使用高分辨色质联机AUTOSPEC-ULTIMANT分析二噁英及呋喃

"二噁英"是指具有相似化学结构和生物特征的一族化合物,分别属于三大类别:多氯代二苯并二噁英(PC-DDs),多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯联苯(PCBs).PCDDs和PCDFs无商业目的性生产,而是在大量的人类活动中产生的.自然过程也可以产生PCDDs和PCDFs.在过去的十年里,环境立法机构和企业一起致力于减少二噁英的排放.     

检测沉积物中多氯代二苯并对二噁英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)的前处理方法优化

本研究旨于优化环境基质(以沉积物为例)中多氯代二苯并对二(恶)英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)的检测技术,主要体现在前处理流程上,在节省成本、提高工作效率上具有重要意义.1实验部分1.1样品前处理为了评价本文提出方法的实用性,在样品前处理阶段,由两名实验人员根据方法流程对4个不同沉积物样品的前处理进行独立操作.     

高分辨气质联用分析大气颗粒物中的二噁英

二噁英由于持久性、高蓄积性、高毒性为人们所广为关注.它是多氯代二苯并二噁英类及多氯代呋喃类的简称(PCDD/PCDF),共有210种同分异构体.其中毒性最强的是2,3,7,8TCDD,动物实验表明其对天竺鼠(guineapig)的半致死剂量(LD50)为1μg·kg-1,是迄今为止发现过的致癌性最强的物     

高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用分析氯苯类化合物中的二噁英类

多氯代二苯并-对-二噁英(Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,PCDDs)和多氯代二苯并呋喃(Poly-chlorinated dibenzofurans,PCDFs)通称为二噁英(PCDD／Fs或dioxins),它们是氯代三环芳香化合物,由于氯原子的取代数目和位置不同,构成了75种PCDD和135种PCDF．在这210种化合物中,有17种(2,3,7,8位被氯原子取代)被认为对人类健康有巨大的危害,动物实验表明其具有强致癌性．其中,2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并-对-二噁英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)在已知的化合物中毒性最大．二噁英类广泛分布于全球环境介质中,化学性质稳定,难以生物降解,可在食物链中富集．二噁英类往往作为副产品以杂质的形式存在于多种化工产品中,如氯酚、氯代苯氧酸型除草剂、多氯联苯、四氯苯醌等．     

用Autospec-Ultima NT气相色谱-高分辨质谱分析二噁英及相关的持久性有机污染物

"二噁英"是指一类化学结构和生物特征均有某些相似之处的化合物.这些有毒化合物有几百种,可分为相关的三大类:氯代二苯并-对-二噁英(CDDs),氯代二苯并呋喃(CDFs)和某些多氯代联苯(PCBs).CDDs和CDFs并非与生具有,而是由于人类活动不注意而生成的.天然过程也会产生CDDs和CDFs.     

多氯代苯并噻吩分子空间坐标指数与气相色谱保留时间的QSPR研究

运用Chem Office软件绘制37个多氯代苯并噻吩三维图,并得到对应的分子空间坐标Pi(xi,yi,zi)。以多氯代苯并噻吩分子的原子距离指数、分子空间特征指数、分子电性距离矢量、氯原子数为分子描述变量,采用多元线性回归和BP人工神经网络建立描述变量与多氯代苯并噻吩的气相色谱保留时间的QSPR模型。结果表明:多元线性回归建模相关系数R=0.9970,SD=2.1830,基于BP人工神经网络建立的模型R=0.9996,SD=0.3123。为多氯代苯并噻吩分子结构与物性的QSPR研究提供了新思路。     

高效气相色谱串联四极杆质谱联用测定飞灰和鲤鱼中的二噁英及筛选方法的建立

高分辨气相色谱／高分辨磁质谱(HRGC／HRMS)分析痕量二噁英(PCDD／Fs，即多氯二苯并二噁英和多氯二苯并呋喃)具有高灵敏度和高选择性，美国环保局(Environmental Protection Agency，EPA)1997年颁布的检测环境样品中二噁英的标准方法1613规定使用HRGC／HRMS，高分辨质谱数据可面向     

城市污水处理厂污泥中多氯二苯并二噁英/呋喃的分布特征

采用同位素稀释法-高分辨气相色谱-质谱测定了2007年北京8个污水处理厂污泥样品中多氯二苯并二噁英(PCDDs)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)的分布情况,并根据毒性当量系数计算了污泥中PCDD/Fs的毒性当量(I-TEQPCDD/Fs).样品的I-TEQPCDD/Fs为1.4-15.0pg·g-1dw,平均值为6.0p...     

高效气相色谱串联四极杆质谱联用测定飞灰和鲤鱼中的二(口恶)英及筛选方法的建立

高分辨气相色谱/高分辨磁质谱(HRGC/HRMS)分析痕量二(口恶)英(PCDD/Fs,即多氯二苯并二(口恶)英和多氯二苯并呋喃)具有高灵敏度和高选择性,美国环保局(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)1997年颁布的检测环境样品中二(口恶)英的标准方法1613规定使用HRGC/HRMS,高分辨质谱数据可面向法规是二(口恶)英分析行业法定检测方法.但HRGC/HRMS成本高,而且对仪器操作人员也提出了较高的要求.如果在HRGC/HRMS分析前,采用快速简单的筛选区分出低、高浓度检测样品,就可以有效提高HRGC/HRMS的工作效率.     

溴代二恶英类的来源、检测与污染现状

多溴二苯并-对-二恶英和多溴二苯并呋喃(PBDD/Fs)具有与多氯二苯并-对-二恶英和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)相似的结构和毒性,广泛存在于多种环境介质和生物体中,已经引起了广泛的关注.本文讨论了溴代阻燃剂(BFRs)生产和处理、电子垃圾拆解和热处理、垃圾焚烧和金属冶炼等工业热过程中PBDD/Fs排放水平及生成机制.其中,PBDD/Fs在BFRs产品中的含量较高,范围为0.257—49.605μg.g-1,在电子垃圾热解处理中气相和固相的含量分别可达到57 ng TEQ.kg-1和19000 ng TEQ.kg-1,而在冶金过程烟道气中的含量范围是0.14—1.5 ng TEQ.m-3.本文还总结了PBDD/F分析方法研究进展,包括样品前处理和仪器分析方法,提出了目前影响准确定量PBDD/Fs的因素以及相关的解决措施.归纳了当前环境介质和生物体及食品中PBDD/Fs的存在水平,指出电子垃圾热处理、垃圾焚烧等工业热过程已导致周边环境和生物体内PBDD/Fs的浓度增高.最后,介绍了国外与PBDD/Fs相关的控制措施和政策法规.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Environmental education in comprehensive schools in Greece

The new institution of comprehensive high school, in Greece today, aims to relate the school with the natural, social, economical and cultural environment. In this frame of process, interrelation and dynamic contact of school with the holistic environment, the subject “Ecology and Environment”; of the 2nd class (16–17 years old), informs, sensitizes and activizes the anxious young generation. The textbook of the subject determines and analyzes the human impact and their consequences to the natural ecosystems. In the total content there are also numerous examples from the natural, man‐made and cultural environment of Greece.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.