黄河源区积雪变化时空特征及其与气候要素的关系

基于1979~2016年积雪深度数据和同期气象站点的降水、气温观测资料,分析了黄河源区年均雪深和积雪天数的时空间演变规律,采用弹性系数法和相关性分析法研究降水、气温对积雪的影响及其空间规律.结果表明,黄河源区积雪期集中在11月到次年4月,源头以及西北高山区积雪初日较早,终日较迟,同时也是年均雪深高值区,积雪天数较长.研究期（1979~2016）内黄河源区面均降水量呈现不显著的减少趋势,下降率为-2.43mm/10a,气温显著上升.面均年均雪深和积雪天数都呈现下降趋势,但趋势在0.05水平上不显著.积雪天数对积雪期降水、气温的弹性系数分别为0.513和-1.347,年均雪深的弹性系数分别为0.696和-0.219,高山寒冷的研究区上游的年均积雪对降水、气温变化更为敏感.降水减少是黄河源区积雪天数下降的主要影响因素,贡献率约为77.2%.积雪期降水和气温对年均雪深变化的贡献率分别为43.7%和56.3%.降水对黄河源区西部和北部年均雪深变化的贡献率较高,在南部和东部气温是影响年均雪深的优势因素.     

On the impact of snow cover on daytime pollution dispersion

A preliminary evaluation of the impact of snow cover on daytime pollutant dispersion conditions is made by using conceptual, scaling, and observational analyses. For uniform snow cover and synoptically unperturbed sunny conditions, observations indicate a considerate suppression of the surface sensible heat flux, the turbulence, and the development of the daytime atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) when compared to snow-free conditions. However, under conditions of non-uniform snow cover, as in urban areas, or associated with vegetated areas or bare ground patches, a milder effect on pollutant dispersion conditions would be expected. Observed concentrations of atmospheric particles within the ABL, and surface pollutant concentrations in urban areas, reflect the impact of snow cover on the modification of ABL characteristics.     

Diet-dependent heat emission reveals costs of post-diapause recovery from different nutritional sources in a carnivorous beetle

Restoration of fat stores is metabolic first priority for many insects that emerge from hibernation with depleted fat bodies. To some extent, the animals must be flexible and use whatever foods available irrespective of their nutrient composition. Previously, the carabid beetles Anchomenus dorsalis have been found to refill their fat stores to the same extent over 9 days irrespective of the nutrient composition of their food. However, a higher cost of fat deposition when the food was rich in sugar or protein rather than lipid was indicated by higher total energy consumption. Here, we test the hypothesis of increased metabolic costs of building fat stores from sugar- or protein-rich food than from lipid-rich food by microcalorimetry. We measured the heat emitted from beetles that had fed on sugar-, protein-, or lipid-rich food for 0 (common control), 2, 5, or 10 days. As predicted, heat emission was increased in beetles getting sugar- and protein-rich food compared with those getting lipid-rich food. However, we did not confirm the beetles’ ability to rebuild fat stores from protein-rich food; instead, they increased in lean mass. Overall, sugar-rich food seems to be optimal for post-winter recovery, because it is better than lipid-rich food that allows concurrent rebuilding of fat stores and lean mass, which may benefit preparation for spring migration and reproduction. We propose that overwintered fruits may be highly preferred post-diapause food for these otherwise mostly carnivorous beetles.     

Photoperiodic control of germination in the unicell Chlamydomonas

Photoperiodic time measurement is a well-documented adaptation of multicellular plants and animals to seasonal changes in the environment, but it is unclear whether unicellular organisms can exhibit bona fide photoperiodic responses. We demonstrate that the occurrence of zygospore germination of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas is a genuine photoperiodic response. Germination efficiency is enhanced in long days as compared with short days. While the total amount of light exposure influences the efficiency of germination, the photoperiod is a significant cue for germination. The developmental stage that senses the photoperiod is just prior to mating and during the first days of zygospore development, so there may be a critical window of zygospore maturation that is regulated by photoperiod. Because zygospores are resistant to freezing injury, whereas vegetative cells are not, it is likely that the suppression of germination by short days is an adaptive response for overwintering of Chlamydomonas. Therefore, Chlamydomonas is a single-celled organism that is capable of photoperiodic responses.     

近50 a西北干旱区冬季积雪日数变化特征

论文基于西北干旱区104个站点1961—2010年的日积雪深度、日平均气温、日降水量数据和NCEP/NCAR数据,利用K-means聚类分析、Mann-Kendall法等方法,对西北干旱区冬季积雪日数的时空变化特征及其变化原因进行分析。结果表明:1)冬季积雪日数大值主要集中在阿尔泰山和准噶尔盆地地区,西辽河流域、鄂尔多斯高原、天山、塔里木、阿拉善高原地区冬季积雪日数相对较少,内蒙古高原地区冬季积雪日数基本呈由高纬地区向低纬地区减少的趋势。2)近50 a,西北干旱区冬季积雪日数呈增加趋势,且各区域主要在1984年发生突变现象。内蒙古高原地区内站点冬季积雪日数变化较大,其他分区内站点的冬季积雪日数基本无变化。3)西北干旱区各分区周期变化主要集中在5、10、25 a左右,其中25 a的周期变化最为明显。4)冬季东亚大槽、南支槽的减弱与西风的增强使西北干旱区降水量增加是导致西北干旱区冬季积雪日数增加的主要原因。     

Acclimatization patterns in tropical reptiles: uncoupling temperature and energetics

The physiological compensation of animals in changing environments through acclimatization has long been considered to be of minor importance in tropical ectotherms due to more stable climatic conditions compared to temperate regions. Contrasting this assumption are reports about a range of metabolic adjustments in tropical species, especially during the last two decades from field acclimatized animals. Metabolic rates are strongly linked to temperature in ectotherms but they also reflect energetic requirements and restrictions. We therefore postulate that the observed variety of acclimatization patterns in tropical reptiles results from an interaction of multiple influences, including food and water availability, rather than from thermal constraints alone. We present new data from two sympatric Malagasy lizards with contrasting acclimatization patterns and, complemented with an extensive literature search, discuss the variety of acclimatization patterns in tropical reptiles with regard to thermal and energetic influences. This broad consideration of constraints allows a rearrangement of apparently controversial patterns into a scheme of decreasing metabolic costs, including two new categories for selective and selective inverse acclimatization, where metabolic shifts are restricted to body temperatures below those preferred during activity.     

河西走廊东部冬春季积雪对沙尘天气的影响

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961─2007年逐月积雪深度、积雪日数和沙尘天气的常规观测资料,分析了河西走廊东部冬春季积雪深度、积雪日数和春夏季沙尘日数的时空变化特征,进而探讨河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘天气的关系. 结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区的积雪多于低海拔地区;沙尘日数从西北向东南递减,低海拔地区的沙尘日数明显多于高海拔地区. 河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘日数呈显著负相关. 积雪深度与沙尘日数的负相关性高于积雪日数与沙尘日数的负相关性;冬春季积雪对春季沙尘的影响大于对夏季沙尘的影响;山区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性高于平原区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性.      

Increased lipid accumulation but not reduced metabolism explains improved starvation tolerance in cold-acclimated arthropod predators

Predatory arthropods are used for biological control in greenhouses, but there is increasing interest to extend their use to the outdoor environment where temperatures are typically lower. Acclimation at low temperature increases the ability of ectotherms to cope with subsequent more extreme cold, but may involve costs or benefits to other performance traits. A recent study in mesostigmatid mites (Gaeolaelaps aculeifer) showed that starvation tolerance was improved following a period of cold exposure. However, the physiological mechanisms that underlie improved starvation tolerance following cold exposure were not investigated. To examine whether cold acclimation would also improve starvation tolerance in an insect, we repeated the starvation study in another arthropod predator, the pirate bug Orius majusculus, as well as in G. aculeifer. Before tests, the two species were acclimated at 10, 15, or 20 °C for 7 (G. aculeifer) or 16 (O. majusculus) days. We then analyzed the effects of thermal exposure on body composition, consumption, and basal metabolic rate in both species. Our results confirmed that exposure to low temperature improves starvation tolerance in these arthropod predators. Body composition analyses revealed that both species had accumulated larger lipid stores during exposure to colder temperature, which at least in part can explain the larger starvation tolerance following cold exposure. In contrast, consumption and basal metabolic rate were not changed by thermal acclimation. Our study indicates that predatory arthropods exposed to cold increase their physiological robustness and ability to endure environmental challenges, including low temperature and low prey availability.     

2013-2015年青藏高原玛多地区两次动态融雪过程及其与气温关系对比分析

受自然条件与观测数据的限制,青藏高原腹地高时间频次积雪融雪动态过程的认识与研究十分不足。论文利用玛多地区野外观测试验场2013-2015年冬半年每30 min同步积雪深度和气温数据,对发生在2013年12月和2014年11月的积雪动态融雪过程及其与气温的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明：2013-2014年冬季融雪过程表现为先缓后急的总体特征,每日融雪过程主要发生在13:00 ~ 18:00间,而2014-2015年冬季融雪整体表现为均匀变化的过程,每日融雪过程主要发生在7:00 ~ 16:00间。雪深变化与气温存在紧密联系,玛多地区两次冬季融雪过程日最高气温都低于0 ℃,融雪发生前3 h之内的气温都将显著影响到积雪雪深变化,融雪幅度主要取决于超前半小时和当时的温度条件,雪深与气温间的线性关系与雪的厚度存在密切联系。两次融雪过程的发生与大于0 ℃变温过程关系密切,升温的变化过程可能更有利于促进积雪消融。     

青海南部高原积雪期与生长季高寒草甸土壤CO2、CH4和N2O通量的观测

以静态箱采集气体和气相色谱分析气体浓度方法,测定分析了青海南部高原积雪期和生长季高寒草甸土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量.结果表明在积雪集中期的3月3日和4日,积雪深度为9~10 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为1.33 g·(m~2·h)-1、N_2O通量为0.21 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-0.19 mg·(m~2·h)-1;在积雪末期的4月30日,积雪深度在8~9 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为4.70 g·(m~2·h)~(-1)、N_2O通量为0.24 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-1.23 mg·(m~2·h)-1;积雪深度小于4 cm时,土壤CO_2和N_2O通量较低或为负值,土壤CH_4通量为负值且绝对值较小.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量与积雪深度呈正相关、土壤CH_4通量与积雪深度呈负相关(P0.05),土壤CO_2与CH_4通量及CH_4与N_2O通量间呈负相关、土壤CO_2与N_2O通量间呈正相关.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量在生长季较高、在积雪末期其次、在积雪集中期较低;土壤CH_4通量为负值,其绝对值在生长季和积雪末期较大.结果说明积雪改变将影响青藏高原高寒草甸土壤温室气体通量.     

基于纯膜MBBR的CANON工艺稳定运行及抗冲击性分析

应用CANON-MBBR系统处理实际污泥厌氧消化脱水液,考察了系统的稳定运行控制策略。结果表明:稳定期间,系统出水ρ（NH₄+-N）稳定低于25 mg/L,去除率>96%;出水ρ（TIN）<70 mg/L,去除率>87%。系统维持纯生物膜运行,无须进行污泥回流与菌种的补投,实现了稳定的自养脱氮过程。运行期间,考察了水量、DO及温度对系统稳定性的影响,结果表明:在进水流量为80 m3/d（为平稳期1.33倍）、ρ（DO）高达2~4 mg/L和24 ℃低温条件下系统依然保持较高的脱氮性能。高通量测序结果表明,系统优势氨氧化菌（AOB）和厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,其相对丰度均值分别为6.5%和30.2%,亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的相对丰度始终低于0.1%,NOB被成功抑制。悬浮载体生物膜实现了AOB和AnAOB的高效富集,系统较低的AOB丰度限制了系统脱氮能力的进一步提升。     

基于GIS的路面积雪灾害风险分析与区划研究

以宁夏高速公路为对象,利用1981—2018年25个常规气象站观测资料及交通相关数据资料,基于GIS、AHP等方法,从致灾因子的危险性、孕灾环境的敏感性、承灾体的易损性三方面进行高速公路路面积雪灾害风险分析与区划研究。结果表明:全区年平均积雪日数在6.5~86.7d,年平均降雪日数在10.3~64.5d,最大积雪深度在8~35cm,自南向北减少(浅),南部山区明显多(深)于北部地区。路面积雪灾害主要出现在冬季、初春和晚秋,大到暴雪级的路面积雪主要出现在秋冬转换的10~11月和冬春交替的3~4月。风险分析与区划研究结果表明,高风险区位于福银高速(G70)、青兰高速(G22)六盘山区东南麓区段;较高风险区位于福银高速(G70)固原市原州区段、青兰高速(G22)固原市隆德西段段、固西高速、彭青高速路段;同心以北的银川市、石嘴山市、吴忠市各路段风险总体较低。     

Cold-loving microbes, plants, and animals—fundamental and applied aspects

Microorganisms, plants, and animals have successfully colonized cold environments, which represent the majority of the biosphere on Earth. They have evolved special mechanisms to overcome the life-endangering influence of low temperature and to survive freezing. Cold adaptation includes a complex range of structural and functional adaptations at the level of all cellular constituents, such as membranes, proteins, metabolic activity, and mechanisms to avoid the destructive effect of intracellular ice formation. These strategies offer multiple biotechnological applications of cold-adapted organisms and/or their products in various fields. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of microorganisms, plants, and animals to cope with the cold and the resulting biotechnological perspectives.     

高山森林溪流凋落叶冬季水溶性碳含量动态

凋落物分解过程中水溶性碳是高山森林溪流生态系统碳的重要来源,其在溪流中的流动转移不仅会影响下游水质环境,而且其含量动态受冬季季节性雪被形成及消融过程的深刻影响,但缺乏必要关注.因此,采用凋落叶分解袋法,以川西高山森林典型乔木(四川红杉Larix mastersiana、方枝柏Sabina saltuaria)和灌木(高山杜鹃Rhododendron lapponicum、康定柳Salix paraplesia)凋落叶为研究对象,根据凋落叶自然分解规律,研究冬季不同时期(冻结初期、冻结期、融化期)河流、溪流、河岸带以及林下凋落叶水溶性碳以及可溶性组分含量格局的动态变化特征.结果表明:在冬季的分解过程中,冻结初期河流与溪流中凋落叶水溶性碳与可溶性组分含量显著降低,而至冻结期与融化期含量均无明显变化.各时期,林下凋落叶水溶性碳和可溶性组分含量显著高于其他生境,表现为从河流、溪流、河岸带至林下逐渐增加的变化趋势.相关分析表明,高山森林凋落叶分解过程中水溶性碳和可溶性组分含量与平均温度、正积温、负积温以及流速均呈极显著负相关关系,同样也受到PO3-4和p H等水环境因子的影响.可见,高山森林凋落叶冬季水溶性碳和可溶性组分在分解过程中易随水体的流动而向下游生态系统输出,这为深入认识高山森林-流域水体间的生态联系提供了一定的科学依据.     

反应温度对水热法α-半水脱硫石膏的影响

采用常压水热法制备α-半水脱硫石膏,研究在不加转晶剂时反应温度对脱硫石膏脱水生成α-半水石膏的晶体形貌、转化率和转化速率的影响规律。用偏光显微镜测定晶体形貌,通过脱水反应前后结晶水含量变化计算转化率,用转化率随反应时间的变化表示转化速率。结果表明:90℃以下二水石膏脱水反应几乎不反应;随着反应温度的升高,反应速率加快;但97℃以上时,温度对反应速率和转化率的影响甚微。在脱水反应可以顺利进行的情况下,温度越低,晶体越短,长径比越小。适当反应温度为95~100℃,并且在90 min内脱水反应均能完成。     

北京地区高速公路夏季道面高温灾害预报研究

高速公路经常会面临雨雪雾等恶劣天气的影响,导致出现诸如爆胎、路面积冰(积雪)等恶劣路况,并常常引发重大安全事故,因此准确预报高速路道面参数具有非常重要的意义.高速公路下垫面具有不透水、无植被覆盖等特性,仅采用气候模式而不考虑下垫面特性模拟与预测道面参数会产生较大误差.本文对CoLM陆面模式进行了改进,采用改进后的陆面模式与最新的区域预报模式BJ-RUC对盛夏北京地区几个高速公路观测站点的道面温度进行了预报.结果表明,相对于仅采用BJ-RUC模式进行预报,BJ-RUC与CoLM模式结合预报方法在正午前后道面温度非常高时与观测值符合得更好,误差由约10～20℃减小为约5～10℃.道面温度的准确预报可以更好的预防道面高温引发的交通安全事故的发生.     

湖南罕见的一次低温雨雪冰冻灾害天气分析及预警预报

2008年1月中旬至2月初,湖南出现历史上罕见的低温、雨雪、冰冻灾害天气。对此次冰冻灾害进行了分析并与历史同期进行了比较,结果表明：此次冰冻灾害天气的主要特征是影响范围广、持续时间长、灾害强度大。＂拉尼娜＂事件和大气环流异常为此次持续的灾害性天气提供了重要的气候背景,在此背景下欧亚大气环流的持续稳定则是此次湖南持续低温雨雪灾害的直接原因。通过对这次冰冻灾害的成因分析,得出了冰冻预报的着眼点,提出了各级气象台站如何做好预报预警服务的基本思路,为冰冻灾害天气的准确预报、预警服务提供参考,对各级台站重大灾害性天气的预报服务和应急响应,具有重要的指导意义。     

日本污水处理与再生利用现状分析

对日本水资源赋存状况、供水用水状况和污水处理与再生利用状况进行了系统梳理和分析。日本水资源总体较为充沛,但关东沿海、北九州和东海等地区严重缺水。近年来(2014—2018年)日本年人均综合用水量稳定在630 m³左右,约是中国的1.5倍;2018年,全国年污水处理总量约为146.4亿m³,平均污水处理成本为143.3日元/m³。日本的再生水利用总量约为2亿m³/a,再生水利用率约为1.5%。大型城市如东京等城市集中式再生水利用率为3.2%,显著高于全国平均水平。日本的再生水利用途径广泛,再生水分类统计工作细致且全面,针对冲厕、景观环境、融雪等9种用途进行分别统计可知：再生水的主要用途为补充地表水用水、观赏性景观环境用水和融雪用水,约占再生水利用总量的78.0%。日本在污水处理与再生利用信息统计、收集、分类等方面的经验和方法可为我国再生水利用规范化管理和发展提供重要参考。     

冻融循环条件下武汉红土物理力学性质试验研究

2008年我国南方出现了历史上罕见的"低温雨雪冰冻"天气,由于土体冻融破坏,产生了很多地质灾害。而在土体冻融过程中,温度和含水量具有重要的影响。通过对取自武汉市汉阳地区的红色黏土进行不同含水量下的冻融循环试验,并连同原状土一起,进行了一系列土体物理性质和工程力学性质变化规律的研究,以验证冻融过程对土体强度的影响。     

Soil frost control: agricultural adaptation to climate variability in a cold region of Japan

In the northernmost region of Japan (Hokkaido Island), earlier onsets of thick snowcover in recent years (post 1980) have reduced the penetration depth of soil frost, resulting in over-winter survival of unharvested small potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers that emerge as weeds in the spring in rotation crop fields. To prevent the occurrence of potato weeds, a method was developed to manipulate soil-frost depths by artificially controlling snowcover thickness, guided by a simple numerical model that simulates soil freezing-thawing processes using daily mean air temperature and snowcover thinckness as input variables. The method involves removal of snowcover to expose the soil surface in the beginning of winter until the soil freezes to a sufficient depth. After that time, snow is deposited back or allowed to accumulate naturally to prevent further penetration of frost, which may cause undesirable delay in the seeding of spring crops. Field trials indicated that the model predicted frost depths within several centimeters of observed values, when measured temperature and snowcover thickness were used as model input. Based on the field and laboratory data, a soil temperature of −3°C is necessary for complete elimination of potato tubers. To achieve this temperature in potato-burial zones without causing excessive freezing, an optimal frost depth is 0.3 to 0.4 m. The method is being adopted by progressive potato producers in the region, who use tractor-mounted snow ploughs to manipulate snowcover over a large scale. This is an emerging new technology for agricultural adaptation to climate variability.