中型污水处理厂中药物和个人护理品的分布与去除

为了解15种药物及个人护理用品(PPCPs)在中小型污水处理厂中的分布及其去除效果,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对3座A2/O工艺的污水处理厂水样进行分析研究。结果显示,除普萘洛尔、吉非罗平和吲哚美辛在3座中小型污水处理厂各个工艺单元中均未被检出外,其余12种目标化合物的检出频率在90%~100%之间。进水水样中PPCPs的平均检出浓度为2 285.4 ng/L,其中咖啡因(CF)的平均检出浓度最高为973.3 ng/L,酮洛芬(KP)的平均检出浓度次之为844.7 ng/L,两者之和占进水水样中PPCPs平均含量的79.5%,表明污水处理厂的主要污染物为CF和KP。3座污水处理厂对CF的去除效果最为显著,平均去除率为95.3%,对15种PPCPs总去除效率在39.3%~82.8%之间。     

广州城市污泥中重金属的含量、排放通量及农用风险评价

分析了广州市中心城区5个主要的污水处理厂污泥的基本理化性质和7种重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn)在不同雨期的浓度变化,估算了广州市污水处理厂污泥重金属的年排放通量,并对其污泥农用做了潜在风险评价。结果表明,各污水厂污泥均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)对重金属的排放要求,污泥的基本理化性质满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》(CJ/T309-2009)标准,沥滘、猎德、京溪和大坦沙污水厂的污泥重金属满足CJ/T309-2009要求,而西朗污水处理厂2013年12月采集的污泥中Cu和Cd未达标。通过估算,广州市污水处理厂污泥中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的年排放通量分别为16.1、18.8、90.3、5.9、7.9、0.2和48.3 t。通过Hakanson生态风险评估,污泥在农用过程中除西朗污水处理厂污泥重金属危害为中等风险,其他厂污泥属于低风险。     

沱江流域上游区域水环境中多氯联苯分布、来源及风险评价

为探究持久性有机污染物多氯联苯(PCBs)在沱江流域上游区域水环境中的分布特征、来源和风险,采用气相色谱/质谱测定了沱江流域上游区域重要支流及干流地表水、地下水,重要城市生活和工业污水处理厂共34个采样点18种PCBs单体浓度,并进行风险评价.结果表明:(1)地下水中PCBs均未检出(ND),地表水、污水处理厂出口PC...     

三峡库区城市污水处理厂工艺特征分析

为了分析三峡库区(重庆)城市污水处理厂的工艺特性,对库区现有45座城市污水处理厂进行了调研。发现库区以5万m3/d以下规模的污水处理厂为主,占总数的89%。A/A/O系列工艺、氧化沟系列工艺和SBR及其变型工艺为主流主体工艺,其中占总数64%的污水处理厂选用了氧化沟系列工艺。水质参数的设置与工艺密切相关。污水中无机物含量较高,59%的污水处理厂的MLSS在4~6 g/L之间,71%的污水处理厂的MLVSS/MLSS在0.7以下。三峡库区城市污水处理厂进水水质波动大,碳源较充足,可生化性较好。另外,总结了污水处理厂运行中易出现的问题及建议措施。     

A/O一膜生物反应器工艺应用于城市污水处理厂出水提标改造的研究

分析了A/O-膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺在某污水处理厂出水提标改造中的应用可行性.结果表明,利用A/O-MBR工艺对某污水处理厂出水进行提标改造后,除TP外,出水COD、NH+4-N、TN指标符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准,应对出水再采用一定的强化除磷措施(如投加化学除磷药剂...     

山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域城市污水处理厂运行效果及费用分析

对山东省徒骇河—马颊河流域内某具有代表性的县级城市污水处理厂的进水特征、运行效果和处理费用进行了分析。结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂进水污染物浓度远低于设计指标。(2)该污水处理厂2012年单位水处理平均耗电量为0.267kW·h/m3,略低于国内单位水处理平均耗电量水平,略高于发达国家单位水处理平均耗电量水平,仍具有节能潜力。该污水处理厂单位水处理耗电量与单位水处理COD削减量呈线性相关,可通过COD进出水浓度及耗电量—污染物削减量线性关系式近似估算污水处理的耗电量。(3)该污水处理厂单位水处理总费用约0.58元/m3,其中电费和设备折旧费分别占单位水处理总费用的53.99%和33.67%,为污水处理厂运行费用的主要构成部分。     

城市污水处理厂不同工艺段中有机氯农药残留

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱 /电子捕获 (GC/ECD)分析城市污水中有机氯农药的分析方法 ,同时分析了北京市高碑店和北小河两个污水处理厂中 4个不同工艺段水体中有机氯农药的浓度。在两个污水处理厂的水体中共检出了 6种有机氯类农药 ,分别是α 六六六、β 六六六、γ 六六六、δ 六六六、艾氏剂和 4 ,4’ 滴滴滴 ,浓度在 1 89—6 9 6ng/L之间。结果表明 ,曝气活性污泥法对六六六类有机氯农药的去除效果较好。     

浙江标准下的城镇污水处理厂提质增效管理对策研究

在浙江地方标准《城镇污水处理厂主要水污染物排放标准》(DB33/2169—2018)发布实施的背景下，全面调查了浙江城镇污水处理厂设计规模、处理工艺、进水来源、水质特征等，从进水角度识别了城镇污水处理厂达标排放需要关注的问题。从提升管网效能、实施进水管控、加强运维保障等方面，提出了城镇污水处理厂提质增效管理对策建议，研究结果对城镇污水处理厂污染减排具有重要意义。     

活性污泥数学模型中溶解性惰性COD的测定

溶解性惰性COD(S1)是决定污水处理厂出水COD能否达标的关键指标.针对溶解性微生物产物对S1测定的影响,对S1的测定方法进行了修正.实际生活污水的测定试验表明,该方法具有很好的重现性和准确性.在长距离输送的合流制污水的实测过程中发现:晴天条件下,瞬时样的S1/COD和Si/SCOD(溶解性COD)变动较大,在24 h混合样中St/COD和S1/SCOD较为稳定,分别为(9.2±0.3)%和(27.3士2.1)%;暴雨天气下,S1/COD和S1/SCOD会明显增加.     

北京市某城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶污染特性研究

以北京市某城市污水处理厂的格栅间、曝气池、污泥浓缩池和污泥脱水间为对象,研究不同功能区的空气微生物浓度、粒径分布及微生物组成.结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂4个功能区空气异养细菌浓度平均值为3.3×104cfu/m3,范围为1.0×102～4.3×105cfu/m3；真菌浓度平均值为6.1×103cfu/m3,范围为7.5×10～7.6×104cfu/m3.异养细菌和真菌浓度存在显著性差异,尤以曝气池上空最高,其次是污泥脱水间,浓度最低的区域为格栅间和污泥浓缩池.各功能区均存在不同程度的异养细菌和真菌污染.(2)该污水处理厂不同功能区逸散出的异养细菌分布比例最高的为第2～5级,真菌主要分布在第3～5级.4个功能区空气中粒径为2.10～4.70μm(第3、4级)的异养细菌和真菌粒子分别占到了总数的37％～40％和46％～56％,而粒径为0.65～2.10μm(第5、6级)的异养细菌和真菌粒子则分别占到了总数的30％～33％和31％～37％,说明该污水处理厂不同功能区内的空气微生物存在一定的健康风险,可能对人呼吸道构成感染威胁.(3)假单孢菌(Pseudomonas)为该污水处理厂不同功能区均检出的优势异养细菌,而优势真菌种属为毛霉(Mucor)和曲霉(Aspergillus).     

Mass flows of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in central wastewater treatment plants of industrial zones in Thailand

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are fully fluorinated organic compounds, which have been used in many industrial processes and have been detected in wastewater and sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) around the world. This study focused on the occurrences of PFCs and PFCs mass flows in the industrial wastewater treatment plants, which reported to be the important sources of PFCs. Surveys were conducted in central wastewater treatment plant in two industrial zones in Thailand. Samples were collected from influent, aeration tank, secondary clarifier effluent, effluent and sludge. The major purpose of this field study was to identify PFCs occurrences and mass flow during industrial WWTP. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were used for the analysis. Total 10 PFCs including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoronanoic acid (PFNA), perfluordecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) were measured to identify their occurrences. PFCs were detected in both liquid and solid phase in most samples. The exceptionally high level of PFCs was detected in the treatment plant of IZ1 and IZ2 ranging between 662-847 ng L⁻¹ and 674-1383 ng L⁻¹, respectively, which greater than PFCs found in most domestic wastewater. Due to PFCs non-biodegradable property, both WWTPs were found ineffective in removing PFCs using activated sludge processes. Bio-accumulation in sludge could be the major removal mechanism of PFCs in the process. The increasing amount of PFCs after activated sludge processes were identified which could be due to the degradation of PFCs precursors. PFCs concentration found in the effluent were very high comparing to those in river water of the area. Industrial activity could be the one of major sources of PFCs contamination in the water environment.     

Perfluoroalkyl compounds in municipal WWTPs in Tianjin, China—concentrations, distribution and mass flow

BACKGROUNDS: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have drawn much attention due to their environmental persistence, ubiquitous existence, and bioaccumulation potential. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are fundamental utilities in cities, playing an important role in preventing water pollution by lowering pollution load in waste waters. However, some of the emerging organic pollutants, like PFCs cannot be efficiently removed by traditional biological technologies in WWTPs, and some even increase in effluents compared to influents due to the incomplete degradation of precursors. Hence, WWTPs are considered to be a main point source in cities for PFCs that enter the aquatic environment. However, the mass flow of PFCs from WWTPs has seldom been analyzed for a whole city. Hence, in the present study, 11 PFCs including series of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs, C4-C12) and two perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs, C6 and C8) were measured in WWTP influents and effluents and sludge samples from six municipal WWTPs in Tianjin, China. Generation and dissipation of the target PFCs during wastewater treatment process and their mass flow in effluents were discussed. RESULTS: All the target PFCs were detected in the six WWTPs, and the total PFC concentration in different WWTPs was highly influenced by the population density and commercial activities of the corresponding catchments. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant PFC in water phase, with concentrations ranging from 20 to 170 ng/L in influents and from 30 to 145 ng/L in effluents. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates decreased substantially in the effluent compared to the influent, which could be attributed to the sorption onto sludge, whereas concentrations of PFOA and some other PFCAs increased in the effluent in some WWTPs due to their weaker sorption onto solids and the incomplete degradation of precursors. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the predominant PFC in sludge samples followed by PFOA, and their concentrations ranged from 42 to 169 g/kg and from 12 to 68 g/kg, respectively. Sludge-wastewater distribution coefficients (log K(d)) ranged from 0.62 to 3.87 L/kg, increasing with carbon chain length of the homologues. The mass flow of some PFCs in the effluent was calculated, and the total mass flow from all the six municipal WWTPs in Tianjin was 26, 47, and 3.5 kg/year for perfluorohexanoic acid, PFOA, and PFOS, respectively.     

The impact of semiconductor, electronics and optoelectronic industries on downstream perfluorinated chemical contamination in Taiwanese rivers

This study provides the first evidence on the influence of the semiconductor and electronics industries on perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) contamination in receiving rivers. We have quantified ten PFCs, including perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs: PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs: PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA) in semiconductor, electronic, and optoelectronic industrial wastewaters and their receiving water bodies (Taiwan's Keya, Touchien, and Xiaoli rivers). PFOS was found to be the major constituent in semiconductor wastewaters (up to 0.13 mg/L). However, different PFC distributions were found in electronics plant wastewaters; PFOA was the most significant PFC, contributing on average 72% to the effluent water samples, followed by PFOS (16%) and PFDA (9%). The distribution of PFCs in the receiving rivers was greatly impacted by industrial sources. PFOS, PFOA and PFDA were predominant and prevalent in all the river samples, with PFOS detected at the highest concentrations (up to 5.4 μg/L).     

Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in landfill leachates

Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are widely used in industry and consumer products. These products could end up finally in landfills where their leachates are a potential source for PFCs into the aqueous environment. In this study, samples of untreated and treated leachate from 22 landfill sites in Germany were analysed for 43 PFCs. ΣPFC concentrations ranged from 31 to 12,819 ng/L in untreated leachate and 4-8060 ng/L in treated leachate. The dominating compounds in untreated leachate were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (mean contribution 27%) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (24%). The discharge of PFCs into the aqueous environment depended on the cleaning treatment systems. Membrane treatments (reverse osmosis and nanofiltrations) and activated carbon released lower concentrations of PFCs into the environment than cleaning systems using wet air oxidation or only biological treatment. The mass flows of ∑PFCs into the aqueous environment ranged between 0.08 and 956 mg/day.     

Spatial distribution and sources of perfluorochemicals in the NW Mediterranean coastal waters (Catalonia, Spain)

This study provides the first evidence of the sources and loads of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) to the NW Mediterranean Sea. Five PFCs were analyzed in 45 seawater samples collected along the Catalan coast. Total PFCs ranged from 0.07 to 13.0 ng/l, being the levels higher in ports than in coastal waters. To determine the sources of PFCs, 8 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and 6 rivers discharging to the sea were also analyzed. WWTP effluents contained total PFCs levels ranging from 3.47 to 132 ng/l but due to the relatively low discharge flows, they contributed to 34.7 g/d to the sea. Total PFCs in rivers ranged from 2.24 to 21.9 ng/l and were the principal PFCs contributors to the sea. Overall, a total load of 190 g/d of PFCs are discharged to the NW Mediterranean coast. The effects and risk of PFCs discharges to the Mediterranean basin are discussed.     

Quantitative analysis of perfluorinated chemicals in media for in vitro fertilization and related samples

The actual standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocol recommends an overnight gamete co-incubation. All of the culture media used for human IVF are supplemented with serum or albumin. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in IVF media (IVFM) and related samples by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The results indicated that the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in the protein source were higher than those in the IVFM samples. Compared with human plasma concentrations of PFCs, PFCs in all of the IVFM samples, such as PFBS, PFHxS and PFOA, were either not detected or present at only trace levels, even when protein source was added. LC/MS/MS could be used to determine PFCs in IVFM samples in future studies of the effects of PFC exposure on intrauterine insemination.     

Sources and fate of nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

To assess the occurrence and fate of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants, samples from wastewater treatment plants and industrial sources were analyzed for NDMA, total NDMA precursors, and dimethylamine (DMA). The median concentration of NDMA in untreated wastewater was approximately 80 ng/L, with maximum concentrations up to 790 ng/L presumably occuring because of sources unrelated to domestic wastewater. Concentrations of DMA in untreated wastewater ranged from approximately 50 to 120 microg/L and accounted for a majority of the NDMA precursors. The removal of NDMA during secondary biological treatment exhibited considerable variability, with overall removal ranging from 0 to 75%. In contrast, removal of NDMA precursors and DMA generally exceeded 70%. The median concentration of NDMA in secondary effluent before disinfection was 46 ng/L. Although DMA was removed during secondary treatment, other NDMA precursors in wastewater effluent will result in formation of additional NDMA upon disinfection with chloramines.     

Structure-activity relationship assessment of four perfluorinated chemicals using a prolonged zebrafish early life stage test

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a group of anthropogenic chemicals containing diverse functional groups and chain lengths. They are known to be persistent and bioaccumulative explaining their worldwide environmental presence. The toxicological information on these chemicals is still incomplete and insufficient to assess their environmental impact and structure-activity relationship. In the present study, the developmental effects of PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate, C8), PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid, C8), PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate, C4) and PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid, C4) were evaluated in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). The different chain lengths and functional groups of the selected chemicals made it possible to determine the structure-activity relationship of these compounds. PFCs with longer chain lengths (C8) tend to be more toxic than PFCs with shorter chain lengths (C4). Comparison based on the functional groups of compounds with the same chain length indicates that PFCs with a sulfonate group have a larger toxic potential than the ones with a carboxyl group. Furthermore, exposure to the different PFCs resulted in some general effects, such as deformations of the tail and an uninflated swim bladder, as well as in more specific effects which might be related to the structure of the tested chemicals. Oedemas and effects on length could only be detected in 8-carbon PFCs while malformations of the head were a more specific action of the sulfonated PFCs. Effects on hatching rate and success were found in PFOA exposed embryos and heart rates were affected after exposure to PFOS, PFOA and PFBS.     

Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China

A total of 14 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were quantified in river water samples collected from tributaries of the Pearl River (Guangzhou Province, south China) and the Yangtze River (central China). Among the PFCs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the two compounds with the highest concentrations. PFOS concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 99 ng/l and <0.01–14 ng/l in samples from the Pearl River and Yangtze River, respectively; whereas those for PFOA ranged from 0.85 to 13 ng/l and 2.0–260 ng/l. Lower concentrations were measured for perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfoamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononaoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). Concentrations of several perfluorocarboxylic acids, including perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA) and perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFOcDA) were lower than the limits of quantification in all the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of most PFCs were observed in water samples from the Yangtze River near Shanghai, the major industrial and financial centre in China. In addition, sampling locations in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River with a reduced flow rate might serve as a final sink for contaminants from the upstream river runoffs. Generally, PFOS was the dominant PFC found in samples from the Pearl River, while PFOA was the predominant PFC in water from the Yangtze River. Specifically, a considerable amount of PFBS (22.9–26.1% of total PFC analyzed) was measured in water collected near Nanjing, which indicates the presence of potential sources of PFBS in this part of China. Completely different PFC composition profiles were observed for samples from the Pearl River and the Yangtze River. This indicates the presence of dissimilar sources in these two regions.