几种类Fenton试剂的氧化特性及在工业废水处理中的应用

根据文献资料，概述了羟基自由基（·ＯＨ）的性质，系统地介绍了Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂及其几种类Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂Ｈ２Ｏ２＋ｕｖ（ｕｌｔｒａｖｉｏｌｅｔ）、Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｆｅ＾２＋＋ｕｖ、Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｆｅ＾２＋＋Ｏ２、Ｈ２Ｏ２＋ｕｖ＋Ｏ２和Ｈ２Ｏ２＋Ｆｅ＾２＋＋ｕｖ＋Ｏ２的氧化特性，并对该领域国内外研究动态及在工业废水处理中的应用状况进行了较为详细的阐述。     

有机染料废水处理研究进展

对有机染料废水的物化处理法（混萃取、吸附、电解、膜分离、蒸馏浓缩及焚烧法）和生化法的特点及进展，特别对湿式氧化、光氧化，Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂氧化，臭氧氧化法的研究进展作了重点阐述。     

高浓度难降解有机废水低压湿式催化氧化处理

在湿式空气氧化法和Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂的基础上,研究了一种新的低压湿式催化氧化法．该法与湿式空气氧化法相比,压力为０．１－０．６ＭＰａ,而后者压力为３．５－１０ＭＰａ;温度小于１８０℃;与Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ法相比,当Ｈ２Ｏ２ＣＯＤ（重量比）小于１．２时,对ＣＯＤ大于１４０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的含酚废水,ＣＯＤ去除率提高２０％以上,试验证实硫酸在加温、加压（０．１－０．６ＭＰａ,１０４－１６５℃）条件下对Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂除ＣＯＤ具有协同作用．用该法还进行了部分染料和农药废水处理研究．     

负载型TiO2固定相光催化氧化法降解水中呋码唑酮

以高压汞灯为光源、负载在海砂上的ＴｉＯ２为催化剂，采用敞口固定床型光催化反应器对水中难降解的呋码唑酮（ＦＴＤ）进行了固定相光催化氧化实验。结果表明，反应速率可用ＬａｎｇｍｕｉｒＨｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｏｄ方程描述，与光分解相比，光催化氧化的突出优点是矿化程度高，相同光辐射条件下反应１００ｍｉｎ，０．１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＦＴＤ水溶液经光催化氧化后ＴＯＣ的去除率为８９．１％，而经光分解后ＴＯＣ的去除率仅为２８．８％；在反应体系中投加少量臭氧或过氧化氢可以显著提高ＦＴＤ的氧化效率，说明光催化氧化可以兼容Ｏ３／ＵＶ、Ｈ２Ｏ２／ＵＶ等光激发氧化工艺。制得的负载型ＴｉＯ２具有较高的机械强度和化学稳定性，可重复利用。探讨了充氧、ＦＴＤ浓度及ｐＨ值等对光催化氧化过程的影响。     

高级氧化技术在废水处理中的应用研究进展

探讨了高级氧化技术（Ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ Ｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ，即ＡＯＰｓ）如：Ｏ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂均相湿式催化氧化；Ｈ２Ｏ２／ＵＶ、Ｏ３／ＵＶ、Ｏ３／Ｈ２Ｏ２／ＵＶ均相光催化氧化；多相湿式催化氧化，多相光催化氧化，多相催化和生化氧化等过程处理废水及其反应机理，论述了ＡＯＰｓ技术在工业废水处理方面的研究进展。     

Fenton试剂处理三硝基间苯二酚铅废水的研究

本文采用Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂对三硝基间苯二酚铅废水进行了催化氧化的实验研究，探讨了Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度、和Ｆｅ＾２＋浓度对废水中酚，Ｐｂ、ＣＯＤ和ＴＯＣ去除率的影响。实验结果表明，用Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂作处理剂对酚，ＣＯＤ和ＴＯＣ都有良好的去除率；处理后的溶液用碱调至中性可有效去除其中的铅。     

化学氧化法处理资源回收后的J—酸和叶氏酸染料中间体废液

萘系磺酸染料中间体Ｊ－酸和吐氏酸废母液经有用资源的回收后，尚须进行最终出水的达标处理，通过吐氏酸和Ｊ－酸母液萃余液的后处理试验，确定了盐回收－混凝沉积－化学氧化法的达标处理工艺方案，并确定了相应的工艺参数，其中化学氧化采用Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂（以双氧水作氧化剂，绿矾为催化剂），在经济合理的投量范围内经２－４ｈ反应，萃余液ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达８０％以上，最终出水ＣＯＤｃｒｘ在２００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，满足有关工     

光助芬顿氧化法降解染料废水的应用研究综述

为提高有机染料废水的降解效率,高级氧化技术（AOPs）在处理有机染料废水中已经得到了成功的应用。其中,芬顿（Fenton）氧化,尤其是光助芬顿氧化法（Photo—Fenton）倍受研究人员的关注。阐述了光助芬顿氧化法的产生与发展．反应机理以及影响其降解染料废水的几方面因素。对光助芬顿氧化法今后的发展方向提出了一些建议。     

化学氧化法处理资源回收后的J-酸和吐氏酸染料中间体废液

萘系磺酸染料中间体Ｊ－酸和吐氏酸废母液经有用资源的回收后,尚须进行最终出水的达标处理．通过吐氏酸和Ｊ－酸废母液萃余液的后处理试验,确定了盐回收－混凝沉淀－化学氧化的达标处理工艺方案,并确定了相应的工艺参数．其中化学氧化采用Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂（以双氧水作氧化剂,绿矾为催化剂）,在经济合理的投量范围内经２—４ｈ反应,萃余液ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达８０％以上,最终出水ＣＯＤｃｒ在２００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下,满足有关工业废水排放标准．     

Fenton试剂与染料溶液的反应

Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂与酸性、活性、直接、阳离子、分散和还原６类１８种染料反应进,前４类染料在１８０ｍｉｎ内完全脱色,ＴＯＣ浓度均显著下降。后２类染料的脱色率很低,ＴＯＣ浓度降低不多,研究了不同金属离子与此外光的催化下,Ｔ２Ｏ２对染料罗丹明Ｂ溶液的氧化反应。催化的结果为：Ｆｅ＾２／ＵＶ〉Ｃｕ＾２＋／ＵＶ〉Ｆｅ＾２＋〉Ｃｕ＾２＋〉Ｍｕ＾２＋／ＵＶ〉Ａｇ＾＋／ＵＶ〉Ｍｎ＾２＋〉Ａｇ＾＋,通过与还原蓝ＲＳＮ溶     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.