木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10％（T1）、15％（T2）、20％（T3）和不加磷矿粉（CK）四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10％、15％和20％。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30％左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90％以上,水溶性碳（DOC）含量均降至10g.kg。以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12．58、12．81、12．96g.kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23．53％、17．07％、14．50％,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径：     

A new method to inertize incinerator toxic fly ash with silica from rice husk ash

Fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration is a toxic waste due to the presence of toxic heavy metals. Here, a new method for metal stabilization based on the use of silica gel extracted from rice husk ash is presented. This method is sustainable because of the use of only waste materials to produce a final inert product, and because the inertization procedure occurs at room temperature. The estimated maximum Pb adsorption capacity of extracted silica, of about 36 mg/g, is found to be far greater than the adsorption capacity of other known absorbers used for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash.     

基因枪介导获得转植酸酶基因水稻研究

植酸酶是一类能促进植酸及其盐类水解成肌醇和磷酸的酶的总称.它能提高饲料和食品中磷的利用率,减轻粪便中磷排放所造成的环境污染,清除植酸与金属离子的螯合作用,改善微量元素的吸收和利用.本研究将马铃薯的胞外分泌信号肽(Psec)和大肠杆菌的植酸酶基因(appA2)结合组成融合基因导入粳稻台北309中.PCR检测和Southern杂交表明,植酸酶基因和分泌信号肽序列已经整合到水稻的基因组中.无机磷含量分析表明,含目的基因的转基因水稻种子及茎叶中的无机磷含量均较未转化植株有显著的提高.图6表1参14     

Removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous medium using manganese oxide coated lignocellulose/silica adsorbents

Arsenic (V) adsorption on manganese oxide coated rice wastes was investigated in this study. The modified adsorbents were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and pH measurements to determine the point of zero charge. Batch adsorption equilibrium experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration on arsenic removal efficiency. The adsorption capacity of rice waste was significantly improved after modification with permanganate. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich model which confirms surface homogeneity of the adsorbent. Maxima adsorption capacities are determined as 10 and 12 mg/g at pH 3 for manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw, respectively. The adsorption energy indicates that the adsorption process may be dominated by chemisorption. Pseudo-second-order rate equation described the kinetics sorption of arsenic with good correlation coefficients, better than a pseudo-first-order equation. Manganese oxide coated rice husk and straw appear to be promising low cost adsorbents for removing arsenic from water.     

绍兴平原二种典型农田系统中重金属流及其平衡分析

以浙江省绍兴平原为例,选择水稻（Orgza sativa L.）和蔬菜[大白菜（Brassica campestris L.ssp.pekinensis）]等2种典型农田系统,进行为期1年的观察分析,研究了农田系统中主要重金属元素流及平衡状况。结果表明,研究区农田系统中重金属来源物和农产品及排水中重金属含量有较大的空间变异性。有机肥和生活垃圾中重金属含量明显高于化肥,不同化肥品种中重金属含量：磷肥、复合肥钾肥氮肥。农田系统中重金属的输入量：有机肥施用（60.40%～99.36%）大气沉降（0.46%～39.26%）化肥施用（0.17%～1.45%）灌溉水（0.0016%～1.62%）。农田系统中Pb、Cd、Zn和Hg的输出量：农产品地表排水;重金属总积累量和输入强度：ZnCuPbCdHg。总体上,蔬菜生产系统中重金属的输入和累积量水稻生产系统。     

木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10%(T1)、15%(T2)、20%(T3)和不加磷矿粉(CK)四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10%、15%和20%。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30%左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90%以上,水溶性碳(DOC)含量均降至10g·kg-1以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12.58、12.81、12.96g·kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23.53%、17.07%、14.50%,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径。     

城市生活垃圾有机组分厌氧发酵产氢和甲烷

为了提高能源回收效率,采用大米、土豆、生菜、瘦肉、花生油和榕树叶作为实验原料,模拟有机垃圾中普遍存在的淀粉、膳食纤维、蛋白质、脂肪和木质纤维类成分,进行厌氧发酵产氢以及对其剩余物厌氧发酵产甲烷.结果表明.在厌氧发酵产氢阶段,整个过程没有甲烷生成,大米、土豆、生菜、瘦肉、花生油和榕树叶的氢气产率分别为125、103、35、0、5和0 mL g-1(VS),能源回收效率分别为7.9%、6.8%、1.9%、0、0.1%和0.大米、土豆和生菜的氢气浓度分别为34%～59%、41%～56%和37%～70%,整个产氢阶段没有甲烷生成.在厌氧发酵产甲烷阶段,上述原料的甲烷产率分别为232、237、148、278、866和50 mL g-1(VS),生物气中甲烷含量分别为42%～70%、57%～71%、73%～77%、59%～73%、68%～80%和54%～74%.厌氧发酵联产氢气和甲烷整个过程上述原料的能源回收效率分别为56.3%、58.4%、28.8%、39.2%、81.2%和8.8%,总COD去除率分别为72.30%、81.70%、32.63%、47.59%、97.46%和11.29%.图4表5参35     

砷污染土壤对不同品种水稻生长的影响

重金属如何影响水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的生长及产量一直是粮食生产中的研究重点。利用盆栽实验,首次比较了砷(As)对三个品系(杂交稻、常规稻和糯稻)共20个品种水稻生长的影响,以期选定适合在As污染区种植的水稻品种。结果显示,不同品系水稻在As污染土壤中的生长显著不同,杂交稻的生长优于糯稻和常规稻,但糯稻和常规稻差异不显著,表明杂交稻更适宜在砷污染土壤种植。同一品系内不同品种水稻的生长也有较大差异,杂交稻II优804的干物质积累量最高,每株达到0.055g。     

转基因抗虫水稻生态安全性研究进展

我国转基因抗虫水稻的商业化种植已成为国内外广泛关注的热点问题.本文系统综述了转基因抗虫水稻的遗传转化、基因漂流、靶标害虫的抗性风险、对非靶标生物和稻田节肢动物群落的影响以及B t杀虫蛋白在土壤中的残留等方面的研究进展.现有研究表明,B t水稻对二化螟、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等主要靶标害虫具有较高的抗性水平,对稻飞虱、叶蝉、捕食性天敌等非靶标生物的生长发育和稻田节肢动物群落的稳定性无明显影响.靶标害虫的抗性和转基因水稻与杂草稻、野生稻之间的基因漂移风险是转基因抗虫水稻商业化种植的主要环境安全问题.参60     

Effluents and residues from industrial sites for carbon dioxide capture: a review

The adverse effects of climate change calls for the rapid transformation of manufacturing processes to decrease the emissions of carbon dioxide. In particular, a lower carbon footprint can be achieved by capturing carbon dioxide at the site of emission. Here we review the use of industrial effluents, waste and residues to capture carbon dioxide. Waste include steelmaking slag, municipal solid waste incinerator ashes, combustion fly ash, black liquor, paper mill waste, mining waste, cement waste, construction and demolition waste, waste from the organic industry, and flue gas desulfurization gypsum waste. Capture capacities range from 2 to 800 kg of carbon dioxide per ton of waste, depending on processes, waste type and conditions. Cement waste and flue gas desulfurization gypsum waste show the highest capture capacity per ton of waste.

     

麦季稻秆还田方式对后续稻季CH4排放的影响

通过田间试验研究了麦季4种稻秆还田方式（不还田、表面覆盖、均匀混施和原位焚烧）对后续稻季CH4排放的影响,以探讨稻．麦轮作系统中秸秆还田对稻田温室气体排放的后续效应。试验于2007年小麦播种期将4．8t·hm^-2水稻秸秆分别以不同方式还田（不还田处理除外）,利用静态箱／气相色谱法对2008年后续稻季CH4排放进行观测。结果表明,不同麦季稻秆还田方式显著影响后续稻季的CH4排放。与不施稻秆处理相比,表面覆盖和均匀混施处理后续稻季CH4排放量增加了75％和40％,且CH4排放量差异主要体现在水稻生长前期（0．60d）;原位焚烧处理CH4排放量与稻秆不还田处理相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）;与不施稻秆处理相比,均匀混施处理显著增加稻季开始前土壤全C质量分数6％和全N质量分数12％（P〈0．05）;各处理水稻（Oryza sativa L．）产量无显著差异（P〉0．05）;稻秆麦季均匀混施与表面覆盖相比能在一定程度上抑制后续稻季CH4排放．同时避免了秸秆焚烧导致的C、N、P等元素的大量损失,是较为合理的麦季稻秆还田方式。     

覆盖旱作水稻的生物效应及吸氮特征

研究了田间条件下旱作水稻半腐解秸秆覆盖、蚕豆秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、纸膜覆盖、生稻草覆盖 5种覆盖方式的吸氮特征 ;水稻水作与旱作的产量及其构成因素 ;水稻水作与旱作条件下灌溉水的利用效率。结果表明 ,旱作条件下水稻各部位的含氮量均大于水作 ;旱作水稻的氮素吸收、累积主要在拔节期以后 ,而水作水稻从移栽后就大量吸收氮素 ,灌浆期后很少吸收氮素 ;旱作水稻的产量以半腐解覆盖处理的最高 ,为 8415kg/hm2 ;旱作水稻耗水量只占水作耗水量的 7 14% ,旱作水稻的水分利用效率是水作的 12倍以上     

Efficacy of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on enzyme activity and soil quality in rice paddy

Addition of plant residue into soils improves soil physiochemical properties and its fertility. Rapeseed residue is an emerging N source to paddy soils via rice-rape double-cropping practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on chemical changes and enzyme activity in the rice paddy soil. The powdered eggshells at 0, 1, 3, and 5% were applied once to 7.0 kg paddy repacked soils in each pot treated with the rapeseed residue or the conventional N, P, and K fertilisers. Eight rice seedlings (Oriza sativa L. cv. Ilmibyeo) (40 days after sowing) were transplanted to the treated each pot. The contents of total C (TC) and N (TN), and organic matter (OM) were significantly increased in soils treated with the rapeseed residue compared to the N, P, and K fertilisers. With the addition of eggshell containing ～92% CaCO₃, a considerable increase of soil pH was observed in soils treated with the rapeseed residue and the N, P, and K fertilisers, compared to the untreated soil. Activities of β-glucosidase, urease, and arylsulfatase enzymes were higher in soils treated with the rapeseed residue than soils treated with the N, P, and K fertilisers. The eggshell additions at 1, 3, and 5% into soils treated with the rapeseed residue increased enzyme activity mainly resulting from N mineralisation, whereas no change in enzyme activity was observed in the soils treated with the NPK fertiliser. The combined use of the rapeseed residue and the eggshells can be beneficial to improve soil environment.     

Biotransfer of persistent organic pollutants from a large site in China used for the disassembly of electronic and electrical waste

Samples of groundwater, river water, river sediment, paddy soil, rice seeds, hen eggs, fish, umbilical cord blood, and newborn meconium were collected from October 2002 to October 2003 near a large site in China used for the disassembly of obsolete transformers and other electronic or electrical waste. Six indicator PCB congeners, three non-ortho dioxin-like PCB congeners, and six organochlorine pesticides were determined in the samples by GC with electron capture detector. The results demonstrated that the local environment and edible foods had been seriously polluted by toxic PCBs and organochlorine pesticides. The actual daily intakes (ADIs) of these pollutants were estimated for local residents living in the area. The intake data showed that the contents of PCBs in these local residents were substantial, as the ADI estimates greatly exceed the reference doses set by the World Health Organization and the United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The presence of the indicator PCB congeners in the cord blood and the meconium samples, as well as significant correlations (r ² > 0.80, p < 0.05) between these levels, suggests a potential biotransfer of these indicators from mothers to their newborns. This preliminary study showed that obsolete transformers and other electronic or electrical waste can be an important source for the emission of persistent organic pollutants into the local environment, such as through leakage, evaporation, runoff, and leaching. Contamination from this source appears to have reached the level considered to be a serious threat to environmental and human health around the disassembly site.     

不同品种水稻对Cu积累分配的差异

以21个水稻品种（包括常规稻、二系杂交稻、三系杂交稻）为材料,通过室内盆栽试验探讨了Cu在不同品种水稻根-茎-叶-籽粒（糙米）中的积累分配的差异。结果表明,供试水稻品种根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cu含量的均值分别是67.35、16.24、8.29、11.62mg·kg-1,多数水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根茎籽粒（糙米）叶,但也有少部分水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根籽粒（糙米）茎叶。各器官的Cu含量在不同品种间存在显著差异,其中以根和籽粒Cu含量的差异最大,茎次之,叶最小。常规稻根部Cu含量显著低于杂交稻,而叶中Cu含量显著高于杂交稻,但两者的茎和籽粒中Cu含量没有明显的差异。三系杂交稻根、茎、籽粒Cu含量显著高于二系杂交稻,而叶的Cu含量两者差异不显著。不同遗传背景的水稻各器官对Cu积累也存在不同程度的差异。相关分析结果表明,不同品种水稻相邻器官（根与茎,茎与叶）的Cu含量呈极显著正相关,相间器官（根与叶、籽粒,茎与籽粒）的Cu含量呈显著正相关,地上部各器官Cu的转运系数相互之间呈极显著的正相关。     

Si对盐胁迫下水稻根系活力、丙二醛和营养元素含量的影响(Effects of Si on the Index of Root Activity, MDA Content and Nutritional Elements Uptake of Rice under Salt Stress)

为深入了解盐胁迫下外源硅(Si)对水稻生长的作用,采用溶液培养法研究了外源Si对盐(NaCl)胁迫下野生型水稻和硅突变体水稻(不能正常吸收Si)营养元素和生理指标的影响.结果表明:1)外源Si可显著提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的生物量.当NaCl的浓度为100mmol·L-1时,添加1.0mmol·L-1的Si可使野生型水稻茎叶和根系干重提高12.81%和15.25%,硅突变体水稻茎叶干重提高12.31%.2)外源Si可提高盐胁迫下两种水稻茎叶和根系中营养元素含量,降低Na的含量.3)外源Si可显著降低盐胁迫下野生型水稻叶片MDA含量,但对突变体水稻叶片MDA含量影响不大.4)外源Si可显著提高盐胁迫下两种水稻的根系活力.盐胁迫下,与不加Si的对照相比,添加1.0mmol·L-1的Si可分别使野生型和突变体水稻根系活力指数提高60.47%和42.42%.     

土壤调理剂对稻米中镉含量及其品质的影响

近年来土壤调理剂被大量投入到重金属污染农田治理修复中,大部分产品使用后可以达到农产品质量安全的效果,但对农产品品质影响方面关注较少。选取市面上销量较大的4种(A、B、C、D)土壤调理剂,通过早、晚两造水稻大田验证试验结果来评价调理剂对水稻生长的影响,对指导实际安全生产具有重要的意义。结果表明,施用土壤调理剂可以增加水稻产量,增幅在2%—6%之间;使稻米的镉含量降低18%—48%,调理剂的增产控Cd效果表现为早稻均优于晚稻。稻米中直链淀粉含量有不同程度的增加,晚稻效果更加明显,含量均处于国家优质米直链淀粉含量(14%—20%)之间。各处理稻米蛋白质含量均有提高,晚稻稻米中蛋白质含量整体高于早稻。施用调理剂可以增加稻米矿物质元素Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn在稻米中的积累,其中调理剂C对提高早稻稻米Ca、Cu、Zn含量效果最好;调理剂B对提高早稻稻米Mg、Fe、Mn含量效果最好,且也有利于提高晚稻稻米Fe含量;调理剂A对提高晚稻Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn效果最好;调理剂D对提高晚稻稻米铜元素含量效果最好。相关性分析结果表明,稻米中6种矿物质元素Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn均与稻米中Cd含量呈现负相关关系,并达到显著或极显著水平,说明提高稻米中矿物质元素含量能有效抑制镉向稻米中转移。     

镉对不同基因型水稻生长毒害影响的比较研究

利用水培分期添加镉试验，研究了杂交水稻和常规水稻在不同生育时期对环境镉毒害的反应。结果表明，在水稻幼穗分化之前，镉主要降低光合生产力，影响植株生长；幼穗分化至抽穗期，主要抑制生殖器官分化，造成颖花败育；抽穗期之后，镉主要干扰体内营养物质的迁移和再分配。就对产量影响而言，幼穗分化至抽穗期是水稻对镉反应最敏感时期，杂交稻比常规稻对镉污染毒害敏感。     

Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies

• Implication of COVID-19 on medical waste and MSW generation is studied. • Challenges and effective strategy of solid waste generation is reviewed. • 2.9 million tons of COVID-19 related medical waste has been generated until Sep. 22. • The pandemic has postponed policies related to the reduction of plastic use. • Blockade resulted in a significant drop in waste generation in some regions. It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%‒425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents’ attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.     

磷、砷双重胁迫对不同耐低磷水稻苗期生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

以1个耐低磷和1个低磷敏感水稻为材料,通过土培试验研究磷、砷双重胁迫对水稻苗期生物学特性及磷、砷吸收的影响,并比较不同品种之间的差异.结果表明,相同磷水平下,外加砷浓度为小于25 mg/kg时,水稻的生物量、叶宽、株高、SPAD值及磷吸收量均随砷浓度的增加而增加,当砷浓度达到50 mg/kg时开始下降,两个品种表现相同趋势.说明少量砷可以刺激水稻生长,促进磷的吸收,砷用量过多则抑制水稻的生长及磷的吸收.相同砷水平下,水稻生物学性状及磷、砷吸收量随磷用量的增加而增加,两个品种亦表现相同趋势.说明适当施磷肥可以缓解砷对水稻生长的抑制作用.上述结果表明,低浓度的磷、砷具有协同效应,高浓度的磷、砷表现拮抗作用.此外,相同磷、砷水平下,供试耐低磷水稻的生物学性状及其相对值较低磷敏感水稻大;但相对磷吸收量(除磷处理为150 mg/kg外)比低磷敏感水稻小,而砷吸收量及其相对值均比低磷敏感水稻多,这可能与二者的磷营养特性及水稻对磷和砷的竞争吸收有关.图7表1参19