美国应急通用任务评述与借鉴

为增强我国应急预案的实用性和有效性,改善现有的应急预案准则性强,可操作性弱的情况,笔者运用比较分析的方法,评述了3个版本的美国应急通用任务列表,从作用、结构和内容等方面比较各版本的通用任务表间的不同以及各自优缺点,并从理论和现实2个方面分析通用任务列表版本变迁的原因,为我国应急预案和应急准备的建立提供可借鉴的经验和参考,并对其未来发展提出建议。     

公安部第一研究所二代证办公室周东平专访

[问]请您向我们介绍一下什么是电子标签? [答]RFID技术中文意思是无线射频识别技术,该技术是通过无线通信方式,将存储在集成电路(芯片)内的物品识别代码读出.存储有识别代码的芯片往往与被识别物品在一起,识别代码一般记录有物品的名称、记录的时间、物品种类或物品批号、流水号等信息,当使用装有无线接收装置的电子读写设备,在距物品一定范围内读出芯片内的识别代码时,即可知道物品的相关信息,如同我们在物品上贴了一个标签,因此,RFID也被称为电子标签.     

中国电子技术标准研究所王立建专访

[问]您怎么看RFID射频识别技术的发展前景? [答]我想在不远的将来,电子标签的应用将会非常广泛,如果我们把每一种物品都加上电子标签,存入仓库,等到库中物品堆积如山时,只需要一个人,穿着旱冰鞋,在库中滑一圈,就可以进行清点,这在以往是想都不敢想的.这样不但能提高工作效率,也可以防止误操作.它还会在防伪领域得到广泛应用,就以气瓶行业举例,气瓶主要包括氧气瓶、氨气瓶、氢气瓶等,气瓶本身造价很高,也是长期使用的,属于安全产品.这些气瓶,从外观上很难辨别是否是正规厂家生产的,伪劣的钢瓶比正规瓶便宜,所以有人为了牟取暴利,以次冲好,制造隐患.     

维深电子科技有限公司张革军专访

[问]RFID技术在中国市场上应用程度怎样? [答]RFID技术在中国已有了很广泛的应用.去年,仅中国发行的各种射频卡片就有几千万张,包括门进考勤卡、小区的一卡通、网吧的上网卡等等.还比如上海市的公交一卡通,借助的就是RFID技术.另外在食品、药品、电子产品、图书音像、农资产品、烟草、税务控制、证件证书管理等诸多领域也可以应用该技术.通过实现对活动、过程、行业的严格控制,确保关乎国计民生的产业健康发展,从而实现政府的有效管理.还可以针对证件证书的真假属性鉴别、登记、发放、查询验证而建立的专用系统,能够实现证书真假鉴别、备案管理、信息公告等功能.     

银行数字监控系统改造的检测分析

目前银行已开始广泛采用数字监控系统.用途包括柜员制和安全管理.现在都采用数字硬盘录像机来进行录像和存储,利用这套系统对原来的监控系统进行改造.如将原来安装的安全管理摄像机信号传输至硬盘录像机,这样更便于管理,也增强取证的准确性.柜员制可以将每一天的柜员收付情况以图像和声音的方式记录下来,一旦发生差错,可以通过录像录音进行复核.通过对几十个银行监控系统的检测,总结了一些心得,现以6路柜员和6路安全监控系统组成的储蓄所或支行数字监控系统改造为例解析方案。     

银行数字监控系统改造的检测分析

目前银行已开始广泛采用数字监控系统.用途包括柜员制和安全管理.现在都采用数字硬盘录像机来进行录像和存储,利用这套系统对原来的监控系统进行改造.如将原来安装的安全管理摄像机信号传输至硬盘录像机,这样更便于管理,也增强取证的准确性.柜员制可以将每一天的柜员收付情况以图像和声音的方式记录下来,一旦发生差错,可以通过录像录音进行复核.通过对几十个银行监控系统的检测,总结了一些心得,现以6路柜员和6路安全监控系统组成的储蓄所或支行数字监控系统改造为例解析方案.     

美国通勤航空安全影响因素分析及对我国的启示

随着我国民航业的快速发展,通勤航空迎来前所未有的发展机遇,阿拉善盟通勤航空试点的建立更加说明在我国发展通勤航空是一种必然趋势。通勤航空起源于美国,发展速度极快,目前占据了美国整个航空业一半航班数、四分之一乘客数,已经发展成为美国支线航空运输的重要组成部分,但是其安全形势不容乐观。对美国通勤航空的安全现状从人-机-环-管4个方面进行分析,并对比分析我国和美国通勤航空发展环境的差距,借鉴美国采取的措施,为我国通勤航空运输企业的安全运行提出一些可以借鉴的经验:如规章制度要科学,规章体系要完善;严格控制通勤航空各类技术人员合格证书的颁发;加强安全监管;将干线、支线航空的安全数据分享给通勤航空。     

Recent trends in ILO conventions related to occupational safety and health.

The present study was conducted to analyze the ratification status of International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions related to occupational safety and health (OSH) by ILO member states in terms of national indicators (length of ILO membership and national income status) and regional affiliation. 17 conventions designated as OSH-related by the 2003 International Labour Conference were examined. In general, countries with longer ILO membership ratified higher numbers of conventions related to OSH. With some variation, long-membership countries had the largest number of ratifications, followed by middle- and short-membership countries in all regions. There were also incremental increases in the number of ratifications for OSH-related conventions according to the national income status. Common regional characteristics that could not be explained by the factors studied also existed. Future efforts to increase ratification at an international level will need to consider the factors influencing ratification practice among the member states.     

Risk factors to musculoskeletal disorders and anthropometric measurements of Filipino manufacturing workers.

This study looked into the risk factors to musculoskeletal disorders and established anthropometric measurements of Filipino workers in 29 manufacturing industries. Anthropometric measurements of 1,805 workers were taken, and 495 workers were surveyed. Limitation of motion was found in 0.8% of the respondents, affectation in activities of daily living was seen in 1.6% and 3.2% felt discomfort in the head and neck. Upper trunk and low back pain was experienced by 23.8%. Odds ratio results (p = .05) showed that it is 29 times likely for workers to develop low back pain when they stand for 2-8 hrs a day than when they sit all the time. Anthropometry can be used for the design of workstations and work furniture.     

Implementing risk management to reduce injuries in the U.S. Fire Service

IntroductionRisk management, a proactive process to identify and mitigate potential injury risks and implement control strategies, was used to reduce the risk of occupational injury in a fire department. The objective of this research was to study the implementation of the risk management process for future replication. A second objective was to document changes in fire personnel's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the selected control strategies that were implemented as part of the risk management process.MethodA number of control strategies identified through the risk management process were implemented over a 2-year period beginning in January 2011. Approximately 450 fire personnel completed each of the three cross-sectional surveys that were administered throughout the implementation periods. Fire personnel were asked about their awareness, knowledge, and use of the control strategies.ResultsFire personnel were generally aware of the control strategies that were implemented. Visual reminders (e.g., signage) were noted as effective by fire personnel who noticed them. Barriers to use of specific control strategies such as new procedures on the fireground or new lifting equipment for patient transfer included lack of knowledge of the new protocols, lack of awareness/access to/availability of the new equipment, and limited training on its use. Implementation challenges were noted, which limited self-reported adherence to the control strategies.ConclusionsFire personnel generally recognized the potential for various control strategies to manage risk and improve their health and safety; however, implementation challenges limited the effectiveness of certain control strategies. The study findings support the importance of effective implementation to achieve the desired impacts of control strategies for improving health and safety.Practical applicationsEmployees must be aware of, have knowledge about, and receive training in safety and health interventions in order to adopt desired behaviors.     

E.coli和B.subtilis溶解性代谢产物对环境因子的响应

为了一步明晰环境因子对微生物溶解性产物形成的影响,选取活性污泥中典型革兰氏阴性菌(E.coli)和革兰氏阳性菌(B.subtilis)作为研究对象,以蛋白质、腐殖酸和多糖表征微生物代谢产物(Soluble Microbial Products,SMP),研究了培养时间、温度、盐度和阿莫西林对两株菌SMP形成特性的影响。结果表明:当培养时间为0~48h时,E.coli和B.subtilis溶解性代谢产物质量浓度在4 h时达到了最大,分别约为48 h的3.91倍和3.27倍。当温度下降时,E.coli溶解性代谢产物中的多糖和腐殖酸分别在25℃和15℃出现了累积,而B.subtilis产生的SMP仅在15℃出现了腐殖酸累积。当盐度为5~30 mg/L时,E.coli和B.subtilis产生的SMP质量浓度均先增加后减小,分别于盐度为5 g/L和10 g/L时达到最大,组分以腐殖酸为主。当阿莫西林质量浓度为0~3.0 mg/L时,E.coli和B.subtilis产生的SMP质量浓度均先增加后减小,分别于阿莫西林质量浓度为1.0mg/L和1.5 mg/L达到最大,组分以腐殖酸和多糖为主;然而当阿莫西林质量浓度为3.0 mg/L时,两菌株产生的SMP组分以多糖为主。可见,过短的停留时间、低温、高盐和较高质量浓度的阿莫西林都会诱导E.coli和B.subtilis产生更多的SMP,但它们之间存在一定的差异。     

Human factors in matching images to standards: assimilation and time order error.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines recognition performance to depend on image context and time order error. Recognition of standard images is a basic process in medical image analysis. METHODS: After the presentation of a standard square, 20 subjects identified the standard within a variety of 7 squares. The choice was between the standard and either 3 smaller and 3 larger squares, 5 smaller and 1 larger square, or 5 larger and 1 smaller square (context conditions). RESULTS: Multilevel regression analysis showed large individual differences in judgments (P < .001). Context induced assimilation of judgments to the medium-sized square within response options (P < .001). Negative time order error in rapid judgments caused an underestimation of the standard (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Assimilation of judgments and time order error might be a threat to the reliability of medical image analysis. Some procedural recommendations are derived to reduce bias and increase patient safety in radiology.     

An intervention to reduce work-related burnout in teachers.

The objective of the study was to develop and evaluate a 2-day burnout intervention program focused at enhancing coping with stresses observed in teachers' work. Karasek's job stress model was used as the theoretical framework. The aim of the intervention was to teach participants to deal better with high job demands and low job control. Some cognitive-behavioural methods of overcoming workload and enhancing a sense of self-mastery and relations with students were introduced in the workshop. 59 teachers were randomly assigned to an experimental or to a control group. Results showed that emotional exhaustion, perceived workload and somatic complaints decreased significantly in the intervention group. The greatest effect of the intervention was observed with regard to increased behavioural job control. It was concluded that teaching participants how to manage their work environment better could help them in changing their perception of stressful job characteristics, reducing emotional exhaustion and somatic complaints.     

中美煤矿安全生产法律体系对比分析

本文对中美煤矿安全生产法律体系完整性、可操作性及监管机制三个方面进行了对比。找出了我国煤矿安全生产法律体系与美国煤矿安全生产法律体系存在的差距,即美国煤矿安全生产法律体系严密、完整性强,除了制定煤矿安全生产法律外,还制定了一系列相配套的安全规程或实施细则。通过比较,为完善我国煤矿安全生产法律体系提供了一些参考建议。     

黄单胞菌生物滴滤塔处理硫化氢能力及产物研究

以黄单胞菌为硫氧化菌种挂膜于生物滴滤塔,研究其去除能力及产物.通过测定压降、生物量确定挂膜时间,以进出气口浓度变化反映去除效率,测定营养液pH值变化,用SEM电镜扫描、能谱分析、X射线衍射对产物进行分析.结果表明,黄单胞菌挂膜时间为4 d,持续运行,菌种均匀地分布于填料表面;保持气体流量为1 L/min,H_2S气体质量浓度在2 000 mg/m~3以下时,去除率大于90.5%,单位体积最大生化去除量为43.23 g/(m~3·h);以10 d为周期添加营养,系统的pH值在5～7;自然沉降得到的黄色颗粒状沉淀粒径为3.161～31.90 μm;能谱分析表面主要成分为C、O、S,应该为微生物和S系物;X射线衍射分析表明干燥粉末的主要无机物质存在形态为S单质.塔在弱酸环境运行,能减少对装置的腐蚀,营养液中通过物理沉降、过滤、低速离心的简单手段,就能回收产物S单质.