Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.     

胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯 压力时失效成因分析

针对采用胶囊粘液封孔器在测定煤层高瓦斯压力过程中,容易出现胶囊被顶出或密封失效等情况,根据多次实践经验,建立了封孔器与瓦斯室、岩石孔壁间整个密封系统的力学平衡方程,分析了胶囊被顶出的原因;通过假设建立了高压瓦斯气体侵入微孔隙模型,给出了泄漏气体侵入时的流量微分方程,并从能量角度分析了气体侵入和逸出微孔隙过程;建立了封孔系统内高压瓦斯在粘液中的扩散、溶解、析出物理模型,从理论上分析这种装置密封高压气体失效机制。通过多次对比现场实验,给出了采用该装置测压时的安全可信值范围,当煤层瓦斯压力超过3MPa时,最好采用传统封孔工艺进行测定。     

正压气力除灰系统的优化设计

从气力除灰系统的经济性考虑，按照系统运行能耗最省的原则，对系统进行优化设计。以山东临沂电厂除灰系统为例，优化出灰气比、管径、系统压损、耗气量等技术指标。实际运行效果证明这种优化设计方法是可行的，为该系统的推广应用提供了优化设计依据。     

基于FTA与SPA方法的湿法成型硫磺料仓安全分析与评价研究

为了控制湿法成型硫磺料仓风险,评估硫磺料仓安全状态,采用事故树方法分析了硫磺料仓发生火灾爆炸事故的原因,并利用最小割集和最小径集分析了事故的可能途径,确定了最佳控制方案为控制可燃粉尘和气体的聚集。针对硫磺料仓安全状态影响因素的不确定性和动态性的特点,将多元联系数集对分析法引入硫磺料仓危险性评价中,建立了料仓危险性评价指标体系,综合判断了料仓危险性态势。评价结果与现场实际情况较符合,为湿法成型硫磺料仓的安全评价工作提供了思路,为其风险控制措施的制定提供了参考。     

Experimental studies of removing typical VOCs by dielectric barrier discharge reactor of different sizes

This research conducted both lab-scale and pilot-scale tests by selecting toluene as the typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and by using the promising non-thermal plasma oxidation technology – dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). To develop baseline engineering data to demonstrate the feasibility of application of self-made DBD reactors, the peak voltage, gas flow speed, initial toluene concentration, discharge frequency and duty ratio were studied. The results showed that toluene removal efficiency improves with increase of electrical voltage, frequency and duty ratio, and declines with increase of polar distance, gas flow speed and toluene initial concentration. When the voltage increases, the energy efficiency rises first and then drops. The energy efficiency reaches the climax when the energy density reaches 150.8 J/L and 101.7 J/L in the lab-scale experiment and pilot-scale experiment respectively.     

球阀处硫颗粒运移沉降规律数值模拟研究

元素硫在集输管道中沉积会引起堵塞和腐蚀问题,球阀处是集输管道中较易出现大量硫沉积的部位之一。为此,采用数值模拟的方法研究高含硫天然气中析出的硫颗粒在球阀处的运移沉降规律,选用雷诺应力模型模拟球阀处的流场,选用Lagrange颗粒轨道模型追踪硫颗粒在球阀处的运动轨迹,探讨影响硫颗粒在球阀处沉积的因素。结果表明:气流进入球阀内将会出现压力损失和流动分离,气流进口速度和球阀开度会对流场产生影响;硫颗粒在球阀处的沉积率随气流流速和颗粒直径的增大而增大,随球阀开度的增大而减小;重力和离心力是造成硫颗粒在球阀处出现大量沉积的重要原因。     

三高气田钻完井重大事故现场监测数据采集管理系统的设计与实现

把信息化技术用于油气田安全领域,用采集的现场数据评估安全生产环境,实现油气田安全信息化是近年来的新课题。为了有效地监测和预防油三高气田（高含硫、高产量、高压力）井喷事故造成的灾害,讨论了基于网络架构的重大事故现场监测数据采集管理系统软件的研究与设计,包括气象数据,传感器数据,监测设备GPS数据与视频信息的实时采集、处理、分析与显示,并且分段说明了该系统各部分的设计和实现的重点.该系统具有友好的人机界面,并且引入了流媒体技术、无线传感器技术等多种先进技术,能够最大程度地得到全面的表征油气田安全的数据与信息;该系统已经在研究实例龙岗油气田的实验中证明了具有安全生产方面的现实意义。     

超声波多普勒隔水管气侵监测系统设计与海上测试

为了研究超声波多普勒隔水管气侵监测测量原理的正确性和海上应用的可行性,开展了室内实验和现场试验。通过室内实验,得到了油基钻井液在不同含气情况下超声波多普勒信号与含气率之间的关系,验证了利用多普勒信号畸变进行气侵识别的有效性和适用性;通过开展陆上井现场试验,确定了隔水管气侵监测系统设计的关键参数,验证了超声波多普勒设备对大壁厚环空内部流动监测的可行性;设计并加工了隔水管气侵监测系统样机。通过在海上钻井过程中的实际应用,测试了监测系统的稳定性,得到了隔水管内部流动状态的监测信号,验证了隔水管气侵监测系统在海上现场应用的可行性。     

Techno-economic performance analysis and environmental impact assessment of small to medium scale SRF combustion plants for energy production in the UK

This paper investigates a techno-economic analysis on small and medium scales: 50 kilo tonnes per annum (ktpa) and 100 ktpa combustion plants with steam turbine technology utilising solid recovered fuel (SRF). Energy and efficiency calculations for the technical assessment are performed. The economic viability of the two processes is investigated through a discounted cash flow analysis. The levelised cost is used to calculate the cost of production of one unit of electricity. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of the 100 ktpa scale SRF plant is performed, where the foundations of LCA calculations reside in energy calculations carried out for the technical analysis. Life cycle inventories were developed using inventory analysis and impact assessment. The results of the LCA are compared with those from equivalent scale coal, natural gas and electricity-mix plants. The LCA is also compared with a landfill reference system. Both scales are economically and technically viable. The SRF plant has a lower global warming potential emission (E_GWP) compared with the coal, natural gas and electricity-mix plants and the reference landfill system.     

复合惰气在采空区遗煤中竞争吸附的分子动力学模拟研究*

为明确作用于采空区的复合惰气的竞争吸附,进行不同温度、压力及组分下烟煤对N2、O2、CO2多元气体竞争吸附分子的模拟研究。研究结果表明:当注入压力达到3 MPa后,竞争吸附效果不再明显,为高压注入提供一定的理论基础;随着CO2分压的增大,O2吸附量降低速度逐渐平缓,初步确定最佳注入配比范围为2∶1至3∶1,为进一步结合实际工程中成本等因素确定最佳注入配比提供参考;等量吸附热受吸附条件的影响较小,仅与吸附质本身有关;随着CO2分压的增大,范德华能升高56.9%,分子内能升高78.7%,静电能升高67.2%,CO2对整个系统内的吸附作用强度及吸附量有着较大的影响;随着CO2分压增大,N2竞争吸附能力逐渐弱于O2,竞争吸附能力大小顺序为CO2>O2>N2。     

基于MMA7260QT的危险场所跌倒检测设备的研制

在石化企业生产过程中,如何正确检测判别跌倒行为已成为危险场所安全防护的关键,传统的判别方法已不适应石化行业特殊的工作环境和行为特点。通过对三轴加速度传感器MMA7260QT原理的研究,结合毒性气体传感器和无线传输技术,采用低功耗微处理器MSP430F249,研制了一种危险场所用跌倒检测设备。介绍了三轴加速度传感器MMA7260QT的结构和原理,给出了设备系统设计。根据石化行业危险场所特点,建立了跌倒模型,分析了三轴加速度传感器检测信息的处理,确定出跌倒判断阈值。实验结果表明,研制的设备跌倒检测准确,符合石化行业危险场所应用需求。     

典型三床RTO设备燃爆危险性数值模拟研究*

为研究苯、甲苯、二甲苯混合废气在三床蓄热式废气焚烧炉内部的燃烧过程,基于FLUENT软件建立典型的三床蓄热式废气焚烧炉的物理模型和数值模型,重点分析进气风量和混合可燃气体-空气摩尔占比对其内部压力变化规律的影响,以期可为其安全设计提供借鉴。研究结果表明:燃烧室内的温度变化与燃烧速度变化保持一致,可通过监测RTO燃烧室内的温度来定性评估气体燃烧速度,随着进气风量的增加,混合废气燃烧速度先升高后下降后再升高;从能源损耗和安全生产2个方面综合考虑,得出RTO运行的最佳进气风量为15 000 m3/h到30 000 m3/h,最佳的混合可燃气体-空气摩尔占比为0.15~0.2,这与RTO实际工况相符合,解释RTO装置内废气积聚导致爆炸事故的原因,燃烧过程中压力出现2次峰值超压,实际生产中需在2个时间节点多加防范。     

The role of component arrangement in complex safety instrumented systems—A case study

The arrangement of components plays a key role in the performance of complex Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), in which a SIS logic solver is interlocked with other logic solvers, to share a final element, for instance. The position of the components and the way they are utilized affects the reliability characteristics, such as the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD), Spurious Trip Rate (STR), architectural sensitivity and model uncertainty. This case study uses quantitative and qualitative approaches to elaborate on various aspects of component arrangement in complex SIS. Numerous simplified models are analyzed; new classification is introduced for SIS components based on their response to demand; a set of guidelines are developed for SIS architecture design, with a focus on component arrangement; and the use of these guidelines is demonstrated in a real-life example, where an existing turbine SIS is modified to incorporate a new over-speed protection system. The simplified models and the turbine upgrade project are also used to explain the issue of unknowns and uncertainties in reliability analysis and how these issues can be addressed in SIS architecture by optimizing component arrangement.     

不同喷雾方式下低阻文丘里振弦栅除尘配置优化实验研究

为了对比径向外喷和轴向喷雾下的低阻文丘里振弦栅耦合除尘效果,以除尘效率和系统阻力为参照,选定喉管气速、振弦栅数、纤维丝间隙和喉管液气比进行单因素实验。结果表明2种喷雾方式的除尘效率和系统阻力的变化趋势相同。利用SPSS软件进行4因素3水平正交实验设计,在特定参数条件下,2种喷雾方式的因素影响排序相同,除尘效率为纤维栅数＞纤维丝间隙＞喉管气速＞喷雾量;系统阻力为喉管气速＞纤维栅数＞纤维丝间隙＞喷雾量;径向外喷最佳配置为喉管气速24 m/s、喷雾量2.3 L/min、2块间隙为0.8 mm纤维栅板;轴向喷雾为喉管气速28 m/s、喷雾量2.4 L/min、2块间隙为0.8 mm纤维栅板;在最优配置下的除尘性能为径向外喷＞轴向喷雾。     

干燥条件下高硫煤低温氧化特性研究

为进一步揭示不同环境条件下高硫煤的低温氧化特性,选取含硫量较低、自燃倾向性较高的褐煤,向其添加不同比例的FeS2,配制成含量分别为3%,5%,7%的混合高硫煤样,利用中国矿业大学自行研制的煤氧化模拟试验系统,测试分析干燥混合煤样在低温氧化过程中,交叉温度和指标气体CO产生量体积的变化。试验结果表明,在低温干燥的条件下,随着FeS2含量的增加,煤样的氧化特性受到抑制:交叉点温度升高;指标气体CO产生量在相同温度时体积降低。因此,在高硫煤层自燃火灾防治过程中,应尽量控制煤层周围环境的干燥度。     

可控震源振动器系统不确定性分析

为了解决可控震源施工过程中振动器系统的安全性问题,采用故障树法建立仿真 模型。通过失效分析得出各故障单元的失效模式及单元间分布规律,计算出振动器系统 的可靠度。开展对该系统敏感性的不确定性分析,得出影响振动器系统可靠性的关键因 素为重锤上部密封失效。采用有限元法对其应力场进行模拟仿真。结果表明:随着工作 频率的升高,O形圈应力波动越大,密封越容易失效。Von Mises应力随压缩率的增大先 减小后增大,随槽口半径的增大而增大;接触应力在一定范围内随压缩率及槽口半径的 增大而增大。为振动器的结构优化与可靠性设计提供理论依据,并为油气资源勘探开发 的安全作业提供工程应用指导。     

高水巷旁充填材料单轴压缩变形破坏与能耗特征分析

高水巷旁充填材料在煤矿沿空留巷工程中得到了广泛应用,水灰比对其力学性质关系密切。首先通过扫描电镜分析了高水材料的微细观形貌,其次通过 RMT-301伺服试验机对1.3~2.5∶1等6种水灰比的高水材料试样进行了单轴压缩试验,得到了各水灰比试样的全应力-应变曲线,分析了试样的变形特征、强度及破坏特征、能耗特征随水灰比变化的规律。结果表明,高水材料的微观结构为固、液、气构成的多孔海绵状结构;高水材料的变形特征与岩样相似,也大致可分为压密阶段、线弹性阶段、屈服阶段以及峰后应变软化阶段,弹性模量、割线模量和峰值强度等随水灰比提高多呈指数函数关系下降;随着水灰比增大,试样由脆性破坏逐渐过渡到延性破坏;随着水灰比增大,试样吸收的总应变能与可释放弹性应变能均呈指数函数关系下降,而耗散能变化幅度不大。     

A CFD-based approach for gas detectors allocation

Accidental gas releases are detected by allocating sensors in optimal places to prevent escalation of the incident. Gas release effects are typically assessed based on calculating the dispersion from releasing points. In this work, a CFD-based approach is proposed to estimate gas dispersion and then to obtain optimal gas sensors allocation. The Ansys-Fluent commercial package is used to estimate concentrations in the open air by solving the governing equations of continuity, momentum, energy and species convection-diffusion combined with the realizable κ-ε model for turbulence viscosity effects. CFD dynamic simulations are carried out for potential gas leaks, assuming worst-case scenarios with F-stability and 2 m/s wind speed during a 4 min releasing period and considering 8 wind directions. The result is a scenario-based methodology to allocate gas sensors supported on fluid dynamics models. The three x–y–z geographical coordinates for the sensor allocation are included in this analysis. To highlight the methodology, a case study considers releases from a large container surrounded by different types of geometric units including sections with high obstacles, low obstacles, and no obstacles. A non-redundant set of perfect sensors are firstly allocated to cover completely the detection for all simulations releases. The benefits of redundant detection via a MooN voting arranging scheme is also discussed. Numerical results demonstrate the capabilities of CFD simulations for this application and highlight the dispersion effects through obstacles with different sizes.     

新型空化器及其在污泥细胞破解中的应用

研究开发了一种新型空化器用来破解剩余污泥,它具备通气调节和孔板旋转的功能。这样的设计可以防止堵塞和节约能耗。该空化器工作时可以产生直径2~5μm的"气核",从而提高空化初生的空化数,降低能耗。孔板旋转产生的轴向推力可使小孔中的堵塞物脱落,有效防止小孔堵塞。在实验室内应用该装置破解剩余污泥的生物细胞,并通过测定细胞内可溶性COD的溶出率来评价污泥破解效果。研究制造了空化作用破解污泥细胞系统,该系统可以利用新型空化器连续处理剩余污泥,并且可以根据研究需要改变通气比和调节管道流速等运行工况。在实验室内应用该系统破解剩余污泥生物细胞,通过调整通气比和管道流速,探索最优运行工况。根据正交试验结果,系统运行的最优工况为通气比1.4%、空化数1.8,此时可溶性COD(SCOD)的溶出速率为0.06%/s。在最优运行工况下,破解1 kg剩余污泥的功率为560 W,采用该系统处理30 min后,95%以上的污泥生物细胞可被破解。按处理时间30 min计算,处理1 m3剩余污泥的耗能约1 000 MJ,比超声空化法低40%左右。该系统还具有装置简单、无二次污染等优点,可为污泥细胞破解提供更为经济、有效的技术和方法。     

Dynamic failure probability analysis of urban gas pipeline network

The gas pipeline network is an essential infrastructure for a smart city. It provides a much-needed energy source; however, it poses a significant risk to the community. Effective risk management assists in maintaining the operational safety of the network. The risk management of the network requires reliable dynamic failure probability analysis. This paper proposes a methodology of condition monitoring and dynamic failure probability analysis of urban gas pipeline network. The methodology begins with identifying key design and operational factors responsible for pipeline failure. Subsequently, a causation-based failure model is developed as the Bowtie model. The Bowtie model is transformed into a Bayesian network, which is analyzed using operational data. The key contributory factors of accident causation are monitored. The monitored data is used to analyze the updated failure probability of the network. The gas pipeline network's dynamic failure probability is combined with the potential consequences to assess the risk. The application of the approach is demonstrated in a section of the urban gas pipeline.