木薯渣堆肥及其对难溶性磷的活化试验研究

试验以干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料作调理剂,同时加入不同含量的磷矿粉,对木薯渣进行好氧堆肥,研究木薯渣堆肥过程中堆肥理化性质的变化及木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷的活化作用。试验设置磷矿粉加入量10%(T1)、15%(T2)、20%(T3)和不加磷矿粉(CK)四个处理,干鸡粪、米糠、堆肥返料的添加量均为10%、15%和20%。在堆肥过程中,四个处理均在55℃以上高温持续了25d,超过了国家规定的标准。在堆肥结束时,各处理水分含量均降至30%左右,pH升高至弱碱性,淀粉降解率均在90%以上,水溶性碳(DOC)含量均降至10g·kg-1以下,达到了基本腐熟的标准。证明木薯渣通过堆肥能达到稳定无害化状态。在堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T3有效磷增加量分别为12.58、12.81、12.96g·kg-1,对磷矿粉的活化率分别为23.53%、17.07%、14.50%,T1活化效果最好。研究结果表明木薯渣堆肥对难溶性磷有一定的活化作用,可为解决堆肥资源化产品中植物可利用磷含量偏低的难题开拓一条生物学途径。     

不同堆肥材料及引入外源微生物对高温堆肥腐熟度影响的研究

利用畜禽养殖场粪便（ 鸡粪、鸡粪稻壳和猪粪） 和农业废弃物（ 稻壳） 在自动化堆肥装置中进行堆肥试验,探讨不同碳氮比和引入外源微生物后对堆肥腐熟度及养分含量与形态的影响及寻找畜禽粪便快速、高效的高温堆肥方法和条件．结果表明：稻壳是一种硅含量较高难分解的高碳素含量原料,在堆肥前后碳素和 Ｃ／ Ｎ（ ｍ／ｍ） 比变化较小,因而不能以 Ｃ／ Ｎ 比变化来确定堆肥是否腐熟;堆肥水浸提液 Ｗ Ｓ Ｃ／ｏｒｇ － Ｎ（ ｍ／ ｍ） 比和发芽率指数（ Ｉ Ｇ） 指标可以确切反映堆肥的腐熟度．试验比较表明：采用猪粪：稻壳鸡粪：稻壳＝ ６ ：３ ．８（４） ：５ 的质量比,再添加ｗ ＝ ０ ．５ ％ 的快速发酵菌剂,能加速稻壳堆肥腐熟,显著缩短发酵时间,一般堆制１４ ～２１ ｄ 即达到要求     

大豆根系分泌物和根细胞壁对难溶性磷的活化

探讨了不同磷效率大豆品种根系细胞壁和根分泌物对难溶性铝磷的活化与吸收能力。结果表明，砂培条件下，磷高效品种(巴西10号)对难溶性铝磷的吸收显著高于磷低效品种(本地2号)。铝磷处理条件下，根系总表面积巴西10号是本地2号的131％，而钾磷处理二者没有明显差异。根系细胞壁对铝磷的活化表明，大豆苗期根系细胞壁对铝磷的活化量显著高于成熟期。苗期、成熟期巴西10号对铝磷的活化量为本地2号的119％、176％。不同栽培方式根系细胞壁对铝磷的活化量表现为水培大于砂培，水培条件下两个大豆基因型对铝磷的活化量没有差异。不同生育时期、栽培方式根分泌物对铝磷的活化量表现为，成熟期大于苗期，砂培大于水培。巴西10号根分泌物对铝磷的活化量比本地2号分别高出69．3％(成熟期)和40．1％(砂培)。上述研究结果表明，大豆根分泌物和根细胞壁对难溶性铝磷的溶解具有促进作用，有利于大豆对铝磷的吸收。     

解磷接种物对垃圾堆肥中难溶性磷酸盐的转化及在农业上的应用

为了提高城市垃圾堆肥的速效磷含量，对供试的７种垃圾堆肥的解磷强度及解磷微生物进行了分析，并以分离富集的解磷微生物制成解磷菌剂进行了青菜盆栽及大田小区对比试验。结果表明：供试垃圾的解磷强度一般为１１７００～１６１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ；每ｇ垃圾堆肥含３．５～８．６亿个解磷微生物。出现的解磷能力强的微生物有芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）、假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．）、节杆菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｐ．）、黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、产碱菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐｐ．）和赛氏杆菌属（Ｓｅｒｒａｔｉａｓｐｐ．）等。它们可分别使昆阳磷矿粉和／或摩洛哥磷矿粉释放２８４００～４６６００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２９１００～３６９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ可溶性磷，利用解磷接种物可使垃圾堆肥提高２３～２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ速效磷，在往堆肥中添加植物物质和磷矿粉的情况下效果更好。将拌有解磷菌剂的垃圾堆肥在红壤荒地上施用，对青菜有良好的增产效果。     

不同紫云英基因型对难溶性磷吸收利用的影响

通过石英砂培养试验,研究了不同基因型对紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）吸收和利用难溶性磷酸盐（Al-P和Fe-P）的影响。结果表明,紫云英在不同磷源中的生长性状、生物量以及植株不同部位的吸磷量有很大差异。从株高、茎粗、分枝数性状方面来看,均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,且两种难溶性磷处理之间差异达到显著或极显著水平。对大多数紫云英基因型来说Al-P的地上部、地下部及总干物质量都显著大于Fe-P,说明紫云英更容易活化和吸收Al-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号在利用难溶性磷时都显著高于余江大叶和弋江籽。不同紫云英基因型在不同磷源中,地上部、地下部吸磷量及总吸磷量也均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,即对不同磷源的吸收能力均以K-P最高,Al-P大于Fe-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷的吸收量均高于其它3个品种,表明闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷具有较强的溶解吸收能力。从植株吸磷量与生物量关系可以看出,紫云英植株地上部、地下部干物质量及总干物质量、鲜质量增加时,植株吸收磷的养分质量分数也随着增加,呈显著正相关。CK和Al-P处理总干物质量与总吸磷量拟合回归关系显著,但对水溶性K-P和Fe-P处理相关回归关系效果不明显,说明紫云英对难溶性磷吸收利用时,对Al-P吸收富集优于Fe-P。     

不同碳氮比条件下鸡粪和椰糠高温堆肥腐熟过程研究

用鸡粪和椰糠作为基本堆肥原料进行高温堆肥试验,通过控制鸡粪和椰糠的添加量调节堆体初始C/N比,研究其对堆肥过程中堆体温度、p H值、C/N比及养分全量等理化指标的影响,探究鸡粪和椰糠高温堆肥的最适C/N比。结果表明,当C/N比为25时,堆体达到最高温度(57℃),且高温持续时间最长(14 d)。堆肥过程中各处理有机质、全碳、C/N比均呈下降趋势,p H值均呈先上升后下降趋势,全氮和种子发芽指数呈上升趋势。堆肥结束后,堆体F1(初始C/N比为20)、F2(初始C/N比为25)和F3(初始C/N比为30)的C/N比分别为11.13、11.19和10.24,总养分含量w分别为7.94%、8.63%和8.29%,种子发芽指数分别为77.90%、100.65%和93.30%。     

添加蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程中有机物的影响

以落叶、蘑菇渣和鸡粪为原料进行好氧堆肥试验,研究蘑菇渣对落叶堆肥过程中有机物的影响.结果表明:添加蘑菇渣可以促进堆肥有机质、木质素、纤维素的分解,堆肥结束时,纤维素分解率分别为53.90%和47.29%,对半纤维素和羧基的影响不大,可以有效地提高堆肥终产品中腐殖质、游离腐植酸、总酸性基和酚羟基的含量.堆肥结束时,添加蘑菇渣和未添加蘑菇渣处理的腐殖质含量分别为260.79 g·kg-1和215.01 g·kg-1,游离腐植酸含量分别为222.23 g·kg-1和189.75 g·kg-1.红外光谱表明,添加蘑菇渣可以有效地促进碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪族化合物和木质素等的分解,加快堆肥稳定腐熟.     

微生物制剂EM控制鸡粪堆制过程恶臭的研究

以上海阿妮优美容保健品有限公司提供的微生物制剂──环境有用微生物群（简称ＥＭ）作为添加剂进行鸡粪堆肥腐熟对比试验，结果差异明显。ＥＭ处理的堆肥中ＮＨ－Ｎ含量比对照下降４１．８６％（１０ｄ）～５６．７１％（２０ｄ），ＮＨ－Ｎ散发量明显减少，且在后期有较强酿酒芳香味逸出，除臭效果显著。ＥＭ处理能加速堆肥腐熟，减少氮的气态损失，并可将无害化处理时间缩短到２０ｄ。这些作用是由ＥＭ引入的外源微生物所引起的。     

菌渣好氧堆肥过程中腐熟度指标及红外光谱的动态变化

为实现食用菌菌渣的合理处置及资源化利用,以食用菌菌渣、鸡粪和豆渣为原料,共设计3个堆肥处理(菌渣与黄豆渣混堆,C1;菌渣与鸡粪混堆,C2;菌渣直接堆制,C3),通过高温好氧堆肥方式研究堆肥过程中相关腐熟度指标及红外光谱的动态变化。结果表明,堆肥过程中温度变化经历了3个阶段,50℃以上高温持续时间均大于10 d。pH总体呈上升趋势,至堆肥结束达到8.0—9.0之间,符合腐熟堆肥的标准;EC值在1.0—2.5 mS·cm~(-1)范围内浮动,C1处理的EC值大于C3的EC值;C/N总体呈下降趋势,堆肥结束时3种处理的比值均低于20;种子发芽指数(GI)随着堆肥过程逐渐上升,至21d时,3种处理的GI值均超过50%,堆肥结束时,C3的GI值达到72.46%,C1、C2的GI值分别为81.02%和82.36%。堆肥过程中胡敏酸(HA)含量逐渐升高,富里酸(FA)的含量变化不大,3种处理胡敏酸与富里酸的比值(HA/FA)总体呈升高趋势,C1、C2和C3的HA/FA值分别由初始的2.38、2.20和2.28增加到3.92、3.22和3.82。红外光谱数据表明,随着堆肥过程的进行,多糖类物质含量减少,有机物中不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度增大,芳香结构物质与氨基基团有所增加,说明堆肥过程中有机物质的变化规律先是大分子物质(如蛋白质、多糖类等)被降解,然后是腐殖质类物质的逐渐合成。     

水稻耐低磷特性研究

选取3个耐低磷水稻基因型99011、580、99112和1个磷敏感基因型99056为供试材料，采用营养液和石英砂培养的方法，研究了与磷效率相关的一些指标．结果表明，99011和580均具有较高的磷吸收效率和利用效率，其中根长是99011高效吸收的重要贡献因子，其次它对难溶性磷有一定的活化吸收能力；580不仅对难溶性磷的活化吸收能力最强，而且善于从低浓度的磷环境中吸收较多的磷；而99112主要靠被动适应生态环境来表现它的耐低磷特性，与磷吸收效率相关的次级因子表现不佳，是99056对低磷反应敏感的主要原因．图3表4参16     

河北省承德地区秸秆堆肥特性及腐熟度评价

以河北省承德地区的油葵秸秆、玉米秸秆、大豆秸秆与鸡粪为原料,设置4种不同配比（F1、F2、F3、F4）,于2009年秋末接种EM菌进行堆肥试验.通过对堆肥过程中堆体的温度、含水率、NH4＋-N、NO3--N、pH值、C/N、T值的测定,研究了不同配比对堆肥腐熟度的影响.采用大白菜种子发芽指数（GI）评价了堆肥的腐熟度和...     

Effect of lime on speciation of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth

Composting is attractive and inexpensive method for treatment and biomass disposal of water hyacinth. However, the major disadvantage of water hyacinth composting is the high content of heavy metals in the final compost. Addition of lime sludge significantly reduced most bioavailable fractions (exchangeable and carbonate) of heavy metals. Studies were carried on composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with cattle manure and sawdust (6:3:1 ratio) and effects of addition of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) on heavy metal speciation were evaluated during 30 days of composting period. The Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the changes in speciation of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) during water hyacinth composting. Effects of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH and organic matter on speciation of heavy metals were also studied during the process. Results showed that, the total metal content was increased during the composting process. The higher reduction in bioavailability factor (BF) of Cu, Fe, Ni, Cd and Cr was observed in lime 2 treatment about 62.1%, 64.4%, 71.9%, 62.1% and 58.9% respectively; however higher reduction in BF of Zn and Pb was observed in lime 1 treatment during the composting process. Reducible and oxidizable fractions of Ni, Pb and Cd were not observed during the process. Addition of lime was very effective for reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals during composting of water hyacinth with cattle manure and sawdust.     

稻草快速腐熟及盆栽试验初报

采用实验室培养发酵、谱学分析、盆栽试验的方法 ,研究了化学前处理、化学 -生物联用处理对稻草腐熟效果的影响。结果表明 ,稻草经化学熟化剂A、B预处理 2 4h后 ,其IR结晶指数从 1 1 0 5分别下降到 1 0 4 6、1 0 79;经化学 -生物联用技术处理 ,大大加速稻草腐热 ,其中化学熟化剂A -生物熟化剂A联用处理 ,可使稻草在 1 4d内腐熟。水稻增产 1 0 %以上。     

猪粪混合堆肥过程中重金属含量的变化

在猪粪混合堆肥中，采用不同的通风方式和填充料，分析该过程中重金属总量和DTPA提取的重金属含量变化。结果表明，通过猪粪混合堆肥，重金属总量不会降低，但重金属生物有效性可降低；在猪粪与木屑混合堆肥中，加入树叶或鸡粪均能显著降低重金属的生物有效性，强制通风 机械翻堆比单一机械翻堆更能降低重金属的生物有效性。     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

Insights into the changes of amino acids,microbial community,and enzymatic activities related with the nutrient quality of product during the composting of food waste

● The highest seed germination index was achieved at 0.3 g/g total solids of food waste. ● Proline was identified as the key amino acid related with the composting process. ● Amino acid metabolism sequences predominated during the whole composting process. This study systematically investigated the changes of amino acids as the composting process of food waste proceeded. It is found that the addition of 0.3 g/g total solids of food waste achieved the highest seed germination index of the product (268 %). The microbial community results indicated that the abundance of amino acid metabolism sequences remained at high levels during the whole composting process. Proline was identified as the key amino acid related with the nutrient quality of product during the composting of food waste. Further plant germination and hydroponic experiments found, that compared with those without the addition of proline, the addition of 50 mg/L proline increased seed germination rate by 20 %, increased shoot length by 3 %, increased root biomass of seedlings by 82 %, and increased leaf biomass of seedlings by 76 %, respectively. Firmicutes, γ-Pseudomonadota, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes were the key identified bacteria related with the increase of proline during the composting of food waste. Meanwhile, the enzymatic tests of the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and malondialdehyde indicated that proline did not cause oxidative damage on the growth of plants. This study provided novel insights into the changes of amino acids, microbial community, and enzymatic activities related with the nutrient quality of product during the composting of food waste.     

厌氧条件总磷还原为磷化氢种泥筛选及功能菌株鉴定

厌氧除磷是一种高效、节能、低耗的方法。获取经济、方便、高效的种泥是实现该方法的前提,种泥中产生磷化氢功能菌株的组成及特性是提高处理效能和开发新工艺的基础,目前此研究未见有关报道。本研究依据厌氧除磷理论,利用厌氧培养反应瓶、筛选培养基和微生物筛选、分离、鉴定的方法。以A2/O厌氧池、污泥浓缩池污泥、养殖场新鲜猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪及鸭粪为研究种泥,通过跟踪厌氧培养过程培养液中总磷的去除率和吸收液中磷化氢的生成量筛选出最佳种泥,并对最佳种泥的菌株进行筛选、分离和鉴定。结果表明,6种泥中鸡粪的厌氧除磷能力最强,鸭粪能力最弱,浓缩池中的污泥和猪粪次之,牛粪及厌氧池污泥有一定的作用。本试验条件下鸡粪是厌氧除磷的最佳种泥。经过3个周期的厌氧培养,6种泥培养液总磷的去除率和吸收液中磷化氢的含量随培养时间增长都有不同程度增加。鸡粪的最佳培养时间为5d。鸡粪培养液经21d培养后分离到1株芽孢杆菌属、1株假单胞菌属及2株肠杆菌科,明确了2株肠杆菌科中1株为埃希氏菌属另1株为柠檬酸杆菌属。     

蚯蚓-稻壳炭联合堆肥对工业污泥中重金属的影响研究

蚯蚓堆肥相关研究多集中在生活污泥方面,对工业污泥的探索较少。该研究以马鞍山某钢铁污水处理站污泥为例,添加不同比例稻壳炭(2%、4%、8%),设置污泥单独堆肥、稻壳炭与污泥堆肥以及蚯蚓-稻壳炭联合污泥堆肥试验,探索蚯蚓与稻壳炭联合堆肥对工业污泥中重金属形态和生物有效性的影响。研究表明,(1)相比污泥单独堆肥,稻壳炭联合污泥堆肥能增加污泥pH、EC、TP和降低TOC、TN,而蚯蚓联合稻壳炭堆肥污泥可增加TN,并进一步增加污泥EC、TP,显著降低污泥的pH、TOC。(2)稻壳炭堆肥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量因浓缩效应而上升;而蚯蚓联合稻壳炭堆肥,重金属含量显著下降,添加4%稻壳炭时,重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd质量分数达到最小值,分别为856.64、137.10、158.92、15.48mg·kg-1。(3)重金属形态分析表明,随着稻壳炭比例增加,稻壳炭堆肥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化为残渣态及铁锰氧化态的比例增大,添加8%稻壳炭时DTPA提取的有效态重金属质量分数最低,分别为705.72、47.95、50.43、4.47 mg·kg-1;蚯蚓-稻壳炭联合堆肥会使得污泥中重金属交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态和有机结合态均向残渣态转化,添加4%稻壳炭与蚯蚓的协同转化能力最大,Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd有效态重金属质量分数分别为629.84、38.63、36.76、1.63mg·kg-1,说明稻壳炭添加入蚯蚓堆肥可进一步降低工业污泥中重金属有效性,使重金属钝化。本研究可为稻壳炭联合蚯蚓堆肥处理工业污泥提供参考和科学依据。