温度对SBR生物脱氮效能及胞外聚合物的影响

本实验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用3组SBR反应器(R_(15℃)、R_(25℃)、R_(35℃)),重点考察了温度对生物脱氮效能、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量及其组分[蛋白质(PN)、多糖(PS)和核酸(DNA)]的影响.结果表明,高温条件有利于促进亚硝酸型生物脱氮体系的建立,显著提高氨氮去除性能.温度对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着温度的升高,EPS和TB-EPS含量逐渐降低,而LB-EPS含量逐渐升高,EPS以TB-EPS为主(占69.0%~79.5%),但TB-EPS/LB-EPS比值随着温度升高逐渐降低[3.8(15℃)→3.6(25℃)→2.2(35℃)].在EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PN和DNA含量随着温度升高而降低,LB-EPS和EPS中PS含量随温度升高而增加.而TB-EPS中PS含量随温度升高而降低,且25℃是各组分浓度变化重要折点.在15℃和25℃时,PN为TB-EPS和LB-EPS的主要成分,PS次之,DNA最少,35℃时,PS成为主要成分,PN次之,DNA最少.此外,本研究也发现,在15℃和25℃时,EPS含量在硝化过程中逐渐增大,反硝化过程中逐渐降低.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

盐度对SBR处理垃圾渗滤液污泥胞外聚合物及污泥特性的影响

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,以投加Na Cl固体的方式改变体系盐度,考察盐度变化对SBR运行过程中污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)及污泥特性的影响。结果表明:盐度的增加(5~15 g/L)对SBR去除COD效果的影响不显著,而对氨氮的去除率则从92%下降至50%;污泥松散型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)的含量从13.26 mg/g增加至31.75 mg/g,紧密型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)从19.12 mg/g增至25.75 mg/g。对LB-EPS、TB-EPS中蛋白质(PN)与多糖(PS)进行分析可知,两类EPS中的PN与PS含量均随盐度的增加而增加,但PS的增加量大于PN。进一步将EPS含量的变化与污泥的相关特性进行分析发现,污泥体积指数(SVI)总体上随着EPS含量的增加而增加,污泥的疏水性呈现下降趋势。此外,还发现污泥的Zeta电位受到EPS与盐度的共同影响,呈现先负向减小后增大的趋势,污泥絮体结构随着盐度的增加更为松散。     

活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的分层组分及其理化性质的变化特征研究

针对活性污泥的胞外聚合物(EPS),采用阳离子交换树脂(CER)法和离心/超声波法对总EPS和分层EPS(由外至内依次为slime,LB-EPS,TB-EPS)分别进行提取,测定EPS中多糖(PS)、蛋白质(PN)和DNA的含量,并对各EPS溶液的理化特性随溶液条件的变化特征进行了探讨.结果表明,EPS的化学组分(PS、PN和DNA)在TB-EPS层中含量最高,其亲水性组分的含量高于疏水性组分,但PN的疏水比高于PS.各层EPS中PS/PN的值对其Zeta电位和等电点有重要的影响.其中,PS/PN越高,各层EPS的Zeta电位越小,分层EPS的等电点越高.各种EPS溶液pH的增加导致其Zeta电位基本呈下降趋势,对应的等电点分别为pH总EPS=2.9、pHslime=2.2、pHLB-EPS=2.3、pHTB-EPS=1.3.离子强度的增加可以导致EPS溶液的电导率呈直线上升,对应的Zeta电位却迅速增加然后趋于稳定,但并未出现电位逆转现象.此外,升高温度(<40℃)可以降低各种EPS溶液的表观黏度,并在40～60℃之间时逐渐趋于稳定.     

提高SBR好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷性能的策略调控

室温下接种成熟好氧颗粒污泥于SBR反应器中,以实际生活污水为进水基质,采用梯度进水联合优化A/O/A时间配比策略以期提高污泥的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,缺氧时间由0.5h延长至1.5h时,能同时保证脱氮除磷高效进行.此时A/O/A时间比为1：1.6：1,平均TN去除率提高至81.27%,平均TP去除率保持90%以上,平均COD去除率保持在85%以上.同时,同步硝化反硝化（SND）率降低至25.24%,缺氧吸磷比例由0.43%上升至2.81%,进而说明此A/O/A时间比下反硝化糖菌（DGAOs）的反硝化作用对脱氮的贡献增加.缺氧时间延长至2h,A/O/A时间比为3：5：4时,过度缺氧导致微生物内源呼吸和丝状菌繁殖,平均TN、TP去除率降低至51.48%、72.46%.缺氧时间为1.5h时,MLSS为3501mg/L较低,但MLVSS/MLSS （f）升高至0.95,说明淘洗掉了非功能菌,使脱氮除磷功能菌大量生长.随缺氧时间延长至1.5h,即A/O/A时间比为1：1.6：1,PN/PS增加至6.89,故颗粒稳定性不断增强,在1h以内缺氧时间延长对LB-EPS影响更大且对EPS含量影响不大,超过1h则对TB-EPS影响更大且EPS增加至126.16mg/g,继续延长缺氧时间至2h时,由于微生物内源呼吸大量死亡释放出PN、PS,故EPS含量增加至479.92mg/g.     

有机负荷对污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)分泌特性及信号分子释放差异的影响

考察了连续流A2/O系统在3个有机负荷[0.29,0.58,1.16 kg COD/(m3·d)]条件下,胞外聚合物(EPS)分泌特性及信号分子(AHLs)的释放差异.结果表明:TB-EPS是污泥系统中EPS主要成分,TB-EPS组分具有较高的分子量,且分子量分布更广.有机负荷对LB-EPS各组分的影响大于TB-EPS...     

Effects of acid,acid-ZVI/PMS,Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS and ZVI/PMS conditioning on the wastewater activated sludge(WAS)dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)

The effects of four conditioning approaches:Acid,Acid-zero-valent iron(ZVI)/peroxydisulfate(PMS),Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS and ZVI/PMS,on wastewater activated sludge(WAS) dewatering and organics distribution in supernatant and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) layers were investigated.The highest reduction in bound water and the most WAS destruction was achieved by Acid-ZVI/PMS,and the optimum conditions were pH 3,ZVI dosage 0.15 g/g dry solid(DS),oxone dosage 0.07 g/g DS and reaction time 10.6 min with the reductions in capillary suction time(CST) and water content(Wc) as 19.67% and 8.49%,respectively.Four conditioning approaches could result in TOC increase in EPS layers and supernatant,and protein(PN) content in tightly bound EPS(TB-EPS).After conditioning,organics in EPS layers could migrate to supernatant.Polysaccharide(PS) was easier to migrate to supernatant than PN.In addition,Acid,Acid-ZVI/PMS or Fe(Ⅱ)/PMS conditioning promoted the release of some polysaccharides containing ring vibrations v P=O,v C-O-C,v C-O-P functional groups from TB-EPS.ESR spectra proved that both radicals of SO_4~-· and·OH contributed to dewatering and organics transformation and migration.CST value of WAS positively correlated with the ratios of PN/PS in LB-EPS and total EPS,while it negatively correlated with TOC,PN content and PS content in TB-EPS,as well as PS content in supernatant and LB-EPS.BWC negatively correlated to zeta potential and TOC value,PN content,and HA content in supernatant.     

厌氧/好氧运行方式对颗粒污泥形成的影响

序批式反应器(SBR)饱食-饥饿的运行方式对颗粒污泥的形成具有一定的促进作用,为考察该作用的大小,采用小试SBR装置,按照厌氧/好氧(An/O)交替的方式运行,考察了强化饱食-饥饿效应对颗粒污泥形成的影响.研究发现,An/O方式运行的第7d,反应器内即有微颗粒出现,30d后该颗粒污泥系统趋于稳定.通过对典型周期内厌氧和好氧末期污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)的测定分析,发现厌氧末期的胞外多糖(PS)由最初的13mg/g-VSS逐渐上升到后期的55mg/g-VSS,且厌氧饱食阶段的PS含量一直高于好氧饥饿段.在颗粒形成初期,好氧饥饿阶段胞外蛋白质(PN)的平均含量为10mg/g-VSS,大于厌氧饱食段的6mg/g-VSS;而在颗粒成熟阶段,好氧末期PN为13mg/g-VSS,厌氧末段为20mg/g-VSS.在整个颗粒污泥的形成过程中,PS含量一直高于PN.由此可见,PS所具有的黏性作用在颗粒的形成中起到了比较重要的作用. An/O交替的运行方式会对SBR所特有饱食/饥饿效应起到强化作用,刺激微生物分泌大量的EPS,同时筛选出具有厌氧储存有机物能力的微生物,从而促进了颗粒污泥的形成.     

盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为探讨盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响,采用三维荧光(3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)技术,研究了不同盐度下升流式厌氧污泥流化床(UASB)中污泥的松散结合型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)与紧密结合型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)的变化规律,并分析了LB-EPS和TB-EPS与污泥沉降性间的关系.结果表明,进水盐度由0逐渐增加至8%,厌氧污泥LB-EPS和TB-EPS含量分别由4.94和12.25 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计)增加至41.47和43.04 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计);LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白(PN)和多糖(PS)含量的比值分别由3.2和3.8降低至1.8和2.3;污泥容积指数(SVI)与LB-EPS、TB-EPS均正相关;3D-EEM光谱显示,色氨酸蛋白和芳环蛋白荧光峰存在于不同盐度下LB-EPS和TB-EPS中,类胡敏酸荧光峰仅存在于盐度高于4%的TB-EPS中;FTIR分析表明,进水盐度的增加导致LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PS的C—O组分相对含量增加.     

Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances distribution in mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight (MW) distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time (CST) decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 (sec·L)/g total suspended solids (TSS) during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration (R2 = 0.92, p 0.01) and the PN/PS ratio (R2 = 0.84, p 0.01) in the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST (R2 0.66, p 0.01). According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability.     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

间歇梯度曝气下首段延时厌氧强化好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

本研究采用SBR反应器,以实际低C/N比生活污水为进水基质,采用间歇梯度曝气（各曝气段溶解氧浓度递减）充分利用内碳源,探讨不同首段厌氧时间下好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,间歇梯度曝气的初始厌氧段从50 min增加至90 min,使颗粒污泥内碳源的储量增加,这一延时厌氧的改进条件导致颗粒污泥脱氮除磷效果提升,当延时至70和90 min时,COD、TN和TP的去除效率分别可达84.74%、70.05%和89.7%以及86.65%、78.81%和85.5%.但随后首段厌氧时间增至110 min后,由于部分细胞解体,污泥流失较严重,使内碳源储量约降低13.6%,进而污染物去除效率下降.在首段厌氧时间从50 min延长至90 min的过程中,LB-EPS中PS含量变化较小,随后延时至110 min后PS含量增加至约7.18 mg·g^-1,PN含量增加至约5.56mg·g^-1.TB-EPS中PN和PS含量均较稳定,进而表明内碳源储量对LB-EPS的影响较TB-EPS大,同时污泥沉降性能下降与LB-EPS中PS含量增加密切相关.颗粒污泥中DPAOs占比随首段厌氧时间的适当增加而升高,其中首段厌氧时间为70 min时DPAOs占比达到51.5%.     

Flocculating characteristic of activated sludge flocs: Interaction between Al3+ and extracellular polymeric substances

Aluminum flocculant can enhance the flocculating performance of activated sludge.However,the binding mechanism of aluminum ion(Al 3+) and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) in activated sludge is unclear due to the complexity of EPS.In this work,threedimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy(3DEEM),fluorescence quenching titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) were used to explore the binding behavior and mechanism between Al 3+ and EPS.The results showed that two fluorescence peaks of tyrosineand tryptophan-like substances were identified in the loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS),and three peaks of tyrosine-,tryptophanand humic-like substances were identified in the tightly boundextracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS).It was found that these fluorescence peaks could be quenched with Al 3+ at the dosage of 3.0 mg/L,which demonstrated that strong interactions took place between the EPS and Al 3+.The conditional stability constants for Al 3+ and EPS were determined by the Stern-Volmer equation.As to the binding mechanism,the-OH,N-H,C=O,C-N groups and the sulfurand phosphorus-containing groups showed complexation action,although the groups in the LB-EPS and TB-EPS showed different behavior.The TB-EPS have stronger binding ability to Al 3+ than the LB-EPS,and TB-EPS play an important role in the interaction with Al 3+.     

自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为探讨自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的差异及其对活性污泥表面及絮凝特性的影响,研究了有机负荷为0、0.30和0.74 kg·kg-1·d-1时,污泥松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)和紧密粘附胞外聚合物(tightly bound EPS,TBEPS)的组分含量、形态、表面特性以及絮凝性能的差异,并就LB-EPS与TB-EPS对污泥絮凝特性影响的作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,有机负荷越高,多糖含量越高,EPS总量及蛋白质含量越低.由三维荧光光谱测定结果可知,类富里酸物质为异养菌而非自养菌的代谢产物,且有机负荷越高,TB-EPS中的类富里酸荧光峰强度越大.自养和异养污泥的絮凝机理不同,自养活性污泥通过自养菌菌体自身生物絮凝作用形成密实的污泥絮体,LB-EPS与TB-EPS对其絮体形态、表面及絮凝特性影响较小;异养活性污泥絮体形态在TB-EPS提取后发生明显改变,TB-EPS在异养活性污泥絮体聚集时发挥着主要作用.包裹着LB-EPS的污泥表面负电荷多且疏水性差,不利于异养污泥生物絮凝.有机负荷越高,污泥表面Zeta电位负电性越强,相对疏水性(relative hydrophobity,RH)越小,污泥稳定性越差.     

厌氧氨氧化污泥恢复过程中的颗粒特性

目前运行容易失稳已成为制约厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺应用的因素之一.在保证底物不抑制的条件下,通过对实验室前期运行失稳的连续流全混反应器(CSTR)中的厌氧氨氧化污泥进行活性恢复,研究了滞留的基质浓度对ANAMMOX污泥恢复过程中颗粒化及活性的影响.结果表明,经过126d运行,ANAMMOX污泥活性获得恢复且脱氮能力明显提升.控制高、低基质浓度水平的2个反应器均能实现污泥的颗粒化及氮素的高效去除,NRR最大分别达到16. 97 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和14. 43 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).随着反应器脱氮能力的提高(污泥颗粒粒径增大),R1、R2两个反应器内污泥的胞外聚合物EPS含量(以VSS计)均增大,分别由接种时的34. 45 mg·g~(-1)增大至77. 52 mg·g~(-1)和94. 18 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS由1. 89分别增大到6. 25和6. 84.在一定范围内,PN/PS比值增大有利于ANAMMOX污泥颗粒化,但PN/PS过大会导致颗粒污泥结构失稳上浮,加剧污泥流失现象.