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李金惠 《环境与可持续发展》1996,(4)
本文综述了MAGIC模型结构、输入输出参数、参数的处理、优缺点及其应用,该模型由24个方程式组成,考虑了阳离子交换、硫酸盐吸附、矿物风化等过程,是一个集总参数的过程定向模型,可以用于某点位或区域的酸化趋势预测和临界负荷计算.该模型在环境酸化研究中已获得广泛应用.其发展趋势是结构的不断完善、与其它模型相结合和将统计方法纳入模型等. 相似文献
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贴不贴泡是大庆某石油化工总厂生产废水排放场地,其作用相当于一个水面较大的氧化塘。本文对大庆市贴不贴泡周边地下水采集样品,以研究其对周边地下水的污染状况。结果显示:纳污泡附近地下水受到不同程度石油类污染,石油类污染物还仅限于湖泡区内,在剖面上的分布基本限于潜水层内,局部达到弱透水层顶部附近。石油类污染物在其中的迁移速度很低,特别是水平迁移速度更小,才使污染近30年的场地地下水受到的石油烃污染不是十分严重。 相似文献
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Humberto Blanco-Canqui A.J. SchlegelW.F. Heer 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):107-116
No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha−1 more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha−1 more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region. 相似文献
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五大连池冬季水体中磷的分布特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在冬季对东北地区五大连池各池采取表层水样,对水体中总磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性磷酸盐进行了分析。结果表明五大连池冬季水体中总磷浓度在0.035 mg/L~0.144 mg/L之间,其中四池含量最高,二池含量最低。溶解性总磷的含量在0.027 mg/L~0.049 mg/L之间,三池含量最高,一池含量最低。溶解性磷酸盐的浓度在0.020 mg/L~0.042 mg/L之间,三池含量最高,二池含量最低。水体中磷以溶解态的形式存在为主,而溶解态中又以溶解性磷酸盐为主,占溶解性总磷的平均百分比为80.92%。总的来说三池、四池和五池磷水平较高,人类污染影响严重。 相似文献
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以茅尾海两个主要入海河口区表层沉积物为研究对象,采用改进后的连续提取法(SEDEX)对15个采样点沉积物中磷的组分、含量、分布及其影响因素进行研究,探讨了磷的生物有效性。结果表明,无机磷(IP)是茅岭江和钦江入海河口区表层沉积物中总磷(TP)的主要存在形式,平均分别占TP的64.4%和65.9%,有机磷(OP)均占较小的比例。IP均以铁结合态磷(Fe-P)为主要赋存形态,平均分别占TP的31.2%和28.1%,原生碎屑磷(De-P)、自生磷灰石磷(Ca-P)和可交换态磷(Ex-P)平均占TP比例依次递减。河流输入、沉积物粒度和沉积环境是影响茅尾海入海河口区表层沉积物中不同形态磷含量及分布的主要因素。磷生物有效性分析表明,茅岭江、钦江入海河口区表层沉积物中生物可利用磷(BAP)含量分别为2.95~22.52 μmol/g和2.67~13.83 μmol/g,平均占TP的73.9%和68.8%,呈现较强的释磷潜力。 相似文献
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复合人工湿地系统强化处理单元的运行特性与效果 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
针对目前人工湿地运行中的水流分布不均、易堵塞、溶解氧不足导致NH4+-N硝化不充分及除磷率低下等问题,研究了作为复合人工湿地系统组成要素的高负荷水解酸化池、自然复氧/沉淀一体化装置、强化除磷脱氮槽等强化处理单元的运行特性及对全系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,高负荷水解酸化池对COD、SS有较强的去除作用,分别占系统总去除率的38.05%和34.82%;一体化装置对SS的去除占系统总去除率的22.01%,并使DO提高到2.5 mg·L-1以上;经两段强化除磷脱氮槽的强化处理,TP综合去除率提高8%以上,并使湿地出水各类污染物全面达到GB 18918-2002一级A标准. 相似文献
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In keyhole plasma arc welding (PAW), the formation of the keyhole involves complicated thermo-physical mechanism. The shape and dimensions of the keyhole directly determine the heat deposition along the thickness direction of the test plates, the penetration depth and the weld bead quality. Based on analysis of the forces acting on the weld pool, a keyhole model is established according to the force-balance condition on the keyhole wall. The shape and dimensions of quasi-steady state keyhole are numerically predicted. The keyhole shape and size are used to calibrate some distribution parameters of the combined volumetric heat source which takes into consideration the geometrical feature of welds with larger ratio of penetration depth to width and volumetric distribution characteristic of the plasma heat intensity along the plate thickness direction. The temperature fields on stainless steel plates are numerically simulated. The calculated fusion line at the transverse cross-section of PAW welds are compared with the experimental measurements. It is found that the predicted results are in agreement with the experimental data. 相似文献
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选择四氯乙烯(PCE)作为特征污染物,通过二维砂箱实验探究3种介质情景中,污染源区结构特征对Tween 80冲洗去除PCE的影响.采用透射光法监测PCE的运移及去除过程,定量测定PCE的饱和度.进而采用不连续的离散状与连续的池状PCE体积比(GTP)定量表征污染源区结构特征.结果表明,PCE在含透镜体介质中运移时,运移路径延长,离散状PCE增多.离散状PCE与Tween 80溶液的有效接触面积较大,被优先溶解去除,而细砂层上部的污染池的比表面积和接触面积较小,溶解能力有限,远比运移路径上的PCE难以去除.此外,初始离散状PCE较多,GTP较大,有利于池状PCE溶解转变为离散状PCE,PCE去除率增大.因此对于实际污染场地,需要详细分析DNAPLs污染源区结构特征,以助于评估表面活性剂冲洗技术的修复效率及试剂消耗. 相似文献