贵阳市郊菜园土-辣椒体系中重金属的迁移特征

选择贵阳市郊二戈寨、马铃乡和永乐乡的辣椒地,研究重金属在菜园土-辣椒体系中的迁移过程.结果表明,二戈寨、马铃乡和永乐乡3处采样地点菜园土中存在不同程度的重金属污染,综合污染指数分别为1.17、1.23和2.18,主要污染元素为Zn、Cu、Cd.但辣椒果实中仅有Cd超标.在土壤-辣椒体系各界面间,重金属元素迁移能力大小顺序发生了变化:在土壤-根部间为CdCu＞Zn＞Pb,在根部-茎叶间为Zn＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu,在茎叶-果实间为Cu(＞＞)Zn＞Cd＞Pb.对于Cu、Pb和Zn元素来说,辣椒根-土界面是重金属进入辣椒果实的主要障碍,其生物富集系数BCF值(蔬菜根中重金属含量/土壤中重金属含量)分别在0.21～0.44、0.04～0.24和0.033～0.08之间,而Cd的BCF值却达1.06～4.23,表现为富集作用.Cd的迁移系数TF1值(蔬菜茎叶中重金属含量/根部重金属含量)表明,其在根部-茎叶间的迁移几乎不受阻碍,但在果实-茎叶界面再次受阻,其TF2值(蔬菜果实中重金属含量/茎叶中重金属含量)在0.42～0.51之间.     

滇南矿区重金属污染耕地的植物修复及其健康风险

在云南个旧矿区大田种植条件下,研究种植蜈蚣草、鲜食糯玉米、板蓝根蔬菜和高梁对重金属As(103.83±4.30)mg·kg~(-1)、Pb(293.17±15.99)mg·kg~(-1)、Cd(1.95±0.16)mg·kg~(-1)复合污染土壤的治理和修复效果,并分析作物对人体的健康风险。结果表明,4种植物对土壤重金属的吸收有较大的差异,蜈蚣草As富集系数为(1.74±0.16),表现出较好的As富集植物特性,Pb富集系数为(0.42±0.05),富集能力明显高于其它3种植物。高梁秸杆、玉米秸杆、板蓝根蔬菜Cd富集系数均大于1,尤其是板蓝根蔬菜,富集系数为(3.19±0.46),Cd富集能力较强;在生物量和重金属吸收量的双重作用下,高梁秸杆对土壤中As、Pb、Cd的提取效率均高于其它3种植物。蜈蚣草除Cd外,对土壤重金属As、Pb的提取效率与高梁相当;经公式计算,若通过种植以上4种植物将试验区土壤As、Pb、Cd修复到国家土壤环境质量二级标准限量以内,需要种植玉米和板蓝根蔬菜约100年以上,而种植高梁仅需25年。蜈蚣草对试验区土壤As、Pb修复效果明显,预计种植蜈蚣草30年可将试验区土壤As、Pb修复到国家土壤环境质量二级标准限值以内;参试的3种可食用作物健康风险分析表明,当地居民通过食用板蓝根蔬菜进入人体的Pb、As和Cd暴露风险指数(HQ)均大于1,人体健康风险较大,不宜在试验区种植食用;食用玉米、高粱进入人体的Pb、As和Cd暴露风险指数虽小于1,但Pb和As的HQ均在0.9以上,存在潜在的健康风险。综合分析4种植物的修复效果、健康风险以及经济效益,高梁作为一种优良的生物质能源植物,引导种植较高抗性的高梁品种以及套种低累积高梁品种与蜈蚣草,可推荐作为滇南矿区重金属复合污染耕地边生产、边修复的土地安全利用模式。     

大冶龙角山矿区几种植物的重金属吸收特征

通过调查采样和化学测试,对大冶龙角山矿区小麦、油菜、莴苣、白菜苔、豌豆等几种主要农作物中的重金属Cu、Pb、Cd及类金属As的质量分数进行分析。结果表明,供试农作物中,莴苣的重金属(包括As)质量分数显著高于其它作物的,其中以Cd质量分数最高,而豌豆的重金属质量分数最低,其它作物重金属质量分数由高到低的顺序为油菜、腌菜、白菜苔、小麦;小麦中的重金属质量分数依次是w(Cd) > w(As) > w(Pb) > w(Cu) > w(Cr),油菜中为w(Cd) > w(As) > w(Pb) > w(Cr) > w(Cu),莴苣中为w(Cd) > w(Cu) > w(Pb) > w(As)> w(Cr);随河流向下,作物中重金属含量变化规律与相应土壤中重金属累积量基本一致,如油菜含铜量在上游为0.61 g/g,在下游为0.37 g/g。     

湘中某工矿区农户菜园重金属污染分析与健康风险评价

为研究湘中某工矿区对周边农户菜园土壤和蔬菜的影响,采集矿区周边18个蔬菜样地15个品种计80个蔬菜样品,分析土壤及蔬菜中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量,并采用污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对土壤和蔬菜重金属污染进行评价.研究表明,矿区蔬菜地土壤受到严重的重金属污染,Cd污染最为严重.从综合污染指数来看,蔬菜均受到中、重度污染,苋菜污染最严重.各元素在蔬菜中的富集能力大小为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb.重金属暴露接触对人体的风险评估结果表明,蔬菜可食部分Cd与Pb的危险度(HQ)均大于1,居民通过蔬菜途径摄入的Pb和Cd对人体健康存在较大的潜在风险.建议农户菜园在不能改制改种的情况下,种植根茎类蔬菜.     

蓬莱仙界园区土壤-蔬菜系统重金属形态解析及关联特征

为了解贵阳市蓬莱仙界生态园区土壤-蔬菜系统中重金属的赋存形态及其内在的关联特征,采用Nemero综合污染指数和综合质量影响指数IICQ分析了番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)、甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)、红油菜(Brassica napus)、豌豆(Pisum sativum)、白菜(Spinacia oleracea)、胭脂萝卜(Raphanus sativus)地土壤-蔬菜系统重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As的综合污染状况,并依据重金属生物有效性、形态解析和富集系数对土壤-蔬菜系统中重金属的关联特征进行了表征。结果表明:土壤重金属综合污染指数为番茄地(2.98)甘蓝地(2.90)红油菜地(2.36)豌豆地(2.33)白菜地(2.18)胭脂萝卜地(1.85),番茄土壤和甘蓝土壤属于中度污染,胭脂萝卜土壤污染最轻,土壤中Hg的单因子污染指数最大,其含量高于贵州省背景值2~3倍。BCR连续分级提取结果表明:研究区Pb、Cr、Cd和As以残渣态为主,Cr、Hg和As的形态分布相似,Cd的酸可提取态占总量的比例最大,为14.81%,活性态比例大小顺序为:Hg(48.98%)Cd(44.44%)Pb(39.40%)Cr(10.37%)As(1.18%),同种元素的不同形态所占比例不同,其中,Hg、Cd和Pb的活性态含量较高,潜在危害较大。土壤-蔬菜系统重金属IICQ指数大小顺序为:番茄(3.92)红油菜(3.37)白菜(3.33)胭脂萝卜(3.32)甘蓝(3.25)豌豆(2.74),除土壤-豌豆系统属轻度污染外,其余属中度污染;蔬菜综合质量影响指数表明,番茄的IICQ_v最大,为2.50,污染最严重。番茄叶和白菜叶对Hg的富集系数均高于其他蔬菜的叶组织,不同蔬菜和不同组织部位对Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As的富集能力差异明显,番茄根和胭脂萝卜根对Pb的富集能力远高于茎叶,Pb主要累积在豌豆和甘蓝的茎部,其次为根部,红油菜叶和白菜叶对Pb的富集系数高于其根茎;甘蓝、白菜和红油菜富集Cd能力较高,豌豆对Cd的富集能力最弱、IICQ_V最小,受污染最轻,抵抗重金属能力最强。     

大冶矿区土壤-蔬菜重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

对大冶铜绿山、铜山口矿区和非矿区的土壤、蔬菜重金属污染特征进行了分析,利用单因子污染指数及内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了土壤环境质量,并进一步分析了蔬菜重金属暴露接触对当地居民的健康风险.结果表明,矿区附近蔬菜地土壤均受到不同程度上的重金属污染,尤其是Cu和Cd的污染.非矿区蔬菜地土壤受到重金属的中度污染,主要是Cd污染.矿区蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量均超过中国食品安全卫生标准,非矿区部分蔬菜中Pb和Cd的含量超标.矿区居民食用各种蔬菜均会产生Pb和Cd的健康风险.青少年儿童食用蔬菜比成年人更易受到重金属的危害.     

大邑铅锌矿区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染现状及评价

研究了四川省大邑县铅锌矿区附近土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd含量,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价铅锌矿区附近土壤重金属污染状况。结果表明,铅锌矿矿口以及选矿厂周边土壤重金属富集因子均超过1,距选矿厂距离≤20 m的3个土壤样点Pb、Zn和Cd的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数较高,土壤污染程度为重污染,选矿厂周边土壤重金属污染在水平层次的空间分布上表现出异质性。选矿厂周边蔬菜地下部分重金属含量普遍高于地上部分,不同重金属在蔬菜可食用部分的转移因子总体由大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Pb和Cr。选矿厂周边蔬菜地土壤与蔬菜中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量之间无显著相关性,但土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd含量3者之间在α=0.01水平上显著相关。     

龙葵、大叶井口边草和短萼灰叶对Pb、Cd和As污染农田的修复研究

以云南省个旧市重金属污染农田为研究对象,通过野外田间试验研究7种配置种植方式下龙葵(Solanum nigrum)、大叶井口边草(Pteris cretica var.nervosa)和短萼灰叶(Tephrosia candida)对Pb、Cd和As的吸收特征,探讨3种植物不同配置方式对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田的修复潜力.结果表明:供试农田土壤Cd和As含量均超出GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的三级标准.所有不同植物配置种植方式中,龙葵地上部对Cd的吸收量最大,为(6.99±0.25) mg·kg-1,大叶井口边草地上部对As的吸收量最大,为(326.98±93.99) mg·kg-1,短萼灰叶地上部对Pb的吸收量最大,为(32.96±5.65) mg· kg-1,均低于超富集植物的临界阈值(Cd 100 mg· kg-1,As1 000 mg·kg-1,Pb 1 000mg· kg-1).比较7种种植方式对污染土壤中重金属的提取效率发现,单作龙葵条件下,龙葵地上部对Pb、Cd和As的吸收量最大,年吸收量分别为1 004.97、152.04和1 534.47g· hm-2,若将Cd和As污染农田土壤修复达到GB 15618-1995中的三级标准,提取效率分别为2.811 6％和1.413％.这说明单作龙葵对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田具有一定修复潜力,但不适用于修复高浓度重金属污染农田.     

镇江市古运河河岸沉积物重金属分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

对镇江市古运河河岸7个表层沉积物中重金属As、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr含量进行测定,并通过富集系数、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价以及主成分分析等对沉积物重金属的分布特征进行综合分析与评价.结果表明:(1)古运河河岸带沉积物Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd元素的含量平均值分别为45.07、41.70、254.06、19.67、45.88、0.75 mg·kg-1,p H平均值为7.98.对比《国家土壤环境质量标准》可知,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、As属于超一级标准,而Cd属于超二级标准.(2)6种重金属的富集系数表现为:AsCdPbZnCuCr,且综合富集系数在空间上表现为:G2G5G1G4G3G7G6;(3)古运河河岸表层沉积物地累积指数表现为AsCdPbCuZnCr,6种重金属中As富集量最大,Cr的富集量最小.(4)单项潜在生态危害系数结果表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb均为轻微生态危害程度,As和Cd处于中等生态危害程度.从RI值判断,古运河河岸沉积物总体处于轻微生态危害.(5)相关性和主成分分析结果表明,Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd是决定第一主成分的4个主要因子,且Cu与Pb、Cd以及Pb与Cd元素具有相同的污染源.As、Zn在第二主成分中具有较高的载荷值,且As与Zn之间的相关性较弱,表明这两种重金属并非来自同一污染源.     

水稻对5种重金属累积特征及食用安全研究

为探究土壤中重金属污染对水稻食用安全性的影响,以上海市青浦区现代农业园区水稻和染毒土壤为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)和汞(Hg)5种土壤重金属在不同含量梯度下水稻生物量变化以及水稻籽粒部分累积特征,并基于《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)和靶标危害指数法(target hazard quotient,THQ)分析了土壤中5种重金属的安全阈值.研究结果表明,Cd、Hg和Cr对水稻地上部分生物量影响表现为"低促高抑"规律,Ni对水稻生物量影响不明显,随着Pb浓度升高,水稻生物量逐渐下降;水稻籽粒对5种重金属富集能力排序为Ni＞Cr＞Cd＞Pb＞Hg,水稻植株部分对5种重金属的富集量大于籽粒部分,富集趋势与籽粒部分相一致,植株部分含量约为籽粒部分的2倍～8倍,水稻籽粒中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr和Hg含量与土壤中对应重金属含量呈显著正相关线性关系(P＜0.01);依据《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2017)中谷物食用安全限量值以及靶标危害指数法,推导出污染区域土壤中各重金属安全阈值为:Cd 0.51 mg·kg-1、Pb 330.33 mg·kg-1、Ni 131.00 mg·kg-1、Cr 231.67 mg·kg-1、Hg 0.93 mg·kg-1.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Environmental education in comprehensive schools in Greece

The new institution of comprehensive high school, in Greece today, aims to relate the school with the natural, social, economical and cultural environment. In this frame of process, interrelation and dynamic contact of school with the holistic environment, the subject “Ecology and Environment”; of the 2nd class (16–17 years old), informs, sensitizes and activizes the anxious young generation. The textbook of the subject determines and analyzes the human impact and their consequences to the natural ecosystems. In the total content there are also numerous examples from the natural, man‐made and cultural environment of Greece.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.