微酸性电解水喷雾消毒对垃圾房生活垃圾微生物群落的影响

为深入理解微酸性电解水喷雾消毒对垃圾房生活垃圾微生物群落结构的影响，采用微酸性电解水喷雾方式对上海市某小区垃圾房进行消毒处理，结合高通量测序方法确定细菌和真菌的群落丰度，评估该环境卫生风险防控技术的应用效果。结果表明：干、湿垃圾样品中，厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势细菌门，子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势真菌门，乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)为优势细菌属。微酸性电解水喷雾后，生活垃圾样品中厚壁菌门的相对丰度降低了12.9～22.5百分点；而变形菌门的相对丰度上升了3.6～34.2百分点；子囊菌门的相对丰度降低了1.8～22.7百分点，而担子菌门的相对丰度上升了1.8～21.5百分点，表明微酸性电解水可使致病菌等有害菌的相对丰度减少，而使有益菌的相对丰度增加。     

陕北石油污染区土壤细菌群落结构解析

为了解陕北地区石油污染对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,采用高通量测序对石油污染土壤中细菌群落结构进行研究,考察了石油污染土样的理化性质、可培养微生物数量及细菌群落结构,探讨石油污染程度与细菌群落结构间的关系。结果表明,石油污染土样中残油量为28.7~870.0mg/kg,相对于未污染土样,石油污染土样的总碳随残油量的增加呈增加趋势。石油污染土样中可培养细菌数量大于未污染土样,而可培养放线菌数量则相反。细菌群落结构分析表明,石油污染土样中细菌群落数量显著低于未污染土样,操作分类单元(OTU)数从未污染土样的7 707个最低下降到2 034个,且物种丰富度显著降低,其中厚壁菌门、放线菌门及变形菌门为优势菌群,随土壤残油量增加,厚壁菌门、变形菌门及拟杆菌门比例显著上升,而酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门等比例则显著降低。     

污泥施用对根际和非根际石灰性土壤中细菌多样性的影响

为研究污泥施用对石灰性土壤细菌多样性的影响,在连续2年种植夏玉米大田系统中,施用不同量的腐熟污泥,采集根际和非根际土壤进行16S rDNA-V3-V4区高通量测序,分析污泥施用对石灰性土壤细菌丰富度、多样性指数、群落结构、功能基因在代谢途径的影响,同时对细菌群落和环境因素之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明:污泥用量分别在3.5～37.5 t·hm~(-2)和3.5～7.5 t·hm~(-2)有利于非根际和根际土壤OTU数量增加;但污泥在75 t·hm~(-2)过量施用时,根际和非根际土壤细菌的Shannon多样性指数显著降低,Simpson指数显著增加,Ace,Chao丰富度指数显著降低。主成分和门水平物种丰度分析表明:污泥施用量不同会造成根际和非根际细菌群落结构差异,并且当污泥施用量为75 t·hm~(-2)时,明显降低了非根际土壤放线菌门的丰度;污泥施用量在3.75～37.5 t·hm~(-2)时,非根际土壤中拟杆菌门丰度会明显增加。与对照相比,当污泥用量为75 t·hm~(-2)时,根际土壤拟杆菌门有明显的增加,增加丰度达1.45倍,但酸杆菌门和放线菌门丰度降低了49.74%和80.57%。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤TN、Cd、Cu、TP是影响土壤细菌群落最主要的因素,其中TN、Cd、Cu和细菌Shannon、Simpson多样性指数呈现显著相关性(P0.05)。由此可见,连续过量施入污泥会对根际和非根际石灰性土壤中细菌多样性造成不利影响,而且上述微生物多样性变化可作为污泥合理施用的判断依据。     

丰水期长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及影响因素

为探究长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及与环境因子的响应关系,在综合考虑主要入湖河流和污染源类型等因素的基础上进行分组,分析入湖河流中溶解氧(DO)、pH、氮磷比(TN/TP)、水温(WT)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)共7个理化因子的分布特征。基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术并结合Circos、ANOSIM和冗余分析(RDA)等方法分析微生物群落结构特征的差异以及微生物群落与理化因子的关系。结果表明：不同污染类型的长荡湖入湖河流中优势菌门、菌属种类相似,但相对丰度却有所差别。优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);优势菌属包含hgcIclade、 CL500-29marinegroup、 Acinetobacter、Comamonadaceae-Unclassified和Hydrogenophaga。ANOSIM分析表明长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征与污染源类型相关。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示pH、TP与长荡湖入湖河流的优势菌门呈显著相关(P<0.05);DO、...     

石河子市春季大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中微生物群落特征

近来,有研究指出颗粒物中携带导致人类过敏、呼吸系统疾病或其他类疾病的微生物,其对公众健康的影响因为研究较少而一直被低估。采用16S rDNA、18S rDNA测序方法对石河子市2015年春季TSP和PM_(10)污染物中细菌、真菌的群落结构特征进行研究。结果表明:在门的水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)是石河子市春季TSP和PM_(10)中细菌的主要菌群,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)是真菌的主要菌群。在属水平上,马赛菌属(Massilia)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)在16S rDNA测序结果分析中相对含量较多,格孢腔菌属(Pleospora)和Penidiella在18S r DNA测序结果分析中相对丰度较高,仍然发现了一些可能导致人类及植物患病的菌属,期望此研究结果为人类生活提供参考。     

生物强化水解酸化过程前后微生物群落结构变化

通过利用生物强化技术提高水解酸化处理模拟印染废水的处理效果,包括共基质强化和菌剂强化两个方面。菌剂和共基质强化结果表明,菌剂A和菌剂B的加入将脱色率分别提高了2.33%和7.20%,当不加碳源时,脱色效果比较差(低于6.00%),而蔗糖的加入能提高脱色率至45.29%。利用PCR-DGGE技术追踪生物强化前后微生物群落结构信息,结果表明,菌剂和共基质的加入都对水解酸化池的微生物群落结构有较大影响。菌剂A和B强化后,水解酸化池的微生物多样性指数H(Shannon Weaver)由2.38分别增长到2.56和2.69,而共基质调控使得H由2.94增加到3.16。菌剂强化后,优势菌厚壁菌(Firmicutes)得到强化。通过共基质强化,优势菌拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌(Firmicutes)得到强化,它们可能在染料降解中起到重要作用。     

悬浮填料生物膜反应器细菌群落季相更替对处理效果的稳定作用

针对生物实验室污水处理难度高及其秋冬季节达标率低的问题,采用改进工艺的悬浮填料生物膜反应器(moving bed biofilm reactor, MBBR)进行连续处理,观察秋冬季节MBBR水质处理效果,利用高通量测序技术研究环境因子水温(T_w)、溶解氧(DO)、pH对生物膜细菌群落更替的影响以及主要微生物种群变化。结果表明,T_w由26℃下降到10℃期间,反应器COD、NH_4~+-N去除率仍然分别保持在75%、80%左右,MBBR出水稳定在一级A标准。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)是生物膜主要优势菌门,T_w的下降引起拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著升高。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)在低T_w下成为优势菌属,动胶菌属(Zoogloea)相对丰度保持稳定。通过冗余分析(RDA)发现,DO与短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、pH与脱氯单胞菌(Dechloromonas)、固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)具有显著正相关性,T_w与假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属具有显著负相关性。MBBR结果揭示,细菌群落动态更替是MBBR出水水质仍然保持稳定的重要原因。     

奉化江底泥碳、氮、硫转化功能基因的定量研究

采用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法研究了奉化江4大支流及干流下游底泥样品中碳、氮、硫元素生物地球化学循环过程中关键转化功能基因丰度的变化。结果表明,奉化江干流下游的产甲烷基因mcrA丰度显著高于上游,甲烷氧化基因pmoA的丰度在支流下游、支流汇合处、干流下游均较高;富营养区域采样点底泥中氨氧化细菌硝化基因amoA(AOB)丰度显著高于氨氧化古菌硝化基因amoA(AOA),而其他采样点的AOA丰度大于AOB;干流下游底泥样品中反硝化基因nosZ丰度显著高于上游;居民区附近采样点底泥中存在较多硫氧化菌(soxB基因)和硫酸盐还原菌(dsrB基因)。相关性分析发现,pmoA与TN极显著正相关,AOB与NO-3极显著正相关,而nosZ与总碳(TC)、TN极显著正相关。     

菌剂强化对水解酸化处理模拟印染废水效果的影响

将具有高效脱色效率的混合菌群FF(优势菌属为Proteobacteria门和Firmicutes门细菌)作为强化菌剂,通过流加菌的方式加入水解酸化反应器,对模拟印染废水进行菌剂强化。通过监测水解酸化反应器进出水的色度、COD、BOD5/COD和VFAs(挥发性脂肪酸)来反应菌剂强化效果。结果表明,经过菌剂强化,模拟印染废水的色度和COD去除率比强化前分别提高了大约15%和20%,同时,印染废水的BOD5/COD值由0.50增加到0.70,表明其可生化性得到显著提高。采用PCR-DGGE技术对菌剂强化前后水解酸化反应器中微生物多样性和群落结构进行探索。结果表明,经过菌剂强化处理,微生物多样性指数从2.17增加到2.56,表明物种丰富度增加,同时微生物群落结构发生显著变化,菌种系统发育树结果表明,菌剂强化后,不仅水解酸化系统中原来存在的优势菌种Bacteroidetes门细菌得以保持优势,同时系统中Proteobacteria门和Firmicutes门细菌得到了显著强化。     

膨润土强化畜禽粪便厌氧消化生产甲烷的探究

为探究膨润土(Be)对畜禽粪便厌氧消化性能的影响,(30±1)℃下进行Be强化畜禽粪便厌氧消化生产甲烷实验,并分析微生物结构。结果表明:(1)适量的Be能提高畜禽粪便产甲烷效率;提高溶解性有机碳(DOC),为后续酸化、产甲烷提供充足的基质;促进挥发性脂肪酸含量升高,为产甲烷古菌提供底料。当Be为3.0%(质量分数)时,甲烷日产量最高至268.5mL/d,第40天单位质量挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的甲烷累积产量为(289.3±9.2)mL/g,DOC最大值为(5 985±142)mg/L,溶解性蛋白质为(3 015±118)mg/L,多糖最大值为(1 061±56)mg/L,乙酸在前10天急剧升高至(385±10)mg/L,戊酸最大值为(124±9)mg/L,VSS减量率为31.2%±1.3%。(2)Be的存在有利于提高厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度,当Be为3.0%时,厚壁菌门相对丰度为61.2%。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.