Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and its sludge dewaterability

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability and further to probe into the influencing factors on sludge dewaterability, sludge flocs were stratified into four fractions: (1) slime; (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS); (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS); and (4) EPS-free pellets. The results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment increased the anaerobic digestion efficiency by 7%–8%. Anaerobic digestion without ultrasonic pretreatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, with the capillary suction time (CST) increased from 1.42 to 47.3 (sec L)/g-TSS. The application of ultrasonic pretreatment firstly deteriorated the sludge dewaterability (normalized CST increased to 44.4 (sec L)/g-TSS), while subsequent anaerobic digestion offset this effect and ultimately decreased the normalized CST to 23.2 (sec L)/g-TSS. The dewaterability of unsonicated sludge correlated with protein (p = 0.003) and polysaccharide (p = 0.004) concentrations in the slime fraction, while that of sonicated sludge correlated with protein concentrations in the slime and LB-EPS fractions (p < 0.05). Fluorescent excitationemission matrix analysis showed that the fluorescence matters in the LB-EPS fraction significantly correlated with sludge dewaterability during anarobic digestion.     

Enhanced anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability by alkaline pretreatment and its mechanism

To investigate the influences of alkaline pretreatment on anaerobic digestion (AD) and sludge dewaterability after AD, waste activated sludge was adjusted to different pH values (8, 9, 10, 11, 12) and placed at ambient temperature for 24 hr. The samples were then adjusted to the initial pH and subjected to 25 days of AD. The results showed that, when compared with the control (pH 6.8), total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction following pretreatment at pH 9-11 increased by 10.7%-13.1% and 6.5%-12.8%, respectively, while biogas production improved by 7.2%-15.4%. Additionally, significant enhancement of sludge dewaterability after AD occurred when pretreatment at pH 8-9 was conducted. The proteins and carbohydrates transferred from the pellet and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) fractions to the slime and loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fractions after pretreatment and during the AD process, and the concentrations of proteins and carbohydrates in the slime fraction had a good linear relationship with the normalized capillary suction time (CST). During the AD process, the normalized CST was positively correlated with the organic materials in the loosely bound fraction of the sludge matrix (R^{2≥qslant 0.700, p < 0.01), while it was negatively correlated with the organic materials in the tightly bound fraction (R2≥qslant 0.702, p < 0.01). These results suggest that alkaline pretreatment could break the EPS matrix and release inner organic materials, thus influencing the efficiency of the AD process and dewaterability after AD.}     

受四环素影响的活性污泥胞内外聚合物特征

利用离心加超声的方法对处理四环素抗生素废水的活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和胞内聚合物(IPS)进行提取,将其分为-溶解型胞外聚合物(slime)、松散附着型胞外聚合物(LB)、紧密附着型胞外聚合物(TB)、胞内聚合物(IPS).用BCA法和蒽酮-硫酸法测定了各层EPS和IPS溶液中的蛋白质和多糖含量,同时用三维荧光光谱扫描(EEM)和同步荧光光谱扫描(SFS)对其中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行定性和定量分析,结果表明在EPS中的蛋白质和多糖的含量高于IPS,且蛋白质含量均比多糖含量高,而在slime和IPS中的蛋白质和多糖的含量高于LB和TB;低激发波长类色氨酸和高激发波长类色氨酸是EPS和IPS溶液的主要成分,且溶液中的溶解性代谢产物和芳香蛋白类物质相对含量在slime、LB、TB和IPS逐渐增加,而难降解有机物-腐殖酸类物质的相对含量逐渐降低;进水四环素浓度与污泥各层EPS和IPS溶液中DOM也具有较好的相关性;三维荧光法检测溶液中的DOM与化学分析测试出的蛋白质含量具有较好的相关性.     

预曝气及提取方法对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为了获得更高的胞外聚合物质（EPS）得率及其对污染物的去除效果,比较了活性污泥预曝气时间及2种提取方法（超声法和甲醛+NaOH法）对提取EPS的影响,分析了EPS的荧光组分以及与污染物去除有关的基团差异.结果表明,污泥经过4h预曝气,EPS得率最高;甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS是超声法的1.5~1.7倍;其中蛋白质、多糖、DNA含量分别是后者的1.4~1.7、0.8~2和2.3~2.7倍.甲醛+NaOH提取法获得的EPS对高岭土的絮凝率和对Cr³⁺的去除率分别高出超声法16%和33%,絮凝率和去除率分别达到了65%和63%.三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中芳香蛋白和溶解性微生物代谢产物含量分别是超声法的1.4~1.9倍和1.8~2.4倍;胡敏酸类物质仅大量存在于甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中,且腐殖质与Cr³⁺去除率呈显著相关（P<0.01,R²=0.920）.红外光谱分析表明,甲醛+NaOH法提取的EPS中有区别于超声法的特殊基团,其中-OH、-COOH、-NH₂等基团与Cr³⁺发生了配位络合作用.     

胞外聚合物结合磷效能的研究

以实验SBR反应器的活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了超声波-树脂法提取EPS的方法与程序;以5种不同来源的活性污泥为研究对象,考察了EPS结合磷的效能.结果表明,超声波-树脂法分离EPS和细菌细胞的较优程序为：采用21kHz、40W超声波作用60mL污泥2min（VSS约为8000mg·L-1）;然后,投加80g·g-1（以...     

超声与碱预处理对剩余污泥磷及有机物释放的影响

为了回收污泥所含的磷,采用碱和超声波对3种剩余污泥进行预处理以释放磷,考察了处理前后PO3-4-P(正磷酸盐)、TP(总磷)、SCOD(可溶性COD)、TOC(总有机碳)、TS(总固体)、VS(挥发性固体)的释放规律及溶解性有机物的三维荧光特性变化.结果表明,碱和超声波处理均能有效破解污泥,释放磷和有机物;城市污泥比制药污泥更容易破解;城市污泥无机磷的释放高于有机磷,而工业污泥的有机磷释放高于无机磷;采用生物脱氮除磷工艺的城市污泥释放磷最多,释放有机物最少,有利于磷的进一步回收.碱处理和超声处理都不会从根本上改变污泥上清液中有机物的组分,但碱处理能促进污泥蛋白质类、腐殖酸类和富里酸类有机物的释放.     

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.     

污泥碱解和超声破解预处理的效果研究

为提高污水厂污泥的厌氧消化速率,采用多频率多功率槽式超声发生器,研究了超声波、碱解、以及两者的组合作用对污泥破解预处理效果的影响.结果表明,碱和超声波的组合预处理方式,对污泥溶解性COD的释放效果和VSS减少效果明显优于单独的超声波和单独的碱处理.单独超声预处理,污泥VSS的最大减少率为15.98%;单独碱解(NaOH/TS=0.04)时为22.12%;先碱解(NaOH/TS:0.04,24 h),再超声(60 min)以及碱(NaOH/TS=0.04)和超声(60 min)同时作用的预处理方式,可将污泥VSS减少率分别提高到51.45%和54.45%.破解作用引起污泥的水解分为快速水解和缓慢水解2个阶段,对快速水解阶段进行动力学分析可知,同时采用碱和超声的预处理方式不但可以获得最高的水解速率,而且降低了碱的投加量,缩短了超声破解的时间.     

CaO对高浓度污泥厌氧消化性能的影响机理及动力学分析

为解决高固体浓度污泥厌氧消化水解速率慢的问题,采用CaO对高固体浓度污泥进行碱解预处理。采用粒径分析及溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖浓度监测考察碱解预处理前后污泥物理化学特性的变化,评估碱解预处理对高固体浓度污泥厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及有机物降解规律的影响,研究不同碱量下EPS、细胞壁和细胞膜破解程度对厌氧消化性能的影响机理,分析厌氧消化过程的动力学特性。结果显示:CaO碱解预处理高固体浓度污泥后,污泥粒径变化不明显,而溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖的浓度均有增加;碱解预处理的破解程度随着碱投加量的增加而增加;碱解预处理后,高固体浓度厌氧消化的累积甲烷产率提升了22.9%~34.8%;分析机理低碱量预处理时只能释放EPS中的有机质,从而促进厌氧消化的累积甲烷产率,而高碱量预处理时,EPS内的有机质和胞内聚合物都得到释放,使累积甲烷产率增加。动力学研究结果表明:碱解预处理可以显著提高污泥甲烷产率,加快厌氧消化速率,并明显缩短延滞期。     

集胞藻胞外聚合物(EPS)与氯霉素的相互作用

通过利用激发-发射矩阵(EEM)荧光光谱,研究蓝藻集胞藻EPS(胞外聚合物)与CAP(氯霉素)的相互作用.结果表明:EPS含有6个峰,其中峰A(Ex/Em=205/304)、峰B(Ex/Em=230/302)、峰C(Ex/Em=235/354)和峰D(Ex/Em=260/372)为类蛋白峰,峰E(Ex/Em=275/446)和峰F(Ex/Em=350/452)为类腐殖质峰.除峰F外,其他各峰都能被CAP猝灭,说明它们所代表的物质能够与CAP发生作用;而峰F则几乎不被CAP猝灭,即荧光峰F不与CAP发生作用.CAP与EPS中荧光基团的反应属于静态猝灭,生成稳定的不发荧光的EPS-CAP络合物,其有效猝灭常数为3.28～4.49,结合常数为4.54～8.13.EPS与CAP强的络合作用意味着环境中普遍存在的EPS可能深刻地影响CAP在水环境中的迁移与转化.      

三维荧光光谱法研究四环素与活性污泥EPS的相互作用

用三维荧光光谱仪研究了活性污泥EPS(Extracellular polymeric substances)和四环素的相互作用。活性污泥EPS中发现2种类蛋白荧光峰A(Ex/Em=225/340)和B(Ex/Em=280/338),其荧光强度随着盐酸四环素的加入而显著降低,峰A和盐酸四环素结合生成了不发荧光的物质,而峰B和盐酸四环素结合生成的物质在Ex/Em=295/416 nm处发荧光。峰A和峰B与盐酸四环素的相互作用适合用修正后的Stern-Volmer和Hill模型拟合,盐酸四环素和峰A的结合点位数、结合常数分别为1.33、7.02,大于和峰B的结合点位数和结合常数,说明盐酸四环素和荧光峰A的结合比较稳定。猝灭速率常数kq远远大于最大扩散碰撞猝灭速率常数(2.0×1010L(/mol.s)),表明峰A和峰B和盐酸四环素相互作用的荧光猝灭主要是静态猝灭过程。因此土壤和水环境中大量存在EPS会影响盐酸四环素在环境中的迁移转化。     

Effects of various pretreatment methods on mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production from corn stover hydrolysate

Effects on mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production from corn stover hydrolysate was studied.     

盐度冲击下MBR污泥SMP和EPS的三维荧光光谱解析

利用三维荧光(EEM)技术研究了不同盐度冲击下膜-生物反应器(MBR)污泥微生物溶解性产物(SMP)和胞外聚合物(EPS)的变化规律,分析不同盐度冲击下MBR污泥SMP和EPS的EEM图谱.结果表明,当冲击盐度大于2.5g/L时,SMP的EEM图谱中色氨酸荧光峰B(270nm,350nm)、类胡敏酸荧光峰C(375,475nm)、类富里酸荧光峰D(260,460nm)以及EPS的EEM图谱中色氨酸荧光峰B的荧光强度随冲击盐度的提升而增加,EPS的EEM图谱中类胡敏酸C峰的荧光强度则随冲击盐度的提升而下降.用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)方法确定EEM图谱中存在的4个组分,分别为类蛋白质组分C1(230/280,350nm),类胡敏酸组分C2(290/310,380nm)、C3(290/360,460nm)和C4(270/340,440nm);当冲击盐度大于2.5g/L时,SMP中C1、C3和C4组分的荧光强度与冲击盐度呈正相关,而EPS中C3和C4组分的荧光强度分别与冲击盐度呈正相关和负相关,其相关系数均≥0.90;SMP中类蛋白质荧光组分和类胡敏酸组分的荧光强度之和分别与测定的蛋白质含量和胡敏酸含量呈明显的正相关性,相关系数均＞0.93,可作为荧光组分强度定量计算的依据,而EPS中此相关性并不明显.     

铝、铁、钛3种金属盐基混凝剂调理污泥的性能比较

以铝盐、铁盐和钛盐混凝剂为研究对象,重点比较了3种混凝剂的污泥调理性能.通过测定调理前后污泥比阻、胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖的含量变化,结合三维荧光光谱与分子量变化分析及调理前后污泥尺寸大小与颗粒表面形貌变化,系统比较了它们对污泥的调理性能,并揭示了调理机制.3种无机混凝剂的污泥调理能力依次为:聚合氯化铝(PAC)、钛凝胶混凝剂(TXC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS);调理后,污泥胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖含量明显降低;PFS和TXC对有机物的结合能力要强于PAC,疏松结合的胞外聚合物中多糖含量是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素;调理过程中3种混凝剂所形成污泥颗粒的大小顺序为:TXCPFSPAC,所形成污泥颗粒的大小并非影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素,无机混凝剂电中和能力和与有机物的络合能力共同影响无机混凝剂的污泥调理性能.本研究为污泥调理混凝剂的选取提供了实验和理论依据.     

pH值对活性污泥胞外聚合物分子结构和表面特征影响研究

为明确胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）对污水污泥性质的影响机制,通过改变pH值,考察了市政废水和饮料废水2种活性污泥胞外聚合物组分变化,采用红外光谱对比分析了pH值对EPS分子结构的影响,并通过胶体滴定测定其表面电荷,最终结合活性污泥提取EPS前后扫描电子显微镜观察,从宏观上佐证了表面特性和分子结构分析.结果表明,强酸条件下（pH 3）,可提取EPS比中性条件下时下降50%,其中多糖下降约30%,蛋白质下降约65%～70%;在强碱条件下（pH 11）,可提取EPS比pH 7时升高20%～30%,其中多糖升高约15%,蛋白质升高20%～50%.红外光谱分析表明,羟基在强酸强碱条件下均发生了变化,羧酸、多聚糖、酚类和蛋白质肽键在强酸条件下（pH 3）消失;胶体滴定结果表明,2种污泥提取EPS表面负电荷随pH上升而下降;扫描电镜分析表明,相对于碱性条件下,酸性条件使活性污泥中微生物细胞更易于破碎.pH值可改变活性污泥EPS组分、浓度以及其中基团组成,从而改变EPS表面特性,最终导致污泥状态改变.     

超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中细菌群落结构分析

应用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE对超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中微生物种群的多样性进行研究.通过SDS细胞裂解法提取不同时期污泥中的基因组DNA,采用通用引物进行V3区域PCR扩增,长约190 bp的PCR产物经DGGE分离后,获得污泥微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行切胶测序,使用序列数据进行同源性分析并建立系统发育树.DGGE图谱表明,在反应器运行的不同时期,微生物群落结构发生动态演替.5、10、15、20、25 d微生物相似性与0 d相比分别为61.2%、48.2%、46.4%、42.6%、41.7%,总细菌Shannon指数经历了一个从逐渐减少到趋于稳定的过程,这表明超声波改变污泥内部性质,导致微生物多样性的降低.UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱区分为三大族群并对应于不同运行时期.测序结果表明,超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化中微生物群落主要为Firmicute、Genuscitrobacter、Bacilli、α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria.     

酸碱-微波耦合预处理对污泥胞外聚合物溶裂与产甲烷行为的影响

对酸碱-微波耦合预处理后不同EPS组分在污泥厌氧消化行为中扮演的角色进行研究，通过产甲烷潜能实验评价其甲烷转化性能。结果表明:酸碱-微波耦合预处理通过溶出胞内有机物和改变EPS的分布来影响污泥产甲烷行为。甲烷累积产量最优预处理条件为pH=10，微波500 W，预处理时间120 s。此时，预处理后溶解型胞外聚合物（S-EPS）中的溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）浓度达到11460 mg/L，是对照组浓度的184.5%，累积甲烷产量为89.08 mL/g，较对照组增加59.9%。碱处理（pH=10和12）时，S-EPS对累积甲烷产量的贡献率分别达到了16.6%和30.4%，远高于松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）与紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）。在48 d的厌氧消化过程中，S-EPS对产甲烷的贡献率在1~4 d内快速升高，随后缓慢持续下降。因此，酸碱-微波耦合预处理通过强化污泥S-EPS中的多糖、蛋白质等有机质的溶出，促进污泥甲烷化。     

自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为探讨自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的差异及其对活性污泥表面及絮凝特性的影响,研究了有机负荷为0、0.30和0.74 kg·kg-1·d-1时,污泥松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)和紧密粘附胞外聚合物(tightly bound EPS,TBEPS)的组分含量、形态、表面特性以及絮凝性能的差异,并就LB-EPS与TB-EPS对污泥絮凝特性影响的作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,有机负荷越高,多糖含量越高,EPS总量及蛋白质含量越低.由三维荧光光谱测定结果可知,类富里酸物质为异养菌而非自养菌的代谢产物,且有机负荷越高,TB-EPS中的类富里酸荧光峰强度越大.自养和异养污泥的絮凝机理不同,自养活性污泥通过自养菌菌体自身生物絮凝作用形成密实的污泥絮体,LB-EPS与TB-EPS对其絮体形态、表面及絮凝特性影响较小;异养活性污泥絮体形态在TB-EPS提取后发生明显改变,TB-EPS在异养活性污泥絮体聚集时发挥着主要作用.包裹着LB-EPS的污泥表面负电荷多且疏水性差,不利于异养污泥生物絮凝.有机负荷越高,污泥表面Zeta电位负电性越强,相对疏水性(relative hydrophobity,RH)越小,污泥稳定性越差.     

Flocculating characteristic of activated sludge flocs: Interaction between Al3+ and extracellular polymeric substances

Aluminum flocculant can enhance the flocculating performance of activated sludge.However,the binding mechanism of aluminum ion(Al 3+) and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) in activated sludge is unclear due to the complexity of EPS.In this work,threedimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy(3DEEM),fluorescence quenching titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) were used to explore the binding behavior and mechanism between Al 3+ and EPS.The results showed that two fluorescence peaks of tyrosineand tryptophan-like substances were identified in the loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances(LB-EPS),and three peaks of tyrosine-,tryptophanand humic-like substances were identified in the tightly boundextracellular polymeric substances(TB-EPS).It was found that these fluorescence peaks could be quenched with Al 3+ at the dosage of 3.0 mg/L,which demonstrated that strong interactions took place between the EPS and Al 3+.The conditional stability constants for Al 3+ and EPS were determined by the Stern-Volmer equation.As to the binding mechanism,the-OH,N-H,C=O,C-N groups and the sulfurand phosphorus-containing groups showed complexation action,although the groups in the LB-EPS and TB-EPS showed different behavior.The TB-EPS have stronger binding ability to Al 3+ than the LB-EPS,and TB-EPS play an important role in the interaction with Al 3+.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.