两级SBR与传统SBR工艺的对比研究

用两级SBR工艺（TSSBR）处理COD与氮浓度较高的工业废水，SBR1去除有机物，SBR2主要进行硝化反硝化。TSSBR与传统SBR工艺相比，COD降解速率和硝化反应速率明显提高，COD去除率由84％提高到93％，2种工艺的反硝化速率没有明显差别。在原水COD浓度较高的情况下，TSSBR可有效克服高COD浓度对硝化反应的抑制，硝化反应速率是传统SBR的2倍。对于COD和氮浓度较高的工业废水，TSSBR明显优于传统SBR，是一种理想的处理工艺。     

两级SBR与传统SBR工艺的对比研究

采用两级SBR工艺(TSSBR)处理COD与氮浓度较高的工业废水,SBR1去除有机物,SBR2主要进行硝化反硝化。TSSBR与传统SBR工艺相比,COD降解速率和硝化反应速率明显提高,COD去除率由84%提高到93%,2种工艺的反硝化速率没有明显差别。在原水COD浓度较高的情况下,TSSBR可有效克服高COD浓度对硝化反应的抑制,硝化反应速率是传统SBR的2倍。对于COD和氮浓度较高的工业废水,TSSBR明显优于传统SBR,是一种理想的处理工艺。     

低曝气下PAC强化SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷

采用序批式反应器(SBR)处理模拟生活污水,研究不同曝气量(30、24、18和12 L/h)下活性污泥同步脱氮除磷规律,并在最佳曝气量下,比较了粉末活性炭-序批式反应器(PAC-SBR)和SBR的脱氮除磷效率,分析了低曝气下PAC-SBR的运行特性和优越性。实验结果表明,当曝气量为24 L/h时,SBR内出水效果较好,其COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别可以达到90.02%、81.13%和88.12%。在这个最佳曝气量下,PAC-SBR具有明显的优势,其COD、TN和TP的平均去除率均高于SBR,并且PAC-SBR具有较好的污泥沉降性能和较高的活性污泥浓度。在PAC-SBR中,活性污泥以PAC作为微生物载体强化了生物降解效果,并改善了低曝气下污泥絮体的结构,促使反应器内先后形成缺氧-厌氧-微氧/缺氧-缺氧的环境,利于同步硝化反硝化和反硝化聚磷,提高了PAC-SBR的同步脱氮除磷效率。     

A cascade of anoxic and oxic fluidized bed biofilm reactors for treatment of synthetic municipal wastewater

In this study, a cascade of anoxic and oxic fluidized bed biofilm reactors system was carried out to treat synthetic municipal wastewater. The parameters of the influent flow rates and C/N ratios were discussed. System performance was acceptable for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, and total nitrogen removal. A decrease of ammonia and total nitrogen removal efficiencies, however, was observed when the influent flow rates increased to 5.04 and 6.12 1 h(-1). Total nitrogen removal decreased at the influent C/N ratio of 3:1. The measured ratios of COD reduction in the anoxic column to nitrogen removal through nitrification-denitrification were 3.7, 3.5, 3.3, and 3.1 g COD/g(-1) N on average when the influent C/N ratios changed from 6:1 to 3:1. The observed sludge yield (Yobs) was 0.169 g VSS g COD(-1) because of perfect denitrification in the anoxic column and the relatively long solids retention time.     

曝气生物滤池中碳和氮代谢特性

用充填陶瓷滤料的曝气生物滤池研究碳和氮代谢特性.曝气生物滤池进水氨氮为52 mg/L左右、COD为100 mg/L左右和回流比为200%时,经过20多d的运行,出水氨氮小于0.05 mg/L、COD小于25 mg/L、亚硝态氮为4.7 mg/L和硝态氮为7.1 mg/L,COD去除率达75%,氨氮去除率达99.9%,总氮去除率达78%;过大和过小的回流比对曝气生物滤池的运行性能都是不利的.研究成果可以应用于一般城市污水以及含低COD、高氨氮工业废水的处理.     

间歇曝气潜流人工湿地的污水脱氮效果

采用间歇曝气运行方式,提升潜流人工湿地生活污水处理系统中的溶解氧浓度,强化脱氮效果。结果表明,间歇曝气运行方式有效提高了湿地内部溶解氧水平,曝气时溶解氧浓度可达6~9 mg/L,停止曝气后,溶解氧浓度迅速下降至0.5 mg/L以下,在湿地内部营造了一种交替的好氧和缺氧环境,分别促进好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化作用。在水力停留时间为3 d的情况下,间歇曝气潜流人工湿地系统对氨氮、总氮和COD的去除率分别可达到98.0%、87.6%和96.3%,较常规潜流人工湿地系统分别提高了74.1%、56.4%和18.1%,实现了氨氮、总氮和COD的同步高效去除。     

铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水的研究

利用铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水,介绍其作用机理,考察了废水pH值、铁屑用量、反应时间、曝气时间和操作方式等因素对色度和CODCr去除率的影响.结果表明,在废水pH值为4,铁屑用量为15%,常温反应4 h,曝气时间2 h条件下,色度去除率可达100%,CODCr去除率达92.68%.     

曝气＋化学絮凝法预处理环氧丙烷废水

根据环氧丙烷废水的特点，应用电化学法处理具有较高的可行性。运用电化学法处理PO废水前必须进行废水预处理，用以提高电流效率和延长极板寿命。采用曝气和化学絮凝结合的方法去除PO废水中的Ca2＋，同时去除部分COD。对曝气、无机絮凝剂（PACl、PFS）和有机絮凝剂（PAM）对PO废水处理过程中的曝气量、曝气时间、投药量、复配和沉降时间等主要影响因子进行了实验研究，通过比较Ca2＋、COD的去除效果、絮凝剂用量、沉降时间、处理成本等方面，在设定的实验参数下得到最佳预处理方案为：曝气量为2．5L／min，曝气45min，投加Na2CO3粉末24kg／t废水，充分混匀后加入PFS＋PAM复配絮凝剂。本方案具有废水处理效果好（Ca2＋的去除率为77．03％，COD的去除率为37．46％）、投药量少（（100＋7．5）g／t废水）、沉降时间短（5min）、处理成本低（0．675元／t废水）等优点。通过对比经预处理和不经预处理后电化学法对COD去除效果、电流和处理后阴极表面，验证了预处理方案的必要性与可行性。     

曝气+化学絮凝法预处理环氧丙烷废水简

根据环氧丙烷废水的特点，应用电化学法处理具有较高的可行性。运用电化学法处理PO废水前必须进行废水预处理，用以提高电流效率和延长极板寿命。采用曝气和化学絮凝结合的方法去除PO废水中的Ca²⁺，同时去除部分COD。对曝气、无机絮凝剂（PACl、PFS）和有机絮凝剂（PAM）对PO废水处理过程中的曝气量、曝气时间、投药量、复配和沉降时间等主要影响因子进行了实验研究，通过比较Ca²⁺、COD的去除效果、絮凝剂用量、沉降时间、处理成本等方面，在设定的实验参数下得到最佳预处理方案为：曝气量为2.5 L/min，曝气45 min，投加Na₂CO₃粉末24 kg/t 废水，充分混匀后加入PFS+PAM复配絮凝剂。本方案具有废水处理效果好（Ca²⁺的去除率为77.03%，COD的去除率为37.46%）、投药量少（（100+7.5）g/t废水）、沉降时间短（5 min）、处理成本低（0.675元/t废水）等优点。通过对比经预处理和不经预处理后电化学法对COD去除效果、电流和处理后阴极表面，验证了预处理方案的必要性与可行性。     

Load maximization of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed bioreactor for nitrogen removal from synthetic municipal wastewater

A novel liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (LSCFB) configured with anoxic and aerobic columns and lava rock as the biofilm carrier was used to treat synthetic municipal wastewater. Four different empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 0.82, 0.65, 0.55, and 0.44 h were examined to optimize nutrient removal capability of the system. The LSCFB demonstrated tertiary effluent quality organic and nitrogen removal efficiencies. Effluent characteristics of the LSCFB were soluble biological oxygen demand (SBOD)10 mg l(-1) and total nitrogen (TN)<10 mg l(-1) at organic loading rate (OLR) of 5.3 kg m(-3)d(-1) and nitrogen loading rate of 0.54 kg Nm(-3)d(-1). Remarkably low yields of 0.14, 0.17, 0.19, and 0.21 g VSS g(-1)COD were observed at OLR of 2.6, 3.2, 4.1 and 5.3 kg COD m(-3)d(-1), where increment of biomass growth and detachment rate were also experienced with increasing OLR. However the system demonstrated only 30% phosphorus removal, and mass balances along the anoxic and aerobic columns showed biological phosphorus removal in the system. Organic mass balance showed that approximately 40% of the influent COD was utilized in the anoxic column and the remaining COD was oxidized in the aerobic column. The system is very efficient in nitrification-denitrification, with more than 90% nitrification of ammonium and overall nitrogen removal in the LSCFB was 70+/-11% even at an EBCT of 0.44 h.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of municipal wastewater in aerobic membrane bioreactors.

Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) of municipal wastewater was investigated in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated at two different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), 0.5 and 1 day, dissolved oxygen 3.0 to 0.5 mg/L, and solids retention time (SRT) between 28 and 120 days. The organic loading rate (OLR) (0.11 to 0.64 kg chemical oxygen demand [COD]/m3/d) and influent soluble COD (SCOD)/ total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) ratio (5 to 19) were varied by the addition of glucose. The ammonia-nitrogen and TKN removals were over 97%, and total nitrogen removal was approximately 89% in the MBR. The maximum specific nitrification rates (98 mg N/d/g VSS) and specific denitrification rates (81 mg N/d/g VSS) occurred at an SCOD/TKN ratio of 9.1. The optimum conditions for maximum total nitrogen removal by SND in a single reactor MBR have been found to be low dissolved oxygen (< 0.6 mg/L) and high OLR (approximately 0.64 kg COD/m3/d) at an HRT of 0.5 day and SRT of approximately 85 days.     

废水中KMnO4对生物处理效果的影响

为减轻和消除含高浓度KMnO4的牛仔服加工废水对生物处理系统的毒害作用,采用模拟序批式活性污泥法,研究KMnO4对活性污泥微生物生长的影响及COD和NH4+-N的降解规律。结果表明,当处理进水COD浓度500 mg/L,NH4+-N浓度23.5 mg/L,污泥浓度为2 000 mg/L时,曝气时间为4 h,KMnO4质量浓度增加对COD和NH4+-N的降解影响很大;同样条件下曝气时间改为8 h,对NH4+-N的降解影响显著减小,但对COD的降解影响减少不多;并且,高浓度KMnO4对NH4+-N去除效果的抑制作用比对COD的大。因此,处理含高浓度KMnO4的废水需要延长一倍曝气时间,可以获得良好的COD和NH4+-N的降解效果。同时,KMnO4对活性污泥的抑制影响较好地吻合非竞争性抑制机理修正莫若特方程的规律。     

Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal in single-tank low-dissolved-oxygen systems under cyclic aeration.

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND or SNdN) may occur at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. In this study, bench-scale (approximately 6 L) bioreactors treating a continuous feed of synthetic wastewater were used to evaluate the effects of solids retention time and low dissolved oxygen concentration, under cyclic aeration, on the removal of organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The cyclic aeration was carried out with repeated cycles of 1 hour at a higher dissolved oxygen concentration (HDO) and 30 minutes at a lower (or zero) dissolved oxygen concentration (LDO). Compared with aeration at constant dissolved oxygen concentrations, the cyclic aeration, when operated with proper combinations of HDO and LDO, produced better-settling sludge and more complete nitrogen and phosphorus removal. For nitrogen removal, the advantage resulted from the more readily available nitrate and nitrite (generated by nitrification during the HDO period) for denitrification (during the LDO period). For phosphorus removal, the advantage of cyclic aeration came from the development of a higher population of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, as indicated by the higher phosphorus contents in the sludge solids of the cyclically aerated systems. Nitrite shunt was also observed to occur in the LDO systems. Higher ratios of nitrite to nitrate were found in the systems of lower HDO (and, to less dependency, higher LDO), suggesting that the nitrite shunt took place mainly because of the disrupted nitrification at lower HDO. The study results indicated that the HDO used should be kept reasonably high (approximately 0.8 mg/L) or the HDO period prolonged, to promote adequate nitrification, and the LDO kept low (< or =0.2 mg/L), to achieve more complete denitrification and higher phosphorus removal. The above findings in the laboratory systems find strong support from the results obtained in full-scale plant implementation. Two plant case studies using the cyclic low-dissolved-oxygen aeration for creating and maintaining SND are also presented.     

Wastewater characterisation and performance upgrading of a domestic wastewater treatment plant: the Erzincan case

A detailed characterisation of the incoming wastewater and a performance evaluation were carried out for the domestic wastewater treatment plant of Erzincan City. Conventional characterisation results showed that Erzincan has a medium strength wastewater quality. Structural characterisation of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) indicated that the biodegradable fraction of the total COD was 64.7%. The soluble inert fraction was computed as 10.9% of the total COD. In Erzincan, an activated sludge plant provides secondary treatment using Carrousel treatment units. Because some operational problems, such as sludge bulking and foaming, have been experienced, and performance failures related to carbonaceous matter removal have been recorded many times, a new operational strategy suitable for this type of treatment plant was developed. In the new strategy, the sludge age was kept at 22 days, intermittent aeration was abandoned and replaced by continuous aeration, and the sludge recycle ratio was increased to 1.35 from 0.85. The developed operational strategy showed its merit in that previous operational problems largely disappeared and COD concentrations remained below the Turkish discharge limits of 100 mg/l and the NH₄ removal rate was in the range 87–95%.     

混合液回流比对MSBR工艺强化生物脱氮的影响

针对二级城镇污水处理厂提标改造时出水氮、磷指标很难同时达到一级A标准（GB18918-2002）的情况，提出了改良式序批式反应器（MSBR）的强化生物脱氮运行模式，并通过生产性实验研究了MSBR工艺混合液回流比（6单元回流至5单元）对出水COD、TP、NH4＋-N及TN的影响。实验结果表明，MSBR工艺混合液回流比对COD、NH4＋-N去除基本上没有影响，但对TN和TP去除有影响。当回流比从0提高1和1．5时，TP去除效率分别降低了5．85％和4．06％；而TN去除效率分别提高了10．46％和7．87％，同时出水TN可稳定达到一级A标的要求。从控制运行能耗和脱氮效果的角度综合考虑，该污水厂强化生物脱氮的混合液回流比控制在1是比较合适的。     

竹制填料生物接触氧化工艺处理污染河水

针对受污染的湖溪河水质特征，以传统弹性塑料填料做对比，研究以竹球和竹丝为填料的生物接触氧化工艺，考察填料的挂膜时间、生物量和污水处理效果；确定连续曝气和间歇曝气时反应器的最优运行工况：连续曝气时为HRT：7．5h，DO=3mg／L；间歇曝气时为厌氧1．2h、好氧6．3h交替运行。实验结果表明，与弹性塑料填料相比，竹制填料挂膜速度快，竹球填料的水处理效果最好；连续曝气最优工况下竹球填料反应器中COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的平均去除率分别为66．7％、47．9％、57．1％和30．6％；间歇曝气最优工况下竹球填料反应器中COD、TN、NH3-N和TP的平均去除率分别64．08％、39．95％、60．7％和54．68％；竹制填料可替代传统的塑料填料作为生物接触氧化工艺的载体填料。     

Fenton试剂和氨吹脱法处理苯唑醇废水的试验研究

采用Fenton试剂催化氧化和氨吹脱法对苯唑醇生产废水的处理进行了研究。实验结果表明 ,此方法对废水的CODCr和氨氮具有良好的去除效果 ,平均去除率分别达到 73 .5 %和 95 %以上。处理后废水的BOD5 CODCr>0 .45 ,其可生化性良好。该技术具有能耗低、操作简便等优点     

竹制填料生物接触氧化工艺处理污染河水简

针对受污染的湖溪河水质特征，以传统弹性塑料填料做对比，研究以竹球和竹丝为填料的生物接触氧化工艺，考察填料的挂膜时间、生物量和污水处理效果；确定连续曝气和间歇曝气时反应器的最优运行工况：连续曝气时为HRT=7.5 h，DO=3 mg/L；间歇曝气时为厌氧1.2 h、好氧6.3 h交替运行。实验结果表明，与弹性塑料填料相比，竹制填料挂膜速度快，竹球填料的水处理效果最好；连续曝气最优工况下竹球填料反应器中COD、TN、NH₃-N和TP的平均去除率分别为66.7%、47.9%、57.1%和30.6%；间歇曝气最优工况下竹球填料反应器中COD、TN、NH₃-N和TP的平均去除率分别64.08%、39.95%、60.7%和54.68%；竹制填料可替代传统的塑料填料作为生物接触氧化工艺的载体填料。     

Full-scale experience for nitrogen removal from piggery waste.

The nitrogen-removal performances of three full-scale piggery wastewater treatment plants, with different organic and nitrogen loads, at the capacity ranges of 95 to 130 m3/d, were compared in this study. Plants 1 and 2 can be characterized as the modification of anoxic-aerobic operating systems, while an anaerobic and anoxic-aerobic system was used in plant 3. The influent piggery wastewater concentration for plant 1 was relatively lower, but with higher organic and nitrogen loads, resulting in higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium-nitrogen in effluent. Plant 2 was operated with strong piggery wastewater, resulting in a higher operating temperature. The high temperature could inhibit the nitrifying activity in plant 2. Although plant 3 was operated with a higher influent total COD-to-total Kjeldahl nitrogen ratio (TCOD:TKN), an additional external carbon source was required to polish the final effluent to remove nitrogen. Influent COD in plant 3 was used in the anaerobic-anoxic reactor for both methane (CH4) production and denitrification. Based on various mass balances, including caloric, COD, and alkalinity, the key elements for the successful nitrogen removal from the piggery waste were reactor temperature (less than 35degrees C), influent TCOD:TKN (greater than 6), and alkalinity-to-TKN ratio (greater than 3).     

SBR法处理豆制品废水工艺条件的研究

用SBR法处理豆制品废水的试验表明，该系统具有较好的抗负荷冲击能力，进水COD在300—2000mg／L之间变化，对系统不造成任何影响；考察了曝气时间、曝气量和污泥浓度等对去除效果的影响，试验结果表明，曝气时间和曝气量对处理效果影响很大。确定该反应系统最佳曝气时间是8h，适宜的曝气量是800L／h，而污泥浓度控制在4000mg／L左右时，处理效率最高，采用进水顶出水的排水方式是可行的，确定系统的最佳排水比是3／5。厌氧段的插入可以减少剩余污泥的产量。