大贵寺国家森林公园野生青檀居群的遗传多样性

利用ISSR分子标记技术对湖北省大贵寺国家森林公园野生青檀（Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim．）居群进行遗传多样性分析。用11条ISSR引物对6个青檀居群64个样品进行扩增,扩增片段长度在200bp至3000bp之间,检测到179个位点,其中多态位点165个,多态位点百分率（P）为92．14％。青檀在物种水平上的Nei基因多样性指数（胁）和Shannon信息指数∽分别为0．273和0．423,在居群水平上分别为0．225和0．343,显示出青檀有着较高的遗传多样性。居群间的遗传分化系数（Gsr）为0．192,表明青檀居群间存在着较大的遗传分化;UPGMA聚类分析表明遗传距离与海拔差距有一定的相关性,相邻海拔的青檀居群间遗传距离较近。不同海拔导致的异质生境可能是影响青檀居群遗传分化的主要原因。     

麻疯树种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对大戟科属麻疯树9个自然居群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了研究.用10个引物对9个居群共135个样品进行了扩增,共获得169条清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点164个.POPGENE分析结果表明,麻疯树居群具有丰富的遗传多样水平(多态百分率PPB=97.04%,Neis遗传多样性H=0.2357,Shannon信息指数I=0.3760).AMOVA分析表明,9个自然居群间遗传多样性出现了较大的遗传分化(Gst=0.5398)可能与其有限的基因流(Nm=0.4667)和遗传漂变有关;而居群内有限的遗传分化可能是由于麻疯树自交、近交占主导方式的繁育方式有关.并进行了麻疯树居群的聚类分析.图3表4参19     

金花茶遗传多样性和遗传结构AFLP分析

利用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)分子标记技术,对金花茶(Camellia nitidissima) 4个天然种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究,为金花茶资源的有效保护和高效利用提供科学依据。结果表明,8对引物共扩增出1 619个DNA位点,其中1 473个位点具多态性,多态性位点百分率为90. 98%。金花茶物种水平基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数为0. 146和0. 246,种群水平基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数为0. 131和0. 215; 4个金花茶种群的多态位点百分率、基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数变化趋势一致,其中多态位点百分率介于56. 83%～72. 11%之间,基因多样性指数介于0. 122～0. 138之间,Shannon信息指数介于0. 197～0. 228之间。金花茶种群间的遗传分化系数介于0. 139～0. 289之间,遗传变异主要存在于种群内。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果表明,金花茶种群内遗传变异为81. 52%,种群间遗传变异为18. 48%,遗传变异主要存在于种群内。非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类结果表明,种群间遗传变异与其地理距离无明显相关性。应加强现有金花茶种群的就地保护,促进种群自然更新,同时加强迁地保护。     

长柄石杉居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的AFLP分析

石杉科植物因所含石杉碱甲(Huperzine A)对中老年痴呆等具有良好疗效,近年来倍受关注.利用AFLP分子标记对武夷山脉广布种长柄石杉[Huperzia serrata(Thunb.ex Murray)Trev.var.longipetiolata(Spring)H.M.Chang]7个居群112株个体进行遗传多样性和居群遗传结构分析.选用多态性高、分辨力强的8对选择性扩增引物组合共获得675个位点,其中多态位点比例为69.38%.居群内观测等位基因数(Na)为1.633,有效等位基因数(Ne)1.493;Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)与Shannon多态性信息指数(I)的平均值分别为0.272和0.392,多样性最高为地处武夷山脉中段的泰宁居群和建宁居群,最低为山脉北段的光泽居群.居群总基因多样性(Ht)为0.327 3,居群内基因多样性(Hs)为0.272 2,居群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.168 1,表明居群内变异是长柄石杉遗传多样性的主要来源.由Gst估计,武夷山脉长柄石杉自然居群的基因流(Nm)为2.474 0.邻接树分析表明居群间遗传亲缘关系与地理位置相关.武夷山脉长柄石杉较高的遗传多样性和基因流水平表明其仍然具有相当的适应(生存)能力和进化潜力,这可能与其生物学(异交水平)、生态学特性及武夷山脉相对良好的生境条件有关.     

黄连木居群遗传多样性的SSR标记分析

为系统揭示黄连木天然居群在遗传多样性水平上的差异及遗传分化状况,采用SSR(Simple sequence repeats)分子标记对其8个居群进行遗传多样性分析.在建立良好的反应体系基础上,从已有的阿月浑子SSR引物中筛选出9对适合进行黄连木遗传分析的引物,在8个黄连木居群中共检测到43条等位基因,位点平均等位基因数为4.78,平均多态位点百分率达90.28%.各居群内平均有效等位基因数为2.08,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.472,说明各居群的遗传多样性处于中等水平.按检测到的有效等位基因数(Ne)和期望杂合度(He),各居群的遗传多样性由高至低依次为安康唐县顺平辉县略阳栾川林州涉县.居群间的遗传分化系数(FST)平均为0.319,说明居群内变异是黄连木变异的主要来源,并根据遗传距离将8个居群分为三大类.     

缢蛏6个群体遗传结构的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对采自福建宁德(ND)、浙江台州(TZ)、上海崇明(CM)、山东海阳(HY)、天津汉沽(HG)和辽宁庄河(ZH)的缢蛏6个野生群体进行遗传多样性和遗传关系分析.筛选出10条ISSR引物对6个群体共216个样品进行扩增,共得到138个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点135个,多态位点百分率为97.83%,在物种水平上的遗传多样性较为丰富.群体遗传多样性分析结果表明,6个群体的多态位点百分率在61.59%～72.46%之间,基因多样性指数和Shannon's信息指数分别在0.104 3～0.176 6和0.178 9～0.280 8之间,其中ND群体的多样性指数最低.群体间遗传分化、遗传距离和聚类结构显示,ND群体和TZ群体亲缘关系最近,首先聚为一支,之后依次与CM群体及HG群体和HY群体聚类,最后与ZH群体聚在一起,表明地理位置较远的群体,遗传距离也较远.     

不同土著草本群落对加拿大一枝黄花早期阶段入侵的抑制能力研究

为了解不同土著草本群落对加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)的入侵抑制能力以及可能的机制,以杭州湾南岸湿地围垦区具有相同演替阶段的3种优势土著草本白茅(Imperata cylindrical)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)和荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)群落为研究对象,以加拿大一枝黄花单优群落为参照,调查了不同群落中加拿大一枝黄花密度和地上部分生长(株高和基径)情况,测定了不同群落的光照水平和土壤理化性质,分析了土著群落中加拿大一枝黄花密度和地上部分生长与群落光照水平和土壤肥力的关系。结果表明:(1)土著群落显著降低加拿大一枝黄花密度(P0.05),白茅群落还显著降低加拿大一枝黄花地上部分生长(P0.05)。(2)土著群落降低了群落冠层光照水平,土著群落冠层中部光合有效辐射低于加拿大一枝黄花单优群落。白茅群落和荻群落盖度显著高于芦苇群落和加拿大一枝黄花群落(P0.05),冠层高度由大到小依次为荻、芦苇、加拿大一枝黄花和白茅;加拿大一枝黄花株高与其邻株株高间呈显著正相关(P0.001)。(3)土著群落土壤肥力低于加拿大一枝黄花单优群落,白茅群落土壤肥力最低,但多数指标与芦苇群落和荻群落差异不显著(P0.05)。认为遮光可能是土著群落抑制加拿大一枝黄花早期入侵的主要机制,而较低的土壤肥力水平可能与光竞争协同作用进一步加剧了土著群落对加拿大一枝黄花扩散的抑制。通过筛选和培育那些能同时降低群落光照水平和土壤肥力水平的土著群落可有效抑制加拿大一枝黄花入侵。     

威海荣成鹿角菜野生种群遗传多样性及资源保护策略

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）方法对威海荣成地区鹿角菜（Silvetiasiliquosa）野生种群共30个个体的遗传多样性水平及遗传结构进行研究。结果表明,利用21条随机引物共检测到112个多态性位点,多态性位点百分率为93．75％,Nei基因多样性指数为0．3515±0．1352,Shannon多样性指数为0．5046±0．1126。通过聚类分析而划为一类的3个亚种群间的遗传分化指数为0．1349～0．2189,基因流为1．7793。研究结果表明威海荣成地区的鹿角菜种群遗传多样性较高,种群内存在较为明显的遗传分化,种群遗传资源不受遗传漂变的影响。针对当地鹿角菜遗传资源的现状,应加强现存种群的就地保护,恢复种群规模;进行取样养殖保护时则需避免因近交而造成种群资源退化。     

基于MaxEnt的加拿大一枝黄花在中国的潜在分布区预测

基于采样后的加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)在北半球的分布数据,以温度和降水作为预测的环境因子,以MaxEnt模型作为物种适生性预测模型,预测加拿大一枝黄花在我国的潜在分布。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花在我国有广泛的潜在分布区,目前的实际分布远未达其最大潜在分布范围,仍有可能继续扩散。加拿大一枝黄花主要适生区包括上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、江西、福建、重庆、贵州、四川省东部、广东和广西2省北部、云南省东北部、山西和陕西2省南部地区。必须采取有效措施阻止加拿大一枝黄花扩散蔓延。     

基于分子标记的油松种群遗传保护分析

利用分子标记技术分析了山西5个天然油松种群140个个体的遗传特征,比较了不同种群的多态位点显性频率、遗传多样性指数、基因流和分化系数.筛选的5个ISSR引物和5个RAPD引物共扩增到位点68个,其中多态位点50个遗传参数的统计分析显示,多态位点的显性频率、遗传多样性指数、分化系数分别介于0.000 0～1.000 0、0.0200～0.500 0和0.003 7～0.615 62:间,表明油松种群遗传多样性的主要来源是等位基因频率的不同和部分位点较大程度的遗传分化.根据油松的种群遗传学特征,认为只有加强天然油松林的生境保护,使其不产生片断化,才能使油松的遗传资源得到有效保护.图2表4参16     

平原河网地区滨岸带外来植物入侵现状及影响研究——以上海青浦区为例

河流滨岸带作为一种典型的开放系统,在受到外界干扰的条件下极易被外来植物所入侵并受到严重影响。以上海青浦区为例,通过对河流滨岸带生态系统入侵植物分布及现状调查,以及对两种入侵植物：白花三叶草（Trifolium repens）和加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）群落的物种多样性及其土壤特性的实证研究,探讨外来植物入侵对河流滨岸带生态系统造成的影响。结果表明：目前该地区河流滨岸带外来入侵植物共有14科24种,其科、种数分别占到该生态系统所有植物的48．3％与26．1％。入侵植物白花三叶草与加拿大一枝黄花在春、秋两季均显著降低了河流滨岸带植物群落的物种多样性。此外,两种人侵植物也对当地河流滨岸及土壤特性造成了不同程度的影响,其中对土壤含水量、pH值的影响最为显著。该研究填补了平原河网地区河流滨岸带生态系统外来植物入侵研究的空白,有助于今后开展对该生态系统的评价、恢复及管理工作。     

Cu、Cd污染背景下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应

在重金属污染加重及多样化的背景下,入侵植物对本地植物种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应可能发生改变甚至增强。因此,本文探究了Cu和Cd单污染及其复合污染下入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对其本地近缘种莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液处理及3种重金属污染类型和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液复合处理均显著降低莴苣种子发芽指数,表明重金属和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液均对莴苣的种子萌发和生长产生明显生态毒理效应。Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗株高产生的生态毒理效应显著大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,而在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗发芽速度指数产生的生态毒理效应也大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应(未达到显著水平)。这表明在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发产生的生态毒理效应大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,即Cu和Cd复合污染可能对加拿大一枝黄花对本地植物种子萌发和生长产生的生态毒理效应具有一定的叠加效应。     

Forecasting the Spread of Invasive Rainbow Smelt in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region of North America

Abstract:  Rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) have invaded many North American lakes, often resulting in the extirpation of native fish populations. Yet, their invasion is incipient and provides the rationale for identifying ecosystems likely to be invaded and where management and prevention efforts should be focused. To predict smelt presence and absence, we constructed a classification-tree model based on habitat data from 354 lakes in the native range for smelt in southern Maine. Maximum lake depth, lake area, and Secchi depth (surrogate measure of lake productivity) were the most important predictors. We then used our model to identify lakes vulnerable to invasion in three regions outside the smelt's native range: northern Maine (52 of 244 lakes in the non-native range), Ontario (4447 of 8110), and Wisconsin (553 of 5164). We further identified a subset of lakes with a strong potential for impact (potential–impact lakes) based on the presence of fish species that are affected by rainbow smelt. Ninety-four percent of vulnerable lakes in the non-native range in Maine are also potential–impact lakes, as are 94% and 58% of Ontario and Wisconsin's vulnerable lakes, respectively. Our modeling approach can be applied to other invaders and regions to identify invasion-prone ecosystems, thus aiding in the management of invasive species and the efficient allocation of invasive species mitigation and prevention resources.     

The Potential Conservation Value of Non‐Native Species

Abstract: Non‐native species can cause the loss of biological diversity (i.e., genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) and threaten the well‐being of humans when they become invasive. In some cases, however, they can also provide conservation benefits. We examined the ways in which non‐native species currently contribute to conservation objectives. These include, for example, providing habitat or food resources to rare species, serving as functional substitutes for extinct taxa, and providing desirable ecosystem functions. We speculate that non‐native species might contribute to achieving conservation goals in the future because they may be more likely than native species to persist and provide ecosystem services in areas where climate and land use are changing rapidly and because they may evolve into new and endemic taxa. The management of non‐native species and their potential integration into conservation plans depends on how conservation goals are set in the future. A fraction of non‐native species will continue to cause biological and economic damage, and substantial uncertainty surrounds the potential future effects of all non‐native species. Nevertheless, we predict the proportion of non‐native species that are viewed as benign or even desirable will slowly increase over time as their potential contributions to society and to achieving conservation objectives become well recognized and realized.     

Effects of Urbanization on the Distribution and Abundance of Amphibians and Invasive Species in Southern California Streams

Abstract:  Urbanization negatively affects natural ecosystems in many ways, and aquatic systems in particular. Urbanization is also cited as one of the potential contributors to recent dramatic declines in amphibian populations. From 2000 to 2002 we determined the distribution and abundance of native amphibians and exotic predators and characterized stream habitat and invertebrate communities in 35 streams in an urbanized landscape north of Los Angeles (U.S.A.). We measured watershed development as the percentage of area within each watershed occupied by urban land uses. Streams in more developed watersheds often had exotic crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii ) and fish, and had fewer native species such as California newts ( Taricha torosa ) and California treefrogs ( Hyla cadaverina ). These effects seemed particularly evident above 8% development, a result coincident with other urban stream studies that show negative impacts beginning at 10–15% urbanization. For Pacific treefrogs ( H. regilla ), the most widespread native amphibian, abundance was lower in the presence of exotic crayfish, although direct urbanization effects were not found. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were also less diverse in urban streams, especially for sensitive species. Faunal community changes in urban streams may be related to changes in physical stream habitat, such as fewer pool and more run habitats and increased water depth and flow, leading to more permanent streams. Variation in stream permanence was particularly evident in 2002, a dry year when many natural streams were dry but urban streams were relatively unchanged. Urbanization has significantly altered stream habitat in this region and may enhance invasion by exotic species and negatively affect diversity and abundance of native amphibians.     

Invasive Microstegium populations consistently outperform native range populations across diverse environments

Plant species introduced into novel ranges may become invasive due to evolutionary change, phenotypic plasticity, or other biotic or abiotic mechanisms. Evolution of introduced populations could be the result of founder effects, drift, hybridization, or adaptation to local conditions, which could enhance the invasiveness of introduced species. However, understanding whether the success of invading populations is due to genetic differences between native and introduced populations may be obscured by origin x environment interactions. That is, studies conducted under a limited set of environmental conditions may show inconsistent results if native or introduced populations are differentially adapted to specific conditions. We tested for genetic differences between native and introduced populations, and for origin x environment interactions, between native (China) and introduced (U.S.) populations of the invasive annual grass Microstegium vimineum (stiltgrass) across 22 common gardens spanning a wide range of habitats and environmental conditions. On average, introduced populations produced 46% greater biomass and had 7.4% greater survival, and outperformed native range populations in every common garden. However, we found no evidence that introduced Microstegium exhibited greater phenotypic plasticity than native populations. Biomass of Microstegium was positively correlated with light and resident community richness and biomass across the common gardens. However, these relationships were equivalent for native and introduced populations, suggesting that the greater mean performance of introduced populations is not due to unequal responses to specific environmental parameters. Our data on performance of invasive and native populations suggest that post-introduction evolutionary changes may have enhanced the invasive potential of this species. Further, the ability of Microstegium to survive and grow across the wide variety of environmental conditions demonstrates that few habitats are immune to invasion.     

Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies

Reviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among-population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (N_e), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increase N_e. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.     

Invasion, Disturbance, and Competition: Modeling the Fate of Coastal Plant Populations

Abstract:  Wetland habitats are besieged by biotic and abiotic disturbances such as invasive species, hurricanes, habitat fragmentation, and salinization. Predicting how these factors will alter local population dynamics and community structure is a monumental challenge. By examining ecologically similar congeners, such as Iris hexagona and I. pseudacorus (which reproduce clonally and sexually and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions), one can identify life-history traits that are most influential to population growth and viability. We combined empirical data and stage-structured matrix models to investigate the demographic responses of native ( I. hexagona ) and invasive ( I. pseudacorus ) plant populations to hurricanes and salinity stress in freshwater and brackish wetlands. In our models I. hexagona and I. pseudacorus responded differently to salinity stress, and species coexistence was rare. In 82% of computer simulations of freshwater marsh, invasive iris populations excluded the native species within 50 years, whereas native populations excluded the invasive species in 99% of the simulations in brackish marsh. The occurrence of hurricanes allowed the species to coexist, and species persistence was determined by the length of time it took the ecosystem to recover. Rapid recovery (2 years) favored the invasive species, whereas gradual recovery (30 years) favored the native species. Little is known about the effects of hurricanes on competitive interactions between native and invasive plant species in marsh ecosystems. Our models contribute new insight into the relationship between environmental disturbance and invasion and demonstrate how influential abiotic factors such as climate change will be in determining interspecific interactions.     

Factors Associated with Alien Plants Transitioning from Casual, to Naturalized, to Invasive

Abstract:  To explain current plant invasions, or predict future ones, more knowledge on which factors increase the probability of alien species becoming naturalized and subsequently invasive is needed. We created a database of the alien plants in seminatural habitats in Ireland that included data on taxonomy, invasive status, invasion history, distribution, and biological and ecological plant characteristics. We used information from this database to determine the importance of these factors in increasing the ability of species to become naturalized and invasive. More specifically, we used two multiple logistic regressions to identify factors that distinguish naturalized from casual alien plant species and invasive from noninvasive, naturalized alien species. Clonal growth, moisture-indicator value, nitrogen-indicator value, native range, and date of first record affected (in order of decreasing importance) the probability of naturalization. Factors that distinguished invasive from noninvasive species were ornamental introduction, hermaphrodite flowers, pollination mode, being invasive elsewhere, onset of flowering season, moisture-indicator value, native range, and date of first record. Incorporation of phylogenetic information had little influence on the results, suggesting that the capacity of alien species to naturalize and become invasive evolved largely independently in several phylogenetic lineages. Whereas some of the variables were important for both transitions, others were only important for naturalization or for invasion. This emphasizes the importance of studying different stages of the invasion process when looking for mechanisms of becoming a successful invasive plant, instead of simply comparing invasive with noninvasive alien species. Our results also suggest that a combination of species traits and other variables is likely to produce the most accurate prediction of invasions.     

异质生境空心莲子草植物群落组成及物种多样性研究

研究草海湿地空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）入侵对异质生境植物群落生活型、物种组成、重要值及物种多样性的影响,结果表明,①异质生境中群落生活型组成比例有差异,水生生境地面芽植物（H）∶隐芽植物（Cr）∶一年生植物（Th）为56∶38∶6;湿生生境为43∶36∶21。②异质生境中物种组成差异明显,水生生境试验样方包含9科13属16种,对照样方（无空心莲子草入侵）包含10科19属23种;湿生生境试验样方包含8科14属14种,对照样方有10科19属22种。空心莲子草入侵不同生境后群落内物种重要值变化及差异均较大,部分乡土物种在试验样方中减少甚至消失,水生生境和湿生生境群落中分别有30.44%、36.36%物种消失。③异质生境中空心莲子草重要值与物种多样性指数、生态优势度指数、均匀度指数均呈二项式函数关系;两种生境的多样性指数和均匀度指数均表现为随空心莲子草重要值先增加后减少,生态优势度指数均为先减少后增加,空心莲子草入侵对乡土植物群落物种多样性产生正向影响和负向影响,在群落中其重要值达25.8（水生生境）、18.9（湿生生境）时,是乡土植物多样性下降的临界点。