Enhanced anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability by alkaline pretreatment and its mechanism

To investigate the influences of alkaline pretreatment on anaerobic digestion (AD) and sludge dewaterability after AD, waste activated sludge was adjusted to different pH values (8, 9, 10, 11, 12) and placed at ambient temperature for 24 hr. The samples were then adjusted to the initial pH and subjected to 25 days of AD. The results showed that, when compared with the control (pH 6.8), total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction following pretreatment at pH 9-11 increased by 10.7%-13.1% and 6.5%-12.8%, respectively, while biogas production improved by 7.2%-15.4%. Additionally, significant enhancement of sludge dewaterability after AD occurred when pretreatment at pH 8-9 was conducted. The proteins and carbohydrates transferred from the pellet and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) fractions to the slime and loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fractions after pretreatment and during the AD process, and the concentrations of proteins and carbohydrates in the slime fraction had a good linear relationship with the normalized capillary suction time (CST). During the AD process, the normalized CST was positively correlated with the organic materials in the loosely bound fraction of the sludge matrix (R^{2≥qslant 0.700, p < 0.01), while it was negatively correlated with the organic materials in the tightly bound fraction (R2≥qslant 0.702, p < 0.01). These results suggest that alkaline pretreatment could break the EPS matrix and release inner organic materials, thus influencing the efficiency of the AD process and dewaterability after AD.}     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响

利用芬顿试剂调理污泥,以W_C(污泥滤饼含水率)和CST(毛细吸水时间)作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,通过分析污泥中各层ρ(EPS)(EPS为胞外聚合物)和上清液中小分子有机物质量浓度来阐明污泥脱水性能的变化. 结果表明:芬顿试剂调理可促进EPS氧化分解,TB-EPS(紧密结合的胞外聚合物)破解转化为LB-EPS(松散结合的胞外聚合物)和S-EPS(上清液层胞外聚合物),大幅降低W_C和CST. 试验中当pH为4,w(H₂O₂)和 w(Fe2+)均为40 mg/g时,ρ(EPS)降低了33.04%,W_C和CST分别降至63.36%和28.7 s. Pearson相关性分析表明,ρ(TB-EPS)与W_C和CST均存在显著的正相关性(P＜0.01),是影响污泥脱水性能的重要因素,而ρ(LB-EPS)和ρ(S-EPS)与污泥脱水性能的相关性较低. 液相色谱分析表明,随着芬顿试剂投加量的增大,EPS等有机物分解程度增大,污泥上清液中小分子有机物种类明显增多,其质量浓度显著升高,ρ(甲酸)和ρ(乙酸)分别由原污泥的52.72、15.99 mg/L升至446.05、522.36 mg/L.      

Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances distribution in mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight (MW) distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time (CST) decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 (sec·L)/g total suspended solids (TSS) during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration (R2 = 0.92, p 0.01) and the PN/PS ratio (R2 = 0.84, p 0.01) in the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST (R2 0.66, p 0.01). According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability.     

污泥胞外聚合物的提取方法及其对污泥脱水性能的影响

采用7种不同方法提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS),并研究污泥不同层EPS剥离前后对污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,甲醛+NaOH和2%EDTA提取法对污泥中紧密结合的胞外聚合物(tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances,TB-EPS)提取效率最高,总固体(SS)中的EPS提取量分别为128.9 mg.g-1和42.38 mg.g-1,但提取后细胞破裂严重,不能代表污泥EPS的真实含量,不宜采用.加热法较为温和,提取效率较高,总SS中EPS产量为21.97 mg.g-1.污泥剥离黏液层(Slime层)、松散结合的胞外聚合物(loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances,LB-EPS)和TB-EPS层后污泥的脱水性能大幅度改善,其中Slime层EPS含量越高污泥的脱水性能越差,当污泥EPS大量地释放到溶液中即Slime层时污泥的CST值大幅度升高,污泥的脱水性能变差.石湖墟和昂船舟污泥初始的毛细吸水时间(CST)为132.9 s和229.9 s,当剥离Slime层时这2种污泥的CST值分别为80.8 s和79.4 s,脱水性能得到明显改善.     

酸碱-微波耦合预处理对污泥胞外聚合物溶裂与产甲烷行为的影响

对酸碱-微波耦合预处理后不同EPS组分在污泥厌氧消化行为中扮演的角色进行研究，通过产甲烷潜能实验评价其甲烷转化性能。结果表明:酸碱-微波耦合预处理通过溶出胞内有机物和改变EPS的分布来影响污泥产甲烷行为。甲烷累积产量最优预处理条件为pH=10，微波500 W，预处理时间120 s。此时，预处理后溶解型胞外聚合物（S-EPS）中的溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）浓度达到11460 mg/L，是对照组浓度的184.5%，累积甲烷产量为89.08 mL/g，较对照组增加59.9%。碱处理（pH=10和12）时，S-EPS对累积甲烷产量的贡献率分别达到了16.6%和30.4%，远高于松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）与紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）。在48 d的厌氧消化过程中，S-EPS对产甲烷的贡献率在1~4 d内快速升高，随后缓慢持续下降。因此，酸碱-微波耦合预处理通过强化污泥S-EPS中的多糖、蛋白质等有机质的溶出，促进污泥甲烷化。     

微波及其组合工艺强化污泥厌氧消化研究

为提高剩余污泥的厌氧消化效能和脱水性能,考察了微波及其组合污泥预处理工艺的强化污泥厌氧消化效果,同时考察了预处理-厌氧消化过程的污泥理化特征及其脱水性能.结果表明,微波及其组合工艺可以强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷,其中微波-过氧化氢-碱(0.2)的强化效果最为显著,不仅30 d累计产甲烷量比对照组增加了13.34%,而且产甲烷速率也得到了提升.与单独微波处理相比,过氧化氢、碱的投加显著提高了溶解性COD的释放量,这表明微波、过氧化氢、碱之间的协同作用能有效破碎污泥,进而强化厌氧消化效果;微波-酸预处理后的污泥具有良好的脱水性能,毛细吸水时间(CST)只有9.85 s,污泥脱水性能的改善与其表面电性、粒径分布的变化密切相关;不同预处理条件下的污泥经过厌氧消化后,污泥脱水性能较为接近.     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

鼠李糖脂-热对污泥厌氧发酵中脱水性能的影响

为了探究鼠李糖脂以及低温热水解预处理污泥厌氧发酵过程对污泥脱水性能的改变,利用毛细吸水时间（CST）表征脱水性能指标,有机物溶出、粒径分布以及三维荧光光谱分析阐明脱水性能变化机制.研究发现在厌氧发酵之前,预处理后污泥脱水性能均会降低;厌氧发酵之后原污泥脱水性能降低,经过热水解的污泥脱水性能改善;粒径分布变化表明粒径减小是预处理污泥脱水性能变差的部分原因,发酵之后粒径增大对于污泥脱水性能改善不明显.溶解性有机物（SCOD）、溶解性碳水化合物（SC）以及溶解性蛋白质（SP）的溶出情况发现粒径的减小是由于预处理手段对污泥的有效破解.三维荧光平行因子分析（PARAFAC）表明,污泥预处理且厌氧发酵前后溶解性有机质（DOM）均包含类腐殖酸C1（386nm/462nm）和C3（342nm/438nm）、酪氨酸类蛋白C2（278nm/306nm）以及色氨酸类蛋白C4（290nm/358nm）.其中,类腐殖酸的增多是热水解污泥脱水性能变差的主要原因,厌氧发酵之后酪氨酸蛋白的积累是原污泥脱水性能变差的原因,类腐殖酸的分解是热水解污泥发酵后改善的原因.     

次氯酸钠与亚铁对污泥破解及脱水效果的影响

采用次氯酸钠（NaClO）与亚铁（Fe（II））结合处理污泥以提高污泥破解和脱水效能,考察了NaClO和Fe（II）投加量的影响,并通过定量和定性分析污泥中胞外聚合物质（EPS）的迁移转化,确定NaClO和Fe（II）对污泥脱水和破解的机制.试验结果表明,NaClO和Fe（II）投加量（以干泥固体计）分别为44 mg·g^-1和66 mg·g^-1时,污泥毛细吸吮时间（CST）从原泥的112 s下降到66.3 s.同时,NaClO/Fe（II）处理污泥能够使上清液中化学需氧量（COD）显著升高,并使污泥中紧密束缚型EPS（TB-EPS）和松散束缚型EPS（LB-EPS）转化成溶解性EPS（S-EPS）,导致S-EPS的溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量升高,而LB-EPS和TB-EPS的DOC含量降低.此外,NaClO/Fe（II）还能使污泥中有机物质矿化,使3种EPS中蛋白质类和腐殖酸类物质减少.NaClO和Fe（II）能够改善污泥脱水性能,强化污泥破解效果,利于污泥后续的处理处置.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

采用Ti/PbO2阳极氧化进行污泥预处理的研究

提高市政污泥脱水性能是当前污泥预处理中的热点和难点.本文以毛细吸水时间(CST)作为衡量污泥预处理中脱水性能的指标,选用钛/二氧化铅网状极板为阴、阳电极,研究了电解电压、极板间距、电解质种类及电解质投加量等因素对电化学预处理市政污泥的影响.结果表明,电压对污泥脱水性能影响较大,在电压为20 V、极板间距为2 cm、电解质为0.6 g Na Cl的条件下,电化学处理市政污泥20 min效果最佳,污泥的CST下降率在90%以上.进一步探究表明,电解过程中污泥菌胶团结构首先被破坏,释放大量结合水,且菌胶团内的蛋白质和多聚糖释放到上清液中,二者浓度先升高;随后二者部分氧化分解,浓度降低,从而有效提高市政污泥脱水性能.     

Increasing the performance of anaerobic digestion: Pilot scale experimental study for thermal hydrolysis of mixed sludge

The performance of a pilot plant operation combining thermal hydrolysis (170°C, 30 min) and anaerobic digestion (AD) was studied, determining the main properties for samples of fresh mixed sludge, hydrolyzed sludge, and digested sludge, in order to quantify the thermal pretreatment performance (disintegration, solubilisation, and dewaterability) and its impact on the anaerobic digestion performance (biodegradability, volatile solids reduction, and digester rheology) and end product characteristics (dewaterability, sanitation, organic and nitrogen content). The disintegration achieved during the thermal treatment enhances the sludge centrifugation, allowing a 70% higher total solids concentration in the feed to anaerobic digestion. The digestion of this sludge generates 40% more biogas in half the time, due to the higher solids removal compared to a conventional digester. The waste generated can be dewatered by centrifugation to 7% dry solids without polymer addition, and is pathogen free.     

应用解蛋白菌生物预水解剩余污泥

本文比较了解蛋白菌——地衣芽孢杆菌在不同接种比(0.17%、0.66%、1.16%和1.65%,以TS比计)条件下,生物菌剂预水解对剩余污泥液化效果和脱水性能的影响规律.结果表明,以地衣芽孢杆菌为接种物进行生物预处理,可以促进污泥胞内物质的溶出,同时促进污泥中蛋白质的溶出和降解,但污泥的脱水性能会有所劣化.发现地衣芽孢杆菌的接种比为1.16%时,溶解性有机物的累积溶出量达到最大值,而继续提高接种比并不会增加溶解性有机物的累积溶出量;同时,在该接种比下,经过129 h的生物预处理,蛋白质与挥发性固体的比值达到最低,为初始值的72%,表明蛋白质的降解量达到最大值.但经过129 h生物预处理,污泥的模化CST值上升为初始值的2倍左右,经过生物预处理后污泥的脱水性能劣化.     

活性污泥与消化污泥的脱水特性及粒径分布

对活性污泥和消化污泥的脱水特性和粒径分布进行了研究,分析了2种污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）含量的差异以及生物相的变化特征和机理.结果表明,表征脱水性能好坏的毛细吸收时间（CST）,新鲜活性污泥为9.84 s,消化污泥增加到607.5 s,消化污泥固体颗粒从悬浮液分离所需的时间变长,脱水性能变差.其原因一方面是消化过程使EPS中蛋白质和多糖降解,另一方面是大大降低了消化污泥中原生动物数量,减少了促进微生物凝聚的EPS物质向污泥中的释放.消化污泥EPS含量为123 mg/g（以干污泥计,下同）,比EPS含量为540 mg/g的活性污泥减少了77%.EPS的降解使较大的污泥颗粒分解成较小的污泥颗粒,活性污泥占体积最大的颗粒粒径是133 μm,消化污泥下降到44.6 μm,活性污泥的平均粒径是132.6 μm,消化污泥仅为70.48 μm,结果导致消化污泥脱水性能变差.     

电化学处理改善剩余污泥脱水性能

以毛细吸水时间（CST）作为衡量污泥脱水性能的指标,采用铱/二氧化钌电极板为阳极、钛/二氧化钌网状极板为阴极,对剩余污泥进行电化学处理,考察了电压、处理时间等因素对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,电压对污泥脱水性能影响较大,当电压为30V、极板间距为4cm、搅拌速率为100r.min-1、处理30min条件下污泥调理...     

盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响

为探讨盐度变化对厌氧污泥胞外聚合物的影响,采用三维荧光(3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)技术,研究了不同盐度下升流式厌氧污泥流化床(UASB)中污泥的松散结合型胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)与紧密结合型胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)的变化规律,并分析了LB-EPS和TB-EPS与污泥沉降性间的关系.结果表明,进水盐度由0逐渐增加至8%,厌氧污泥LB-EPS和TB-EPS含量分别由4.94和12.25 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计)增加至41.47和43.04 mg·g~(-1)(以VSS计);LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白(PN)和多糖(PS)含量的比值分别由3.2和3.8降低至1.8和2.3;污泥容积指数(SVI)与LB-EPS、TB-EPS均正相关;3D-EEM光谱显示,色氨酸蛋白和芳环蛋白荧光峰存在于不同盐度下LB-EPS和TB-EPS中,类胡敏酸荧光峰仅存在于盐度高于4%的TB-EPS中;FTIR分析表明,进水盐度的增加导致LB-EPS和TB-EPS中PS的C—O组分相对含量增加.     

基质投加量对生物调理改善污泥脱水性能的影响

通过在剩余污泥中投加FeSO_4及S~0的生物基质进行生物调理的方法改善污泥脱水性质.在确定两者的投加质量比为7∶3(FeSO_4的质量以Fe~(2+)计)的条件下,分别投加质量为污泥干重的10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的混合基质,结果表明当基质投加量为污泥干重的20%时,污泥的脱水性能最佳.其中,毛细吸水时间(CST)较对照组降低了38.71%,粘度下降了81.91%,泥饼含固率为对照组的135.19%.同时,污泥中的胞外聚合物(EPS)总量有了显著的下降,污泥絮体中的有机质从与污泥细胞更紧密结合的紧密型EPS(TB-EPS)中释放到较外层的疏松型EPS(LB-EPS)中,且Zeta电位接近中性,从而使得污泥脱水性能得到改善.     

Enhancement of municipal sludge dewaterability by electrochemical pretreatment

Electrolysis is a promising technology to improve sludge dewaterability efficiently with negligible environmental impact. To intensify the electrolytic efficiency, the effect of electrolytes (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaNO₃, and NaClO₄) on electrolysis pretreatment of municipal sludge and its mechanisms was investigated using Ti/PbO₂ electrodes. The electrolytes, which enhanced the production of oxidative radicals, showed a significant synergetic effect in reducing the capillary suction time (CST) of sludge. NaCl was distinguished from the other electrolytes since it formed a large amount of active chlorine species, which oxidized the sludge cells to improve the sludge dewaterability. The surface morphologies as well as the soluble proteins and polysaccharides were analyzed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of sludge dewaterability. Additionally, an economic assessment showed that NaCl addition in the electrolysis pretreatment can be a suitable technique for enhancing municipal sludge dewaterability.     

Enhanced dewaterability of waste activated sludge by UV assisted ZVI-PDS oxidation

Ultraviolet（UV） assisted zero-valent iron（ZVI）-activated sodium persulfate（PDS） oxidation（UV-ZVI-PDS） was used to treat waste activated sludge（WAS） in this study.The dewaterability performance and mechanism of WAS dewatering were analyzed.The results showed that UV-ZVI-PDS can obtain better sludge dewatering performance in a wide pH range（2.0-8.0）.When the molar ratio of ZVI/PDS was 0.6,UV was 254 nm,PDS dosage was 200 mg/g TS（total solid）,pH was 6.54,reaction time was 20 min,the CST（capillary s...