叶轮气浮机用浮选剂研究

采用阳离子聚合物的表面活性剂作浮选剂，能增强气泡与絮粒的粘附能力，提高气浮分离效果，用该浮选剂对南充炼油厂的南阳油田稠油污水进行处理，去浊率达到９０％左右，处理效果与美国埃克森公司产３３９０浮选剂相当。     

混凝气浮处理羟丙甲基纤维素的实验研究

采用加压溶气气浮实验装置处理羟丙甲基纤维素模拟废水,实验结果表明：pH值、混凝剂用量、浮选剂用量和气浮时间对羟丙甲基纤维素的混凝气浮处理效果影响较大,当pH值为6．0,投加混凝剂硫酸铝钾333mg／L,投加浮选剂十二烷基硫酸钠2．00mg／L,气浮时间为5min时,CODCr去除率可达82．96％。混凝气浮对羟丙甲基纤维素有较好的去除效果。     

混凝气浮处理羟丙甲基纤维素的实验研究

采用加压溶气气浮实验装置处理羟丙甲基纤维素模拟废水,实验结果表明：pH值、混凝剂用量、浮选剂用量和气浮时间对羟丙甲基纤维素的混凝气浮处理效果影响较大,当pH值为6．0,投加混凝剂硫酸铝钾333mg／L,投加浮选剂十二烷基硫酸钠2．00mg／L,气浮时间为5min时,CODCr去除率可达82．96％。混凝气浮对羟丙甲基纤维素有较好的去除效果。     

硫化沉淀浮选处理电解钴镍废水的实验研究

用丁基黄原酸钠为浮选剂、硫化钠为沉淀剂，采用硫化沉淀浮选的方法处理电解钴镍废水，可以使处理水水质中的钴镍达到国家排放标准．本实验还为实际工业废水的处理提供了可靠的依据     

泡沫浮选分离中表面活性剂选择及回收研究

以含铬废水为处理对象.采用内循环泡沫浮选分离技术.探讨作为捕集剂的表面活性剂的选择以及处理后泡沫液中表面活性剂的回收。结果表明,阴离子型和两性型表面活性剂有较好分离效果,其中以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)效果最佳。回收泡沫液中加入Na_2CO_3、NaOH或Na_2SO_4,其中加入Na_2CO_3、NaOH,SDS回收率较高,且回收后的SDS能够循环使用于浮选分离过程中,浮选效果与新配置SDS相当,脱除率达到96.81%。     

加压溶气罐及加药管线的防腐

在炼油行业废水处理工艺中,浮选处理设施运行由于投加浮选剂和加压空气,浮选剂水解作用和加压空气的氧化性使加药管线,溶气罐、释放器,产生严重的腐蚀现象,致使加药管线,释放器阻塞,影响浮选设施正常运行,为此,提出几种简单易行、投资少见效快的防腐措施,保证废水处理设施的正常运行。     

炼厂含油污水浮选剂的研究

针对江汉石化厂炼油污水开展了浮选剂的研究，通过大量的室内及现场模拟试验，筛选出了性能优良的几种复配浮选剂配方。实践证明，使用这些复配浮选剂克服了ＰＡＣ（聚合铝）作浮选剂的缺点和不足：提高了浮选效率，除油率平均提高２４．７％，悬浮物去除率平均提高５４．１％，ＣＯＤｃｒ、Ｓ（２－）等的去除率也大幅度提高；减轻了生化池的负荷，提高了外排水达标率（ＧＢ８９７８－８８，一级）；并且浮渣减少６９．９％～８４．３％，浮渣含油率提高５倍左右，含水率降低；对浮渣进一步处理有利；此外，浮选剂用量大幅度减少，与原用ＰＡＣ加入量相比减少６～９倍，每处理１ｍ３污水可降低药剂成本６０％～８５．２％。     

吸附胶体浮选法处理电解钴废水的研究

采用吸附胶体浮选法处理电解钴废水。用十二烷基磺酸钠（ＳＬＳ）作浮选剂，用ＦｅＣｌ３和Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３作混凝剂，浮选后废水可达到国家工业废水排放标准（３ｍｇ／Ｌ）。为实际废水的处理提供了可靠的依据。     

ACF法处理含铬离子废水的试验研究

本文介绍了以FeSO_4为其沉剂、SDS为捕收剂的吸附胶体浮选(ACF)处理合铬离子废水的方法,并对影响Cr(VI)浮选效率的因素进行了试验考察。     

用四乙烯五胺制得的高效除油浮选剂及性能

研究了用四乙烯五胺与甲醛、尿素、环氧氯丙烷合成高分子浮选剂的条件，并用充气浮选法考察了产品性能。浮选剂的合成分两步，首先用四乙烯五胺、甲醛、尿素进行Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应制得聚和单体，然后用聚合单体与一定比例的环氧氯丙烷聚合和季铵化。着重研究了四乙烯五胺与环氧氯丙烷的不同摩尔比对产物性能的影响，并把其产物的浮选性能与用甲胺、二甲胺、二乙胺、二乙醇胺制得产物的浮选性相比，结果表明；四乙烯五胺与环氧氯丙烷的最佳摩尔比为１：１．５；用四乙烯五胺制得的浮选剂的浮选效果比用甲胺、二甲胺、二乙胺、二乙醇胶制得的要好。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.