日本的酸雨研究

日本环境厅人士认为,酸雨可能在未来对日本构成威胁,对其森林、湖泊等生态系统产生影响。应防患于未然,努力掌握酸雨发展动向,积极开展调查研究。由于目前对酸雨的认识还不够全面,对酸雨机理也不十分清楚。因此,应对酸雨进行连续性监测,准确地作出预报,以便采取对策。 1.对酸雨的调查工作 1975年～1979年,日本进行了“湿性大气污染调查。”这是日本酸雨调查工作的开始。1973年～1976年夏季,日本关东地区以及邻近的静罔县、山梨县报告说,当地发生了     

杭州市酸雨现状、特点及控制对策

酸雨对农业生态系统、水生生态系统、森林生态系统、构筑物和各种物品带来的严重危害已成为普遍性的环境污染问题。酸雨形成机理复杂,影响范围大、地域广,又具有远距离输送的特点,为了有效地控制酸雨的发生与发展,必须对酸雨的成因、分布加强环境监测和研究。近十年来杭州市做了大量的工作,积累了相当数据。现将杭州市酸雨现状、特点作粗浅分析并提出相应的防治对策。     

陆地生态环境酸沉降敏感性研究

酸雨对生态环境的影响已成为全球性的重大环境问题，本文在总结了世界酸雨现状、酸雨的生态危害、酸雨对土壤系统的影响及生态系统酸沉降敏感性等方面研究现状的基础上，对各方面的研究进展、存在的问题及发展趋势进行了评述和展望，并提出了若干研究方向及进一步研究需要注意的问题。     

模拟酸雨对土壤盐基离子的淋溶释放影响

选取南方主要酸沉降区土壤作模拟酸雨淋溶实验,探讨在酸雨作用下各土壤随降水酸度、降水过程及 降水量的变化其盐基离子的淋溶特性及影响因素。     

浙江省酸雨的空间分布格局及其未来变化趋势预测

利用浙江省1992、2002年的酸雨监测数据,并利用RAINS-ASIA模型模拟了1990-2030年浙江省酸雨前体物(SO2)的排放量,以及酸沉降超临界负荷面积占研究区域面积比例的变化情况.结果表明,浙江省的酸雨分布范围不断扩大、危害程度不断加重;未来一个时期内,SO2排放量都会维持在较高的水平;酸沉降超临界负荷面积所占比例在经历较快的增长阶段之后,会维持在较为恒定的水平,并呈现出明显的时滞性.     

酸雨的利弊

迄今,所有关于酸雨作用的资料均来自酸度增长对水族生物的影响进行的研究。pH值较低对鱼类,植物和其他的淡水系统成员的影响得到了大量资料的证实。所以对受到酸化影响的生态系统的分解方式和分解程度所作推测是相当可靠的。营养物增多带来的好处和对植物生长可能带来的抑制及其他的有害影响使得估计表现平衡对陆基生态系统的潜在效应复杂化。大多数数据是在实验室和温室条件下将陆生生物暴露在酸雨中采用模拟法获得的。因而,从这些数据所得的任何结论都可能由于从实验室延拓到现场而影响可靠性。     

镇江市酸雨现状及控制对策

镇江市１９９８年被国家列入首批酸雨控制区,分析了镇江市酸雨现状、污染特征及其成因,提出酸雨控制对策。     

酸雨与煤资源的利用

酸雨由于其全球性而被看作为首要的环境问题之一。它对生态系统的综合效应还不十分清楚,但已知它们有潜在的严重危害。酸雨可能改变营养物从土和叶的淋溶率;酸化河湖而减少或灭绝鱼类种群;此外还影响土壤微生物,特别是固氮微生物;影响致病细菌和真菌的行为;增加从土壤摄入有毒金属;可能与除草剂及其他合成化合物产生协同作用。防治酸雨的根本途径之一是煤资源的综合利用。     

酸雨问题研究概况

近地大气层与地球表面之间时刻在进行着物质交换.大气中物质的变化必然对人类产生影响,而大气物质的变化与人类活动有着密切的关系.自工业革命以来,人类对地球的生物地球化学循环施加的影响愈来愈大,人为地向大气中排放的污染物不断增加,打破了正常的循环,雨水变得更酸就是其结果.自Smith1872年提出“酸雨”术语至今,特别是二十世纪,相继在湖沼学、农业科学和大气科学研究取得进展,人们对酸雨现象的认识不断提高,研究也日益深入.尤其是近十年来,酸雨作为一大环境问题被称之为“来自空中的死亡”使人们深感不安,引起了各国政府与科研部门的高度重视.     

陆生生态系统对酸沉降的相对敏感性

介绍了敏感性及生态系统对酸沉降的绝对敏感性和相对敏感性的概念，讨论了影响陆生生态系统酸沉降缓冲能力的各种因素，并概述了生态系统相对敏感性评价的基本原理、已建立的评价方法及应用前景。     

酸化模型在国内的发展与应用进展

酸沉降与环境的酸化模型在国外已有较大进展,在我国尚属起步阶段。本文系统介绍了国内在酸化模型方面研究进展。这方面成果主要是适合于大尺度区域评估的指标评价模型的建立和将国外成熟的酸化模型应用于中国具体实践。希望尽快建立我国的酸化水化学研究体系。     

论合理施肥与土壤环境的可持续性发展

文中论述了合理施肥对提高作物产量、改善品质以及净化与保护生态环境、实现农业可持续性发展的重要性与不可替代性,而施肥不当或滥用肥料不仅对土壤、植物养分平衡失调,作物产量与品质构成威胁,而且更重要的是作物吸收后所残留的肥料随着灌水或降水而产生径流、淋溶或侧渗,其累积效应对土壤和地表水、地下水易于造成污染,从而影响土壤环境与农业生态系统的稳定性、可持续性发展。为此,本文在肯定施肥对农业生产重要作用的基础上,重点探讨了施肥不当或滥用化肥,以城市生活垃圾、污水等为肥源所可能导致的土壤环境污染、对生态系统的危害性及其有效防治措施。     

中国与全球性环境问题

本文系作者对中国环境问题十几年研究成果的总结。作者重点阐述了全球环境问题、地球变暖与中国的现状、酸雨与中国的现状、臭氧层破坏与中国现状、野生生物种的灭绝与中国现状等。     

Acid rain, storm period chemistry and their potential impact on stream communities in Hong Kong

Hong Kong experiences acid deposition, however, little is known about the potential impact upon aquatic ecosystems. In a small drainage basin observations reveal that despite acid rain runoff, both baseflow and stormflow, was close to neutral in terms of pH. During storm events chemical analysis reveals that calcium (Ca) concentrations tended to rise. It also appears that the input of acid rain may increase aluminium (Al) levels in the stream. Due to the increased levels of Ca and only slight changes in pH acid deposition may not be generating problems in this stream. The presence of mayflies reported elsewhere may further support the results of the chemical study.     

我国新经济开发区水环境规划研究

本义分析了我国新经济开发区水环境规划的特点，提出了规划研究的内容、步骤和方法，给出了水环境承载力的概念和定量方法，并且确定规划方案中的水环境承载力，以此作为协调水环境保护与社会经济发展的理论依据。文中以本溪市经济开发区为例，在综合分析的基础上，制定出开发区水环境综合防治规划，并做了供选方案的费用－效益分析和可行性论证，最后，计算分析了各规划方案的水环境承载力的综合值。     

华北山区环境综合整治与生态建设

华北山区位于华北平原与陕甘黄土高原以及内蒙古高原之间，是我国经济欠发达地区之一。它又是我国华北平原、京津唐等大城市工农业和生活用水的主要源地，生态环境类型复杂多样，但由于人类活动频繁，自然植被破坏严重，生态系统结构紊乱，功能脆弱，自身恢复能力较弱。积极开展华北山区的环境综合整治与生态建设不仅对解决当地人民的生活和生存问题具有重要的意义，而且对于我国华北地区经济的发展也具有重要的战略意义。本文详细分析了华北山区的生态系统特点和存在的问题，并在此基础上提出在该区环境综合整治与生态建设的具体措施和途径。     

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in south-east Scotland: Quantification of the organic nitrogen fraction in wet,dry and bulk deposition

Water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) compounds are ubiquitous in precipitation and in the planetary boundary layer, and therefore are a potential source of bioavailable reactive nitrogen. This paper examines weekly rain data over a period of 22 months from June 2005 to March 2007 collected in 2 types of rain collector (bulk deposition and “dry + wet” deposition) located in a semi-rural area 15 km southwest of Edinburgh, UK (N55°51′44″, W3°12′19″). Bulk deposition collectors are denoted in this paper as “standard rain gauges”, and they are the design used in the UK national network for monitoring precipitation composition. “Dry + wet” deposition collectors are flushing rain gauges and they are equipped with a rain detector (conductivity array), a spray nozzle, a 2-way valve and two independent bottles to collect funnel washings (dry deposition) and true wet deposition. On average, for the 27 weekly samples with 3 valid replicates for the 2 types of collectors, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represented 23% of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in bulk deposition. Dry deposition of particles and gas on the funnel surface, rather than rain, contributed over half of all N-containing species (inorganic and organic). Some discrepancies were found between bulk rain gauges and flushing rain gauges, for deposition of both TDN and DON, suggesting biological conversion and loss of inorganic N in the flushing samplers.     

Power-law distribution of acid deposition

The scaling behaviour in acid deposition dynamics of 184 monitoring sites under the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) is analysed for the 1978–2001 period. The results show that: the distribution of weekly hydrogen deposition (WHD) is consistent with a power law in two different regimes separated by a crossover WHD (CWHD), and both the CWHD and its probability density increase as the power law commensurate with the mean of WHD series; the distribution of pH values shows a series behaviour similar to that of WHD and can be depicted as a log–linear model with the same form of Gutenberg–Richter model of earthquake occurrence; and the successive time-duration (weeks) of both acid and non-acid rain also obeys a power law, with the average duration of acid rain scaling as a positive power law and that of non-acid rain as a negative power law of average WHD. The power laws in the acid deposition dynamics are considered to be indicators of self-organisation of the atmosphere under environmental pollution stress.     

Effects of rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and anion content of simulated rain on subterranean clover

An experiment was conducted to determine the extent to which rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi, and anions in simulated rain affect plant growth response to acid deposition. Germinating subterranean clover seeds were planted in steam-pasteurized soil in pots and inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus etunicatum, R. leguminosarum + G. intraradices, R. leguminosarum + G. etunicatum, or no microbial symbionts. Beginning 3 weeks later, plants and the soil surface were exposed to simulated rain in a greenhouse on 3 days week(-1) for 12 weeks. Rain solutions were deionized water amended with background ions only (pH 5.0) or also adjusted to pH 3.0 with HNO3 only, H2SO4 only, or a 50/50 mixture of the two acids. Glomus intraradices colonized plant roots poorly, and G. intraradices-inoculated plants responded like nonmycorrhizal plants to rhizobia and rain treatments. Variation in plant biomass attributable to different rain formulations was strongest for G. etunicatum-inoculated plants, and the effect of rain formulation differed with respect to nodulation by rhizobia. The smallest plants at the end of the experiment were noninoculated plants exposed to rains (0.38 g mean dry weight total for 3 plants pot(-1)). Among nonnodulated plants infected by G. etunicatum, those exposed to HNO3 rain were largest, followed by plants exposed to HNO3 + H2SO4, pH 5.0, and H2SO4 rain, in that order. Among plants inoculated with both R. leguminosarum + G. etunicatum, however, the greatest biomass occurred with pH 5.0 rains, resulting in the largest plants in the study (1.00 g/3 plants). Treatment-related variation among root and shoot biomass data reflected those for whole-plant biomass. Based on quantification of biomass and N concentrations in shoot and root tissues, total N content of plants inoculated with G. etunicatum alone and exposed to the HNO3 + H2SO4 rains was approximately the same as plants inoculated with R. leguminosarum + G. entunicatum and exposed to pH 5 rains. Thus, the acid-mixture rains and rhizobia under no acid deposition provided approximately equal amounts of N in biomass. The significant interactions among rain formulation and the symbiotic status of the plants suggest that conclusions concerning the impact of acid deposition on plants in the environment cannot be considered reliable because most experiments on which such assessments are based have not tested confounding influences of microorganisms and precipitation characteristics.