中国的地震海啸及其预警服务

本文概述中国历史上地震海啸的发生情况,讨论了中国受远洋地震海啸影响的可能性,重点介绍了1992年初发生在海南岛近海的,首次由仪器记录到的极为鲜见的一次地震海啸,最后叙述了目前中国地震海啸预警的作业力式。     

中国东部海域发生海啸的可能性分析

由强地震引发的印度洋大海啸在短短几个小时内就演变成了一场巨大的人间惨剧。这样的2004年12月26日自然灾害,人类能不能预防?它的形成机制是什么?我国历史上发生过海啸吗?在未来我国哪些地区会发生海啸?就上述问题,作了可能性分析。印度洋海啸的发生可以说既是天灾,也是人祸。人类虽说还不能控制地震、海啸等天灾的发生,但可以通过预报等措施来减轻它们造成的损失。我国历史时期曾发生过多次海啸,台湾周围海域是海啸的高发区域,其次是大陆架区域,渤海是低发区域。在未来,东海、南海,特别是台湾岛附近海域具备产生海啸的条件,即海南、台湾存在成灾条件;其次是上海,广州,也存在潜在的海啸危险;沿海其它城市亦应居安思危。     

苏沪浙海岸的地震海啸增水

江苏、上海和浙江地区的地震海啸增水研究自20世纪80年代开始,研究结果为沿海重大工程建设提供了地震海啸设防的基本数据。地震海啸历史文献记录表明,可能在该地区产生显著增水的海啸主要发生在南黄海海域和台湾附近海域。在琉球隆褶区发生的地震海啸受到冲绳海槽、钓鱼岛隆褶带的阻滞,在向东海陆架浅水区传播过程中进一步衰减,由此产生的海啸增水只有在现代仪器记录上才能分辨出来,通常不会在该地区产生灾害。在识别该研究区的潜在海啸源工作的基础上,用数值方法分析研究了海啸波传播过程,结果认为该地区受到的地震海啸影响不大于风暴潮,这一结论与历史记录相符。     

海啸预警系统及我国海啸减灾任务

2004年12月26日印度洋海啸引发了新一轮海啸预警系统的研究。简述了地震海啸预警的原理，分析了海啸数值模拟的一些基本方法，综述了目前世界上多个国家海啸预警系统的建设情况，通过对我国海啸灾害研究现状的分析，明确了我国当前海啸防灾减灾工作的主要任务。     

南海海域地震海啸潜在危险的探析

本文对南海海域的海底地形地貌、海水深度、地质构造格局、断裂活动、地震和海啸的活动等进行分析,认为南海北、西、南以及中部都不具备发生地震海啸的基本条件.而南海东部边缘的台湾南部～菲律宾以西的马尼拉海沟,不仅具备发生地震海啸的条件,而且是南海亚板块向菲律宾板块的俯冲带,强震活动频繁且倾滑型或具有倾滑分量的走滑型地震比例很高,同时历史上也曾发生多次海啸,是南海最有可能引发地震海啸的潜在地区.     

时刻准备着……——记国家地震灾害紧急救援队员训练一日

汶川、玉树、日本．地震、海啸、泥石流，哪里有灾难发生，哪里就有一支身着橘红色衣装的救援队伍第一时间赶到灾害现场．对受灾群众进行救援．而他们就是传说中的中国国际救援队（CISAR），对内称国家地震灾害紧急救援队。     

地震海啸数值模拟中海洋水深数据的敏感性研究

海洋水深数据是进行海啸数值模拟计算最基础的输入数据之一。目前可供使用的数据源较多,各种数据源之间的差异性以及数据自身误差是否会对海啸数值模拟产生影响值得关注。以中国南海为研究对象,以马尼拉海沟俯冲区为潜在震源区,研究了水深数据的数据源差异性以及数据自身误差对于地震海啸数值模拟的敏感性。结果表明,在开阔的外海海域,不同数据源之间的水深数据差异对于海啸数值模拟的影响可忽略;水深数据自身误差对于数值模拟的海啸波幅值的影响不明显,但对于其相位则存在一定的影响。综合而言,目前开放的海洋水深数据对在开阔的外海海域的海啸传播数值模拟是满足要求的。     

地震专家与网友一起回顾印度洋地震海啸

2005年12月26日，是印度洋地震海啸一周年纪念日，为此，由中国地震科普网与人民网联合主办，中国减灾协会协办，于12月26日-28日举办了两期地震海啸一周年回顾访谈活动。此次活动利用人民网网络平台面向全国视频播放，地震专家和相关领导与网友开辟互动时段，在网上为全国广大网民解答有关地震海啸及相关问题。     

黄河夺淮与江苏沿海潮灾

江苏沿海历史上曾遭受频繁的海潮侵袭,给江苏沿海人民生命财产造成极大的危害。江苏沿海的潮灾在历史文献记载中主要指三种灾害形式,即“海啸”、“潮水漫溢”和“卤灾”。史料中记述的“海啸”,从概念上来看,并非是直正的海啸。     

海啸破坏特点与工程防御方法初探

印度洋海啸现场调查表明,海啸灾害不同于地震和洪水灾害.海啸通过高水位淹没和浪涌冲击对海边地势低平地区的房屋、道路、桥梁、机场以及给排水、供电、通讯等设施与车辆、船只造成严重破坏.海啸上岸后,由于巨大的冲力,将夹带一些破损建筑物产生的固体漂浮物一同前进,因此破坏力更强.由于淹没、浪涌、冲毁建筑物压埋以及漂浮物冲击等综合作用,造成人员死亡率极高,所过之处,财物殆尽.抗御海啸灾害的工程措施主要在于合理规划(避让、削弱、分流、阻挡)和科学设计(潜在海啸灾害等级划分、结构性态决策、海啸荷载确定、抗海啸分析、构造设计).     

The strength of networks: the local NGO response to the tsunami in India

This paper examines the role played by a network of 12 local non-governmental organisations (NGOs)--the East Coast Development Forum (ECDF)-in the response to the Indian Ocean tsunami ('Asian tsunami') of 26 December 2004, which devastated the east coast of India. It examines how the ECDF sought to meet the needs of affected people through a direct relief programme, a rehabilitation programme focused on the restoration of livelihoods, and through advocacy to press for changes to government programmes to make them inclusive and to ensure that they satisfy the priority needs of the people most affected. The paper concludes that it was the trust and capacity built up through past network activities of the fisher, dalit, and tribal communities that enabled the ECDF to launch an effective response to the tsunami. A lesson to emerge is that the use of similar existing networks could be employed in other disaster responses around the world.     

从印度洋地震海啸看中国的巨灾风险

2004年12月26日印度洋海啸给沿岸国家造成了严重灾难,其主要原因是缺乏必要的防范。中国历史上巨灾频发,今后仍存在比较严重的巨灾威胁。预测我国有11个巨灾高风险区,巨灾种类主要为特大洪水、大地震、强台风和特大风暴潮以及大区域持续性严重干旱。建立巨灾防御体系是今后我国减灾工作的重心。     

大型海啸灾害后重伤员批量护理风险建模研究

大型海啸灾害等自然灾害的发生产生了大量重伤员,所以研究大型海啸灾害后重伤员的批量护理风险建模极为重要。通过大型海啸灾害救治流程预案启动和重伤员批量护理实施方法两部分研究大型海啸灾害后重伤员批量护理方法,并提出通过前馈控制性管理防范护理风险。提升护理风险管理的科学性以及全面性。通过护理风险防范预案提升重伤员护理质量将大型海啸灾害后批量重伤员护理风险降至最低。通过护理风险防范预案提升重伤员护理质量等降低重伤员批量护理风险的措施,使得大型海啸灾害后的急救工作可快捷有序完成,赢得重伤员抢救的黄金时间。     

Post-disaster community tourism recovery: the tsunami and Arugam Bay, Sri Lanka

Tourism is highly vulnerable to external, non-controllable events. A natural disaster can affect the local tourism industry in numerous ways, and such events are particularly devastating for small communities whose local economy is heavily dependent on the sector. Loss of infrastructure plus negative media stories can have long-term ramifications for the destination. In spite of the economic importance of tourism, post-disaster recovery efforts in this sector are often overlooked by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), which focus on more traditional livelihoods such as agriculture or fishing. This paper describes Mercy Corps' support of tourism recovery activities in Arugam Bay, a remote village on the east coast of Sri Lanka, following the 2004 tsunami. The local economic base is built largely on two sectors: community tourism and fishing. As many other actors were supporting recovery in the local fishing industry, Mercy Corps concentrated on revitalising the tourism sector.     

Lessons for long-term social recovery following the 2004 tsunami: Community,livelihoods, tourism and housing

The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 galvanized world attention like no other natural disaster before. Unprecedented amounts of aid were given and a record number of international aid agencies were involved in relief and recovery operations. Major reviews of the response to the disaster have suggested that the immediate relief effort was better than expected. However, weaknesses in the longer term recovery work were identified within months of the disaster and yet the same weaknesses were being confirmed four and five years later. Even though many studies have been published on the tsunami disaster there are still many lessons to be learnt, particularly in relation to social recovery as distinct from the restoration of destroyed or damaged infrastructure. This paper presents an overview of the findings of a study that was conducted over a period of four years across five different tsunami-affected local areas of Sri Lanka and southern India. The study focused on lessons to be learnt in relation to rebuilding community, restoring livelihoods, recreating an appropriate tourism industry and providing relevant housing and planned settlements for disaster survivors. The paper argues that ‘build back better’ is possible, but only if ‘asset replacement’ strategies are replaced by integrated physical and social planning to address local needs in culturally appropriate ways. Much of what the authors advocate may seem to be little more than ‘common sense’ and many of our findings echo those of many other post-tsunami evaluations. Yet patient and well-integrated approaches to disaster recovery are all too rare in a world that is experiencing so many natural disasters. Because the 2004 tsunami evoked an unprecedented global response it is important to ensure that the lessons of the recovery effort are clearly learnt and this paper aims to convert research findings into a clear strategy for long-term social recovery.     

温带风暴潮灾害链的识别与区分--以莱州湾风暴潮为例

我国温带风暴潮灾害主要集中在渤海、黄海沿岸,其中莱州湾沿岸是频繁发生的重灾区。以识别莱州湾沿岸发生的温带风暴潮灾害链的组成为研究目标,通过2次典型灾害事件分析了温带风暴潮灾害的成因、发生及其演化规律等问题,进而识别了温带风暴潮灾害链发生过程中的灾害类别及相应致灾因子,根据致灾过程提出了5种灾害链条,最后区分了不同行业灾害损失中主要致灾因子的作用。研究结果可对温带风暴潮灾害链的预警及减灾工作提供决策支持。