil, taking into account ecological, economical and societal dimensions. Living soil organisms are reliable bioindicators, as they provide the best reflection of the soil system, ecological services and ecosystem functioning therein. These most complex (bio)physical systems indicate, among others, the energy flow. Such processes can be described by rather simple power law relationships. In fact, the average body mass (dry weight) can be seen as an inherent species property, while population density is a much more flexible parameter reflecting ecosystem state. In this study, I review the interactions between these items in relation to feedbacks and conjectured relationships which can be seen as ecological networks. From this novel perspective, allometry can be used as an integrated measure for the anthropogenic influence on landscapes and related food webs. Allometry is, therefore, a perfect surrogate for land use intensity in modelling of field effects for restoration ecology and conservation biology. Robust correlations will be addressed between the density dependence of invertebrates and the ability of soil systems themselves to recover after disturbance. Quantitative indicators of soil community composition and related ecological services are proposed and their application for ecological risk assessment is illustrated.     

我国建设用地土壤环境标准体系发展与建议

我国建设用地土壤环境标准体系先后经历了污染控制标准、环境质量标准、环境风险管控标准等发展阶段,已形成一套具有我国国情特色的成熟标准体系框架. 为探究过去30余年相关标准的发展与演变特征,以200余项国家、行业、地方及团体标准文件作为研究对象,对比分析国内外标准制定现状,重点分析得出现阶段标准制定的领域热点,提出了适合我国土壤环境标准体系的完善方案和发展方向. 结果表明,目前土壤污染物的检验方法是最主要的土壤环境标准文件类型,分光光度法是最主要的污染物测试方法. 未来发展任务可从开发污染地块精细化和本土化的风险评估模型、健全土壤环境基准研究、完善风险调查检测评估与防治相关技术规范等方面进行,切实为我国土壤环境标准体系的优化完善提供重要的方法基础,为深入打好净土保卫战提供坚实的技术支撑.      

Major environmental and ecotoxicological processes of heavy metals in Lean River polluted by discharges from mining activities

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湖南长株潭中度污染区土壤镉概率生态风险评价

湖南长株潭地区土壤修复试点工作已经开展,但并未关注重金属镉对生态系统的威胁,尤其是继续进行作物种植的中度污染区。文章选取长株潭地区三个县的中度污染区为研究区域,结合文献调研,利用美国ECO-TOX数据库获取了共计28个本地物种两个层次的毒性数据,利用物种敏感度分布(Species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型和联合概率曲线(Joint probability curve,JPC)方法开展中度污染区的概率生态风险评价研究。结果表明,在LC/EC/IC水平50下,A县、B县、C县的概率生态风险值依次为1.65%、3.40%、5.80%;在NOEC/LOEC水平下,A县、B县、C县的概率生态风险值依次为7.46%、12.97%、19.50%。该结果说明,长株潭地区中度污染区土壤中重金属镉对生态系统具有一定的风险作用,同时该结果为生态系统保护目标制定提供科学依据。     

多风险源驱动下的土地生态风险评价——以江苏省射阳县为例

我国正处于快速城镇化阶段,土地利用格局变化改变了土地生态系统的结构和功能,造成土地生态风险的进一步加剧和风险来源的多样化。论文根据风险来源、风险受体和风险效应的作用关系,提出了基于多源风险的发生概率、风险受体的抵御和自我恢复能力及其暴露于风险环境下可能发生的损失的土地生态风险表征方法。选取适当的指标计算得出风险来源指数、自然系统损失度和恢复力、社会系统损失度和恢复力、自然风险指数、社会风险指数和综合风险指数。论文以江苏射阳县为例开展实证研究,结果表明：射阳县城所在地社会风险指数最高,东部沿海丹顶鹤自然保护区自然风险指数最高,需要加强对这些地区的限制建设和生态保护。县城周边以及中东部大片区域综合风险指数较低,可以进行进一步的城镇发展和土地开发利用。论文提出的土地生态风险评价方法可为土地利用的风险评估提供方法参考,研究结论可为射阳新型城镇化发展与生态环境保护提供决策参考。     

Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil in urban agglomeration

Antibiotics in soil environment are regarded as emerging pollutants and have introduced increasing risks to soil ecosystem and human health in rapid urbanization areas. Identifying the occurrence and spatial variability of antibiotics in soils is an urgent issue in sustaining soil security. In this study, antibiotics in soils were investigated and analyzed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The occurrence, spatial distribution, and related affecting factors of antibiotics in soils were identified and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil environment were assessed. Results showed that (1) The mean concentration of soil antibiotics in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration was 21.79 µg/kg. Land use substantially affected the occurrence and concentration of antibiotics in soils. Concentrations of antibiotics in cropland and orchard soils were 2-3 times higher than the other land use types. (2) The concentrations of antibiotics in soils in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration presented a spatial pattern of high values in southeast, and low values in northwest. Spatial variability of antibiotics in soils was closely related to the application of organic fertilizer and wastewater irrigation as well as topographical features. Furthermore, soil properties and land management policy had substantial influences on soil antibiotics, and soil heavy metals may aggravate the accumulation of antibiotics in soils. (3) Ecological risks assessment of antibiotics in soils demonstrated that erythromycin (ERY), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and doxycycline (DOX) may introduce high risks to soil ecosystem health, and more attention should be paid to the areas with intensive human activities that had potential high risk to soil ecosystem health. This study suggests that scientific land and soil management should be considered to prevent soil antibiotic pollution and sustain soil security in urban agglomeration.     

珠江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染控制与修复研究的若干思考

土壤重金属污染是珠江三角洲地区主要的生态环境问题之一,直接影响到区域生态系统稳定和食品安全,关系到经济尤其是农业的可持续发展和人体健康,因而引起广泛的社会关注.对珠江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染现状和主要特征进行了分析,结合国内外土壤重金属污染研究动态,同时考虑国家需求和地区经济发展需要,提出今后热带亚热带地区土壤重金属污染研究的重点,以及对土壤污染综合治理的一些见解.     

基于能值分析的大坝生态效应评价——以尼尔基大坝为例

能值分析可提供客观真实的统一量化平台,在自然、经济系统整合分析方面具有显著优越性.将能值分析方法引入大坝生态效应评价,提出基于能值分析的大坝生态效应评价概念框架,绘制库区生态系统能值流图,构建包括生态系统运行效率、生态系统组织结构、生态系统功能维持和生态系统环境安全4方面共9个指标的能值综合评价指标体系.对尼尔基大坝建设前后库区生态系统变化进行对比性评价,结果表明,生态系统的运行效率、功能维持能力有较大提升,组织结构出现不平衡,环境负荷较高,可持续发展能力受损,需减少因流域水土流失与塌岸导致的库区泥沙淤积,以控制不可更新资源能值输入.     

场地复合污染的生态效应与风险评估研究进展和展望

我国已初步形成基于人体健康风险的污染场地土壤风险评估制度和技术标准体系,但基于保护生态受体的土壤污染风险评估技术方法和标准体系尚未构建. 本文从我国重点行业场地土壤复合污染现状出发,综述了典型行业场地土壤特征污染物复合情形下的生态效应,分析了产生不同联合效应的机理. 对目前常用的生态风险评估方法进行了分类阐述,并评述了复合污染生态效应和风险表征的研究进展,以期为我国构建全面系统的土壤污染风险管控体系提供支撑. 我国冶炼、焦化等重点行业场地通常呈现重金属-重金属复合、重金属-多环芳烃复合等污染特征,当这类污染物共存时,可通过影响彼此的生物吸收转运、降解转化、生物毒性等,产生协同、加和、拮抗等联合效应. 目前常用的生态风险评估方法包括指数法、商值法、概率法等,指数法基于污染源、暴露途径和生物受体的不同指标构建综合评估指数量化污染物的相对风险,商值法基于污染物暴露量和毒性参考值等量化污染物的绝对风险,概率法通过污染物和毒性数据的概率密度函数和累积分布概率函数等获得考虑污染分布和毒性效应变异性的绝对风险,复合污染情形下,可通过浓度加和、效应加和以及二者相结合的多层次方法进行综合表征. 本文针对目前生态风险评估方法体系构建存在的重点难点问题,建议从合理构建多维度多要素综合风险指数、分区分类构建本土化生物有效性和毒性参数、基于复合污染毒性效应机理科学构建概率风险表征方法等方面开展深入研究,推动生态风险评估规范化和精准化.      

太子河流域水生态功能Ⅱ级区的划分

流域水生态功能Ⅱ级区是实施流域层面水生生物多样性保护的重要依据. 以太子河流域为研究对象,开展分区指标筛选技术方法研究,通过指标的空间变异性、主导性及其与水生态因子相关性分析,从年均气温、年降水量、年蒸发量、高程、坡度、坡向和NDVI(归一化植被指数)等备选分区指标中筛选出适宜分区指标,在此基础上采用ISODATA(迭代自组织数据分析方法)非监督分类方法划分了太子河水生态功能Ⅱ级区. 结果表明,高程和NDVI具有良好的空间敏感性、主导性以及与水生态因子的相关性,可以反映地貌和植被对太子河水生态系统的影响,是太子河流域水生态功能Ⅱ级区划分的适宜指标. 采用上述指标可将太子河流域划分为3个水生态功能Ⅱ级区:①上游山地森林河流水生态亚区,平均海拔511m,区内以浅水性鱼类和激流性大型底栖动物为主;②中游丘陵森林河流水生态亚区,平均海拔282m,区内以溪流性鱼类和缓流性大型底栖动物为主;③下游平原农业河流水生态亚区,平均海拔65m,区内多受人类活动干扰,以耐污性大型底栖动物为主,少见鱼类.      

芘、镉单一及复合污染胁迫下土壤生态功能稳定性的影响机制

当前我国土壤污染的形势已十分严峻,各种污染物进入土壤导致农产品生态安全问题已不容忽视,土壤污染问题亟待解决.本研究将土壤的抵抗力、恢复力及稳定性作为土壤质量的评价指标,对土壤施加不同含量(含量比)梯度的芘(PYR)、镉(Cd)单一及芘/镉(PYR/Cd)复合污染,分别从微生物活性、多样性和丰富度方面对土壤生态系统进行系统的描述,并构建模型来描述Sb与PYR、Rt与Cd的剂量-效应关系.结果表明,不同类型污染物在土壤的扩散过程中均会对土壤DOC含量造成一定程度的削减,且在PYR/Cd复合污染中污染物的含量比值与DOC含量的降低速度呈反比例关系;PYR、Cd单一污染处理下,土壤微生物量和微生物菌落数均随着污染物含量的增加而降低;在PYR/Cd复合污染中,PYR/Cd比值大小与Rt呈负相关且其中Cd对微生物的抑制作用占有主导地位;此外本研究对显著相关的两组数据:PYR含量与稳定性、Cd含量与抵抗力构建了回归预测模型,其中二项式模型均可较好描述PYR、Cd胁迫下与上述稳定性参数的剂量-效应关系.