污泥中重金属的形态及在小麦幼苗中的富集

采用BCR连续提取法研究了污泥中Cd、Pb和Zn的化学形态分布,并通过室内土培实验研究了其在小麦幼苗中的富集效应。研究结果表明,Pb和Cd在污泥中主要以残渣态存在,相对比较稳定;Zn则主要以可交换态和可还原态存在,具有较强的潜在生物有效性。污泥中3种金属的潜在生物有效性由强到弱的顺序为:Zn>Cd>Pb。比较污泥中的Zn、Pb、Cd在小麦根和叶中的富集系数(EC),可发现3种金属在根中的富集系数均大于其在叶中的富集系数,说明小麦根部对这3种金属的富集能力大于其茎叶部分。3种金属在小麦中富集能力的强弱顺序在茎叶中为Zn>Cd>Pb,此结果与金属形态分析的结果相吻合。     

硼锑交互作用对水稻吸收积累锑和硼的影响

通过溶液培养实验,研究两种价态锑Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)与B交互作用对水稻吸收积累Sb和B的影响.结果表明,这两种价态的Sb对水稻生长均有抑制作用,Sb(Ⅲ)比Sb(Ⅴ)对水稻毒害更明显,增加B用量可缓解Sb对水稻的毒害.Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的添加可显著地影响水稻根系和茎叶对B的吸收积累.当B的浓度为0.5 mg·L-1时,添加三价Sb 30μmol·L-1可以显著地降低水稻茎叶和根系中的B含量57.6%和75.6%(与对照处理相比,P0.05).同样,增加B用量也影响水稻根系和茎叶对两个价态Sb的吸收积累.在10μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅲ)处理下,添加2.0 mg·L-1的B可导致水稻根系和茎叶Sb含量分别比0.5 mg·L-1B处理降低39.1%和9.2%;在10μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅴ)处理下,添加2.0 mg·L-1的B导致水稻根系Sb含量比0.5mg·L-1B处理降低13.9%.B的应用对Sb在水稻根系和茎叶中的富集系数和分配比率也有显著影响.研究结果表明,在Sb污染农田中可通过施用硼肥来提高植物的硼营养,降低植物对Sb的吸收积累,从而降低Sb对人体健康的危害.     

外源添加磷和有机酸模拟铅污染土壤钝化效果及产物的稳定性研究

有机酸可提高土壤磷有效性,且能影响对重金属的固定,其在磷活化和重金属钝化方面具有非常复杂的功能.本研究以模拟铅污染土壤为对象,外源添加磷和柠檬酸,采用BCR三步连续提取法、0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2提取和毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)评价有机酸存在下磷对模拟铅污染土壤的钝化效果;以苹果酸、NaNO3溶液为解吸剂探讨磷-柠檬酸-铅体系的稳定性.结果表明,无柠檬酸时,酸提取态Pb含量随磷浓度的增加而降低;加磷100 mg·kg-1、400 mg·kg-1时,酸提取态Pb含量随柠檬酸浓度增加而显著增加.残渣态Pb与酸提取态Pb的变化趋势相反,说明磷能降低土壤铅的生物有效性,柠檬酸则作用相反.有机酸浓度一定时,随磷浓度增加,0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2提取和TCLP提取的铅含量均呈降低趋势,表明磷具有钝化铅污染土壤的效果;但磷浓度一定时,它们提取铅含量随柠檬酸浓度增加表现出相反的变化趋势.土壤铅的解吸率随苹果酸浓度增加、pH值减小、离子强度增加而提高,且只添加磷处理的土壤铅解吸量较添加磷和柠檬酸共同处理的土壤少,前者钝化的铅稳定性更高.     

简化连续提取法评价污染土壤中Zn、Cd的植物有效性

以0.01 mol·L^-1CaCl₂和0.005 mol·L^-1 DTPA作为提取剂,用简化的3步连续提取法对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染土壤中Zn、Cd的形态进行了分析.结果显示,污染土壤中Zn、Cd主要以残渣态的形式存在,CaCl₂提取态和DTPA提取态Zn、Cd平均仅占全量的0.63%、3.91%和10.94%、10.13%.土壤中不同形态Zn、Cd含量与玉米中Zn、Cd含量的相关分析结果显示,CaCl₂提取态金属与玉米中金属含量没有显著的相关关系,而DTPA提取态、残渣态以及总量Zn、Cd与玉米根、茎叶中Zn、Cd含量显著正相关.这些结果表明CaCl₂提取态Zn、Cd对土壤中该元素的植物有效态可能不具重要贡献,而DTPA提取态金属和金属总量在一定程度上能作为评价土壤中元素植物有效性的标准.     

不同Zn水平下辣椒体内Cd的积累、化学形态及生理特性

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(20mg·kg-1)污染下,叶面喷施不同浓度Zn(0、100、200、400、600μmol·L-1)对辣椒生长、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性以及辣椒体内Cd形态和积累量的影响.结果表明,在Zn≤400μmol·L-1范围内,辣椒叶、茎、根、果实干重及叶片叶绿素a、b含量随Zn浓度不断增加而增加;高量Zn(600μmol·L-1)抑制了辣椒的生长、降低了叶片叶绿素含量.在Zn≤400μmol·L-1范围内,辣椒叶SOD和CAT活性随Zn浓度增加而降低,辣椒叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在400μmol·L-1Zn时达到最低,当Zn400μmol·L-1时,SOD和CAT活性呈上升趋势.叶面喷施Zn使辣椒茎、根及果实中Cd含量分别降低了2.7%～5.4%、7.5%～28.1%和7.6%～21.8%.与对照相比较,叶面喷施Zn的辣椒果实Cd总提取量、氯化钠提取态Cd、去离子水提取态Cd以及乙醇提取态Cd含量分别降低了7.7%～21.8%、4.11%～23.6%、54.5%～66.8%和4.8%～86.7%,但醋酸提取态和残渣态增加了28.0%～68.0%和12.6%～25.0%.     

利用小麦三叶期毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害的探讨

为探明小麦三叶期幼苗和成熟期籽实产量的Ni毒害效应及其相互关系,实现小麦作物Ni毒害的早期诊断,以春小麦"冀张春3号"为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源Ni对小麦三叶期幼苗生长发育和成熟期籽实产量的影响,并对小麦三叶期和成熟期的生理指标进行相关分析.结果表明,外源Ni投加量100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量和籽实产量无明显下降(p0.05),茎叶中可溶性糖含量(p0.05)和硝酸盐含量(p0.01)增加,茎叶干鲜比值增加;Ni投加量≥100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量、可溶性糖、硝酸盐含量和成熟期籽实产量均明显下降(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶中淀粉和抗坏血酸含量明显增加(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶干鲜比值下降.土壤中各形态Ni与小麦三叶期幼苗中Ni呈显著正相关(p0.01),土壤和幼苗中Ni与茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和籽实产量均呈显著负相关(p0.05或p0.01),表明小麦三叶期幼苗毒害和成熟期籽实产量下降是由作物体内Ni毒害造成的且无观察效应浓度(NOEC)一致;同时试验观察到小麦三叶期幼苗茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量变化与成熟期籽实产量呈显著正相关关系(p0.05或p0.01),表明利用小麦三叶期幼苗Ni毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害是可行的.试验确定外源Ni对小麦成熟期籽实产量的无观察效应浓度为:土壤全Ni含量为139.08 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有效态Ni(DTPA提取)含量为21.59 mg·kg~(-1),小麦茎叶Ni含量为15.37 mg·kg~(-1),小麦根系Ni含量为361.78 mg·kg~(-1).     

外源锌对不同番茄品种抗氧化酶活性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(10 mg·kg-1)污染下,叶面喷施不同浓度Zn(0、50、100、200和400μmol·L-1)对2个番茄品种‘4641’和‘渝粉109’生长、抗氧化酶活性及番茄果实Cd形态和积累量的影响.结果表明,喷施Zn后,番茄根、茎、果实干质量和植株总干质量以及体内Cd含量和积累量在2个品种之间的差异达到了显著水平(p0.05).外源Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)提高了2个番茄品种的果实、根、茎、叶及总干质量.随Zn浓度的增加,2个品种根CAT活性以及‘渝粉109’根POD活性先增加然后降低;2个品种根SOD活性则呈先降后升再降趋势.番茄果实中各形态Cd含量的顺序为:残渣态Cd(FR)盐酸提取态Cd(FHCl)氯化钠提取态Cd(FNaCl)乙醇提取态Cd(FE)醋酸提取态Cd(FHA c)去离子水提取态(FW).适量的Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)减少了2个番茄品种果实中各形态Cd含量,但高量Zn(400μmol·L-1)增加了‘渝粉109’果实中的FE、FR和‘4641’果实中FHCl及FR含量.Cd积累量为叶茎根或果实.叶面喷施Zn使番茄根、茎、叶和果实中的Cd含量分别降低了18.6%~41.7%、10.6%~36.7%、5.8%~21.5%和2.3%~12.7%.供试2个番茄品种,无论喷Zn与否,果实Cd含量和果实Cd积累量均为‘4641’‘渝粉109’,植株Cd总积累量则为‘4641’‘渝粉109’.     

蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)对土壤中镉的胁迫反应及修复潜力研究

以洞庭湖湿地新发现的Cd高富集植物——蒌蒿(Artemisia selengensis)为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,系统研究了蒌蒿在生长期内对Cd的性状反应及富集特征.结果表明,大于40mg.kg-1的Cd胁迫对蒌蒿叶片伤害明显,且导致生物量下降,但植株在100mg.kg-1胁迫下可完成生活史,对Cd有较强的耐受能力;土壤中有效态Cd的含量仅占土壤全Cd含量的15.3%～37.1%;相同胁迫浓度下,各生长阶段的植株体内Cd含量差别不大,但由于生物量的原因,幼苗期对Cd的提取量显著小于其他时期,其中40～60mg.kg-1的Cd处理可使蒌蒿地上部分Cd含量达492～588mg.kg-1(成株期),且植株对该浓度范围的Cd污染去除效果最好;蒌蒿可作为对湿地土壤Cd污染较理想的修复植物加以研究和利用.     

镉胁迫下不同小麦品种对镉的积累特性

通过盆栽试验筛选籽粒Cd低积累型小麦品种,为重金属污染耕地安全利用提供技术支撑.试验研究了 119个小麦品种植株各部位分别在1.5 mg·kg-1(低含量)和4.0 mg·kg-1(高含量)Cd污染土壤条件下对Cd的富集和转运特性,并探讨了小麦不同器官Cd含量的相关性和土壤Cd含量与小麦吸收Cd的关系.结果表明:①供试...     

两种外源有机酸对土壤Cd形态及秋华柳Cd积累的影响

秋华柳(Salix variegate Franch.)因具有良好的重金属耐受和积累能力,常被作为重金属污染土壤修复工程物种.通过盆栽模拟试验,分析了不同浓度外源草酸和酒石酸处理下土壤Cd形态的变化和秋华柳Cd含量的积累特征,以探究外源有机酸在Cd污染土壤植物修复中的应用潜力.结果表明:添加外源酒石酸可显著降低土壤非有效性Cd含量,增加土壤中以可交换态Cd为主的有效性Cd含量,促进了秋华柳对Cd的积累,同时也显著提升了植株的富集系数,其中添加5 mmol/kg酒石酸的处理效果最佳.与CK相比,添加5 mmol/kg外源酒石酸可显著增加秋华柳根、茎和叶中的Cd积累量,地上、地下部分和全株的Cd积累量分别提升了62.2%、75.9%和78.4%,地上和地下部分富集系数分别提升了173.0%和178.8%.添加外源草酸对土壤有效性Cd含量没有显著影响,秋华柳根、茎和叶的Cd含量和积累量无明显提升.研究显示,添加较低浓度的酒石酸更有利于增加土壤中可交换态Cd含量和有效性Cd含量,促进秋华柳对土壤中Cd的吸收和积累,增强秋华柳对Cd污染土壤的修复能力,可应用于Cd污染土壤的植物修复.      

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.