火灾条件下消防负载断路器性能研究

针对目前配电箱开关在火灾热影响下由于脱扣机构动作引起跳闸,不能保证消防设备供电问题,经过对消防配电箱的火灾试验研究,分析了外部热源对开关动作的影响。通过线损量的计算,得出了火灾情况下环境温度与电阻热损耗的关系。并依据双金属片热弯曲理论,推导出热脱扣机构动作力与端部位移成正比的关系。总结出消防终端设备开关热过载保护应仅用于动作信号而不应切断电源的结论。对于现有消防配电柜,给出了通过调整开关热脱扣机构倾斜角,来增加消防负荷的供电时间的方案,可以为消防供电系统断路器的可靠性设计作参考。     

火灾探测器可靠性的Monte Carlo仿真方法浅析

从"人—机—环境"的角度对导致火灾探测器误报、漏报的原因进行了分析,利用Monte Carlo系统仿真方法对火灾探测器的可靠性进行了模拟分析,得到的探测器可靠度、故障率曲线与理论和工程实际情况相符。正确地描述了火灾探测器的故障率随时间变化的规律,为进一步应用该方法来分析整个火灾探测报警系统的可靠性提供了理论基础。     

石油化工装置区火灾举高消防车的安全部署研究

举高消防车广泛应用在石油化工装置区火灾中。为高效发挥举高消防车在石油化工装置区火灾中的作用,对石油化工装置区火灾中广泛使用的举高消防车的结构性能进行了分析,针对举高喷射消防车的特点,分析了装置类型、作业场地、安全工作范围、火场热辐射对其在石油化工装置区火灾使用中的影响。分析给出了石油化工装置区火灾中消防通道的要求、举高消防车距离火源的安全距离及其臂架的工作要求,并提出了举高消防车在石油化工装置区火灾中的安全部署要求。研究结果可以为举高消防车在石油化工装置区火灾中的安全部署及作战效能的提高提供技术支持。     

预应力连续梁桥火损后的应变监测及分析研究

以实际火损钢筋混凝土预应力连续铁路桥梁工程为依托背景,对该梁体发生火灾后45天内的应变进行了紧密监测。围绕其经火灾高温后的应变变化、力学性能变化等,对所测得的实际应变监测数据进行了详细分析,研究了该梁体火损后应变随时间的变化特性,得出了桥梁结构火损后应变随时间的变化规律以及力学性能的变化等结论。为后期进行桥梁检测评定与维修加固奠定了坚实的理论基础。     

某高层建筑消防联动系统设计方案

火灾自动报警与消防联动系统,作为智能建筑中一个相对独立的子系统,其自动化程度越来越高。客观上要求在进行方案设计时能根据有关规范要求和建筑物对联动系统的实际需要,合理设计联动报警输入、输出信号,选择和配置控制器。本文结合某高层建筑的特点,对火灾自动报警系统设计提出了框架性的方案。     

浅谈车间动力配电箱的安全选用

通过调查得知，目前许多工厂的车间动力配电箱处于失控状态，增加了发生电气事故的可能性。针对这一问题，介绍了车间动力配电箱保护型式的选用和基本安全要求，以及在使用过程中应注意的事项。     

温升速率对某防火保护简支钢梁耐火时间的影响

在钢结构抗火研究中通常基于标准温升曲线分析钢构件的火灾响应特性,采用更接近实际火灾场景的BFD自然温升曲线,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS研究了不同火灾温升速率对某防火保护简支钢梁耐火时间的影响,并与经验公式法进行比较。结果表明:有限元分析结果与经验公式法的计算结果基本一致;不同温升速率会导致钢梁温度场变化的差异性,进而影响钢梁的耐火时间;在快速温升时,荷载大小对钢梁耐火时间的影响较大;当荷载较大时,钢梁耐火温度降低,快速温升下钢梁耐火时间较短。     

建筑火灾隐患与火灾风险的关系

结合我国重大火灾隐患问题的实际情况,对火灾隐患在广义和狭义上进行了定义,分析了火灾隐患与火灾危险源、火灾风险的关系,指出火灾隐患是具体的,火灾风险是抽象的,火灾隐患的存在是重特大火灾发生的根本原因,火灾隐患的判定可以通过风险评估的方法解决。本文的研究对探索制定符合我国实际的火灾隐患认定的量化标准,提出有针对性并符合实际的整改措施,加强和提高我国消防监督整体水平等方面具有重要意义。     

CFAST软件在建筑物火灾区域模拟中的应用

传统的消防预案无法充分和直观地表现建筑物空间结构,火灾模拟可以在一定程度上满足对火灾预测的需求。运用CFAST 6.0.7区域模拟软件对某建筑物单层工程实例进行火灾模拟,得出了在烟气层下降高度、上部烟气层温度、下部烟气层温度及烟气层中CO含量等火灾参数随时间的变化情况,分析了该建筑物的火灾危险性,进行了安全评价,为消防人员制定火灾救援预案提供参考。     

破解基层消防监管难题——泉州市持续推动优化乡镇（街道）消防工作

正"配电箱下不能堆放杂物,货品堆放要留出消防通道。"……这是4月12日,晋江市西滨镇党政主要领导带队到志禾公路港对港内物流企业进行消防安全检查的一幕,也是泉州市推动优化乡镇(街道)消防工作的一个缩影。乡镇(街道)是火灾防控最关键、最前沿的一级,泉州市县域经济、乡镇经济高度活跃,火灾防控压力大。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.