整体式液压驱动堰门设计

针对电动堰门在安装和使用方面存在的问题，阐述了一种新型整体式液压驱动堰门的设计。     

微酸性电解水喷雾消毒对垃圾房生活垃圾微生物群落的影响

为深入理解微酸性电解水喷雾消毒对垃圾房生活垃圾微生物群落结构的影响，采用微酸性电解水喷雾方式对上海市某小区垃圾房进行消毒处理，结合高通量测序方法确定细菌和真菌的群落丰度，评估该环境卫生风险防控技术的应用效果。结果表明：干、湿垃圾样品中，厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势细菌门，子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势真菌门，乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)为优势细菌属。微酸性电解水喷雾后，生活垃圾样品中厚壁菌门的相对丰度降低了12.9～22.5百分点；而变形菌门的相对丰度上升了3.6～34.2百分点；子囊菌门的相对丰度降低了1.8～22.7百分点，而担子菌门的相对丰度上升了1.8～21.5百分点，表明微酸性电解水可使致病菌等有害菌的相对丰度减少，而使有益菌的相对丰度增加。     

陕北石油污染区土壤细菌群落结构解析

为了解陕北地区石油污染对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,采用高通量测序对石油污染土壤中细菌群落结构进行研究,考察了石油污染土样的理化性质、可培养微生物数量及细菌群落结构,探讨石油污染程度与细菌群落结构间的关系。结果表明,石油污染土样中残油量为28.7~870.0mg/kg,相对于未污染土样,石油污染土样的总碳随残油量的增加呈增加趋势。石油污染土样中可培养细菌数量大于未污染土样,而可培养放线菌数量则相反。细菌群落结构分析表明,石油污染土样中细菌群落数量显著低于未污染土样,操作分类单元(OTU)数从未污染土样的7 707个最低下降到2 034个,且物种丰富度显著降低,其中厚壁菌门、放线菌门及变形菌门为优势菌群,随土壤残油量增加,厚壁菌门、变形菌门及拟杆菌门比例显著上升,而酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门等比例则显著降低。     

南海湖非冰封期浮游植物群落生态特征及其与环境因子关系

分别于2017、2018年的非冰封期(5—10月)对南海湖的浮游植物群落和环境因子进行了调查。共发现浮游植物7门80属157种(含变种),其中绿藻门种数最多,其次是硅藻门和蓝藻门,时间上7月最多、10月最少,空间上呈东高西低、南高北低的趋势。浮游植物密度为23.35×10~6～126.00×10~6个/L,平均值为66.78×10~6个/L。主要优势种有微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)、水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flosaquae)和螺旋弓形藻(Schroederia spiralis)。南海湖水质总体处于中污染状态。冗余分析表明,TN、TP、pH和温度是影响浮游植物分布的主要环境因子,绿藻门与TN关系密切,蓝藻门与TP、温度关系密切,硅藻门与pH关系密切。     

丰水期长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及影响因素

为探究长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及与环境因子的响应关系,在综合考虑主要入湖河流和污染源类型等因素的基础上进行分组,分析入湖河流中溶解氧(DO)、pH、氮磷比(TN/TP)、水温(WT)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)共7个理化因子的分布特征。基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术并结合Circos、ANOSIM和冗余分析(RDA)等方法分析微生物群落结构特征的差异以及微生物群落与理化因子的关系。结果表明：不同污染类型的长荡湖入湖河流中优势菌门、菌属种类相似,但相对丰度却有所差别。优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);优势菌属包含hgcIclade、 CL500-29marinegroup、 Acinetobacter、Comamonadaceae-Unclassified和Hydrogenophaga。ANOSIM分析表明长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征与污染源类型相关。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示pH、TP与长荡湖入湖河流的优势菌门呈显著相关(P<0.05);DO、...     

大钟岭水库的浮游植物种群结构及四季变化

通过对大钟岭水库为期一年的监测，总结出水库水质在贫营养水平至中富营养水平之间波动。对大钟岭水库的浮游植物进行了检测，共检测出浮游植物6个门35种（属），其优势种群：在夏季为甲藻门，约占总生物量的54．29％，春、秋和冬季为绿藻门，分别占总生物量的16．76％、39．59％和29．71％，由此看出，浮游植物的变化具有明显的季节性。     

中国3种非甾体抗炎药的淡水水质基准与生态风险研究

非甾体抗炎药应用广泛,已在自然水体中频繁检出,对水生生物具有潜在生态风险。通过收集布洛芬、双氯芬酸和对乙酰氨基酚3种典型非甾体抗炎药的毒性数据推导出淡水水质基准,并结合中国地表水中检出浓度评估生态风险。结果表明：(1)布洛芬急性毒性数据涉及5门8种生物,毒性数据范围在1.65～1 381 mg/L;慢性毒性数据涉及7门15种生物,毒性数据范围在0.001～70.0 mg/L。双氯芬酸急性毒性数据涉及4门8种生物,毒性数据范围在4.2～1 776 mg/L;慢性毒性数据涉及6门15种生物,毒性数据范围在0.000 4～20.0 mg/L。对乙酰氨基酚急性毒性数据涉及6门9种生物,毒性数据范围在2～5 308.89 mg/L;慢性毒性数据涉及7门10种生物,毒性数据范围在0.001～17.17 mg/L。(2)使用物种敏感度分布曲线推导出布洛芬、双氯芬酸和对乙酰氨基酚的短期淡水水质基准分别为786.29、1 034.52、798.15μg/L,长期淡水水质基准分别为4.58、0.52、6.37μg/L。(3)使用风险商法评估中国7个流域中布洛芬、双氯芬酸和对乙酰氨基酚的生态风险,结果表明3...     

京杭运河杭州段水体污染和细菌群落结构特征

为了解人类活动对城市河道水体污染和细菌群落的影响,选取京杭运河杭州段进行了分季节采样研究。测定了水体的环境与水质参数,分析了细菌丰度、胞外酶活性和群落结构变化。结果显示,从上游到下游,水体中高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮以及细菌丰度和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性大体呈递增趋势,冬季水体总体污染水平及细菌丰度均显著高于其他季节。水体中细菌的主要种类集中在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacterioidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria),所占比例分别为37.8%、24.3%、18.9%、10.8%和8.1%,属于黄杆菌(Flavobacterium)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes bacterium)和放线菌(Actinobacterium)的细菌是水体中大多数时间的优势细菌。限制性排序分析显示,水体细菌群落结构从上游到下游差异明显,高锰酸盐指数和总氮是关键影响因子。杭州市区由人类活动产生的污染物输入是京杭运河杭州段的主要污染源,水体细菌群落对水体污染物的变化有着明显的响应。     

石河子市春季大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中微生物群落特征

近来,有研究指出颗粒物中携带导致人类过敏、呼吸系统疾病或其他类疾病的微生物,其对公众健康的影响因为研究较少而一直被低估。采用16S rDNA、18S rDNA测序方法对石河子市2015年春季TSP和PM_(10)污染物中细菌、真菌的群落结构特征进行研究。结果表明:在门的水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)是石河子市春季TSP和PM_(10)中细菌的主要菌群,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)是真菌的主要菌群。在属水平上,马赛菌属(Massilia)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)在16S rDNA测序结果分析中相对含量较多,格孢腔菌属(Pleospora)和Penidiella在18S r DNA测序结果分析中相对丰度较高,仍然发现了一些可能导致人类及植物患病的菌属,期望此研究结果为人类生活提供参考。     

黑土微生物群落对副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)QD15-1修复邻苯二甲酸二甲酯污染土壤的响应

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序法探究黑土微生物群落对副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)QD15-1修复邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)污染土壤的响应。结果表明,副球菌属QD15-1在7d内可快速有效降解土壤中的DMP,平均降解率为94.7%,并能保持稳定;Shannon、Sobs指数显示,土壤中微生物多样性、丰富性受到DMP的影响;土壤中的优势门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria),占总菌门数的50%以上;鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)是第一优势菌属,第二优势菌属为类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)。     

The current state of knowledge of ecosystems and ecosystem services in Russia: A status report

This paper focusses on a conceptual overview of ways to address a comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services (ES) in a country as large and heterogeneous as Russia. As a first step, a methodology for assessing the services for the federal subjects of Russia was chosen, i.e., its constituent provinces and similar entities, in physical terms. Russia harbors a great diversity of natural conditions and ecosystems which are suppliers of ES, and likewise a variety of the socio-economic conditions that shape the demand for these services and their consumption. The methodological approach described permits several important tasks to be addressed: the evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of people’s needs for ES, the identification of ecological donor and acceptor regions, and zoning of the country’s territory for ES assessment. The next step is to prepare a prototype of a National Report on ES in Russia, for which we are presenting the planned structure.     

Characterizing the source/sink behavior of double-layer building materials

A model is developed to predict the rate of mass transfer between a double-layer material and indoor air. The model allows non-uniform initial material-phase concentrations in each of the two layers and a transient influent gas-phase concentration to be considered. This model builds on a recently validated single-layer model and should prove useful in predicting the behavior of double-layer material assemblies. Many indoor furnishings and building structures are comprised of layers of different material. The approach taken here represents a first step in the development of a more generally applicable multi-layer model. An analytical solution to the double-layer model is obtained and a parametric analysis is performed illustrating the behavior of the model as a function of the primary model parameters. The paper concludes by examining the potential use of thin diffusion barriers to reduce material emission rates and a hypothetical example of emissions from an adhesive that is part of an adhesive/material assembly.     

Total and Methylmercury in Soft Tissues of White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Collected in Poland

Mercury (Hg) contamination in piscivorous birds, especially methylmercury (MeHg), has been drawing much attention worldwide in regard to its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. In this study on Hg in the soft tissues of white-tailed eagles (n = 22) and ospreys (n = 2) from Poland, total Hg (THg) range was 0.15–47.6 while MeHg range was 0.11–8.05 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight. In both species, median THg and MeHg concentrations were lower in the muscle and brain than in the liver and kidney. Median nephric residues were just under 3 and 5 mgTHg kg⁻¹ or 0.9 and 3.7 mgMeHg kg⁻¹ for white-tailed eagle and osprey, respectively. In Norwegian data from the 1970s and in our results, MeHg in the muscle of white-tailed eagle was ~60 % THg (%MeHg = MeHg/THg × 100), lower than in other piscivorous birds. A clear similarity in THg tissue levels was found between Polish and German populations of white-tailed eagles.     

A hybrid method for inverse characterization of subsurface contaminant flux

The methods presented in this work provide a potential tool for characterizing contaminant source zones in terms of mass flux. The problem was conceptualized by considering contaminant transport through a vertical "flux plane" located between a source zone and a downgradient region where contaminant concentrations were measured. The goal was to develop a robust method capable of providing a statement of the magnitude and uncertainty associated with estimated contaminant mass flux values. In order to estimate the magnitude and transverse spatial distribution of mass flux through a plane, the problem was considered in an optimization framework. Two numerical optimization techniques were applied, simulated annealing (SA) and minimum relative entropy (MRE). The capabilities of the flux plane model and the numerical solution techniques were evaluated using data from a numerically generated test problem and a nonreactive tracer experiment performed in a three-dimensional aquifer model. Results demonstrate that SA is more robust and converges more quickly than MRE. However, SA is not capable of providing an estimate of the uncertainty associated with the simulated flux values. In contrast, MRE is not as robust as SA, but once in the neighborhood of the optimal solution, it is quite effective as a tool for inferring mass flux probability density functions, expected flux values, and confidence limits. A hybrid (SA-MRE) solution technique was developed in order to take advantage of the robust solution capabilities of SA and the uncertainty estimation capabilities of MRE. The coupled technique provided probability density functions and confidence intervals that would not have been available from an independent SA algorithm and they were obtained more efficiently than if provided by an independent MRE algorithm.     

GIS环境下流域降雨侵蚀动态模拟研究——以PCRaster系统和LISEM模型为例

本文结合ＧＩＳ和流域土壤侵蚀模型,对流域单次降雨侵蚀过程进行动态模拟研究。首先概述土壤侵蚀模型与ＧＩＳ结合的三种方式和特点;其次介绍地理信息系统ＰＣＲａｓｔｅｒ 的空间动态模型语言及其表达方法、命令函数和动态模型的逻辑组成,以及使用该语言实现的与ＧＩＳ完全结合的流域水文和土壤侵蚀动态模型－ ＬＩＳＥＭ 模型;最后分析用ＰＣＲａｓｔｅｒ 系统和ＬＩＳＥＭ 模型对黄土高原小流域次降雨过程进行动态模拟的实验结果,认为模型计算的总径流量和总土壤流失量具有较高的精度,模拟的径流过程线符合黄土高原小流域超渗产流的实际情况     

Modelling radionuclide transport for time varying flow in a channel network

Water flowrates and flow directions may change over time in the subsurface for a number of reasons. In fractured rocks flow takes place in channels within fractures. Solutes are carried by the advective flow. In addition, solutes may diffuse in and out of stagnant waters in the rock matrix and other stagnant water regions. Sorbing species may sorb on fracture surfaces and on the micropore surfaces in the rock matrix. We present a method by which solute particles can be traced in flowing water undergoing changes in flowrate and direction in a complex channel network where the solutes can also interact with the rock by diffusion in the rock matrix. The novelty of this paper is handling of diffusion in the rock matrix under transient flow conditions. The diffusive processes are stochastic and it is not possible to follow a particle deterministically. The method therefore utilises the properties of a probability distribution function for a tracer moving in a fracture where matrix diffusion is active. The method is incorporated in a three dimensional channel network model. Particle tracking is used to trace out a multitude of flowpaths, each of which consists of a large number of channels within fractures. Along each channel the aperture and velocity as well as the matrix sorption properties can vary. An efficient method is presented whereby a particle can be followed along the variable property flowpath. For stationary flow conditions and a network of channels with advective flow and matrix diffusion, a simple analytical solution for the residence time distribution along each pathway can be used. Only two parameter groups need to be integrated along each path. For transient flow conditions, a time stepping procedure that incorporates a stochastic Monte-Carlo like method to follow the particles along the paths when flow conditions change is used. The method is fast and an example is used for illustrative purposes. It is exemplified by a case where land rises due to glacial rebound. It is shown that the effects of changing flowrates and directions can be considerable and that the diffusive migration in the matrix can have a dominating effect on the results.     

Model reactor for photocatalytic degradation of persistent chemicals in ponds and waste water

A laboratory scale flow-through model reactor for the degradation of persistent chemicals using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as photocatalyst immobilized on glass beads is presented. In the test system with a volume of 18 L contaminated water is pumped to the upper part of the floating reactor and flows over the coated beads which are exposed to UV-radiation. The degradation of two dyes of different persistance was investigated. Primary degradation of methylene blue did not fit a first order kinetic due to coincident adsorption onto the photocatalyst and direct photolysis, resulting in a half-life of 6 h. A filtrate of a green algae suspension accelerated the colour removal. In contrast, reactive red 2 was degraded only by photocatalysis; neither adsorption nor direct photolysis led to a colour removal. The course of primary degradation followed a first order kinetic with a half-life of 18 h and a rate constant of 0.04 h⁻¹. Analysis of the degradation products indicated mineralization by detection of NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻, accompanied by a decrease of pH and an increase of conductivity. A successful adaptation of the model reactor (scale 1:10) to dimensions required for surface waters and waste water treatment plants would be a costefficient and environmentally sustainable application of photocatalysis for the treatment of industrially polluted water and could be of relevance for third world contries, particularly those favoured by high solar radiation.     

Plant and Vegetation Dynamics on Disko Island,West Greenland: Snapshots Separated by Over 40 Years

We report on a revisit in 2009 to sites where vegetation was recorded in 1967 and 1970 on Disko Island, West Greenland. Re-sampling of the same clones of the grass Phleum alpinum after 39 years showed complete stability in biometrics but dramatic earlier onset of various phenological stages that were not related to changes in population density. In a fell-field community, there was a net species loss, but in a herb-slope community, species losses balanced those that were gained. The type of species establishing and increasing in frequency and/or cover abundance at the fell-field site, particularly prostrate dwarf shrubs, indicates a possible start of a shift towards a heath, rather than a fell-field community. At the herb-slope site, those species that established or increased markedly in frequency and/or cover abundance indicate a change to drier conditions. This is confirmed both by the decrease in abundance of Alchemilla glomerulans and Epilobium hornemanii, and the drying of a nearby pond. The causes of these changes are unknown, although mean annual temperature has risen since 1984.     

A comparison of numerical solutions of partial differential equations with probabilistic and possibilistic parameters for the quantification of uncertainty in subsurface solute transport

Traditionally, uncertainty in parameters are represented as probabilistic distributions and incorporated into groundwater flow and contaminant transport models. With the advent of newer uncertainty theories, it is now understood that stochastic methods cannot properly represent non random uncertainties. In the groundwater flow and contaminant transport equations, uncertainty in some parameters may be random, whereas those of others may be non random. The objective of this paper is to develop a fuzzy-stochastic partial differential equation (FSPDE) model to simulate conditions where both random and non random uncertainties are involved in groundwater flow and solute transport. Three potential solution techniques namely, (a) transforming a probability distribution to a possibility distribution (Method I) then a FSPDE becomes a fuzzy partial differential equation (FPDE), (b) transforming a possibility distribution to a probability distribution (Method II) and then a FSPDE becomes a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE), and (c) the combination of Monte Carlo methods and FPDE solution techniques (Method III) are proposed and compared. The effects of these three methods on the predictive results are investigated by using two case studies. The results show that the predictions obtained from Method II is a specific case of that got from Method I. When an exact probabilistic result is needed, Method II is suggested. As the loss or gain of information during a probability–possibility (or vice versa) transformation cannot be quantified, their influences on the predictive results is not known. Thus, Method III should probably be preferred for risk assessments.     

Exposure to benzene,toluene, xylenes and total hydrocarbons among snowmobile drivers in Sweden

The exposure to benzene, toluene, xylenes and total hydrocarbons among 25 individuals exposed to exhaust from a snowmobile equipped with a two-stroke engine has been evaluated. Sampling was performed by pumped and diffusive sampling in parallel. There was a relatively bad agreement between the two air-sampling methods. The bad agreement can in part be explained by back diffusion of the substances from the samplers, a high face velocity, and deposition of droplets of unburned gasoline onto or in the vicinity of the samplers.

The levels of benzene ranged from not detectable (0.01 mg m⁻³) to 2.5 mg m⁻³. For toluene, xylenes and total hydrocarbons the exposure was 0.10–12.0, 0.05–13.0 and 0.90–273 mg m⁻³ respectively. The result from two measurements on individuals travelling on an open sleigh at the rear of the vehicle indicated higher levels of benzene, 0.7–0.8 mg m⁻³. Children are often riding as a passenger on a sledge and may thus have a higher exposure than their parents. This study indicates that spare time driving a snowmobile may cause a considerable exposure to benzene. Using a four-stroke engine equipped with a catalyst could reduce the exposure. To reduce the exposure for the passenger on a sleigh an extension of the exhaust pipe may be effective.