皖东张八岭、珠龙地区西冷岩组微古植物群初步研究

皖东张八岭、珠龙地区西冷岩组为一套浅海相变质火山－沉积岩系，岩性以细碧－石英角斑岩为特征，出露面积约占总面积的80％，视厚度为4616.51m。笔者等在1：5万区域地质填图中对这套变质岩系进行了生物地层工作．并采集了大量的微占植物样品，从中获得了丰富的微古植物化石。按化石组合特征将其分为两个组合：第一组合主要产于拂晓园艺场－朱郢剖面冷岩组下部层位，包括有33个属44个种，其中1个新属，2个新种，19个未定种，3个相似种；第二组合产于西冷岩织上部层位的罗士城、邱庄、西徐等地，包括30个属．34个种．其小1个新种、18个未定种、13个相似种的化石。西冷岩组微古植物群而貌与我国青白口系的微古植物面貌比较相似．与前苏联上里菲（850－1050Ma）、澳大利亚小部苦泉组微古植物面貌相似。因此，将西冷岩组的时代归为广义的青白口纪较为合适。     

赣东北万年地区变质岩地质特征及其地质意义

赣东北万年地区出露一套浅变质岩系，根据岩性组合特征、沉积构造及沉积环境分析、岩石地球化学、微古植物化石组合特征及区域对比，认为其与赣北双桥山群存在显著的区别，并对其进行了重新厘定，建立了相应的地层层序。通过综合研究认为本区出露的浅变质岩系之沉积构造环境为大陆岛弧-弧后盆地。其形成时代为中元古代蓟县纪晚期。     

武汉阳逻化石木及砾石层研究进展

阳逻砾石层及所含的大量的化石木,在古植物学、长江中游的古环境和古长江的形成与演化研究中具有重要意义。随着1984年阳逻被子化石木的发现,武汉阳逻化石木和阳逻砾石层就一直为学者们所关注。先后发现的硅化木化石已达200余件。在阳逻化石木鉴定、植物分类、植物生态学和古环境研究方面,在阳逻砾石层的时代及年龄、成因和物源等方面,做了大量的研究,发表了许多重要成果。然而,在一些基础问题研究上还存在着明显的分歧。建议:(1)在化石木的来源和砾石层物源分析方面,开展系统的沉积学、岩石学、矿物学以及地球化学的综合研究;(2)通过综合地层学研究,即生物地层(植物化石组合)、岩石地层(长江中游岩石地层对比)、地貌地层(长江中游地貌对比)和年代地层的综合对比,重点尝试宇生核元素、化石自旋共振(ESR)等测年技术的应用,以查明化石木和砾石层的形成时代;(3)加强化石木和砂砾层环境信息深入挖掘和综合对比分析。在查明化石木植物树种的组合全貌的基础上,通过古植被类型的恢复,特别是应加强化石木的显微结构分析,通过观察其构造特征和生长轮(木轮、年轮)的宽窄等信息,分析其古气候环境。     

新疆阿勒泰变质的震旦系及其微古植物群

在阿勒泰地区一些变质地层的多处剖面 近五十个样品中获得了比较丰富的微古植物和少量似几丁虫化石。将此区以往认识不一的哑地层确定为震旦系,并在前人工作基础上进行划分对比,提出了构造运动的新认识。     

浙东沿海新元古代地层的发现及其意义

在浙东沿海大片中生代火山岩覆盖区的永嘉县枫林镇附近、地层时代原定为上侏罗统茶湾组（J3c）或下白垩统馆头组（K1g）的一套沉积地层中，首次发现较为丰富的、曾产于中国某些地区新元古界和俄罗斯陆台与西伯利亚陆台上里菲及文德系中的微古植物化石。据此．该地层时代应属于新元古代。从而为研究浙东沿海基底构造提供了重要而可靠的窗口。     

临海国家地质公园晚白垩世翼龙及鸟类生存环境分析

临海浙江翼龙及长尾雁荡鸟化石赋存于浙东小雄盆地晚白垩世形成的地层中。通过对比化石骨骼结构及生态习性,结合对地质背景、古地理、古生态环境及化石产地剖面岩性岩相、沉积构造、化石赋存状态、古植物及孢粉组合等研究认为:小雄盆地继承了早白垩世晚期永康期陆相盆地的构造格局,晚白垩世小雄早期,盆地间分布众多残存的湖泊沼泽,它们是翼龙类和鸟类最后的栖息地。受间歇性火山喷发影响,空落相火山碎屑物导致的湖泊萎缩及沼泽化、水体酸化、气候干热等是造成生活在湖泊沼泽周边和翱翔于天空中的翼龙及鸟类集群死亡的主要因素。小雄中晚期,浙东地区经历了较大规模的酸性岩浆喷溢及火山喷发堆积,为临海国家地质公园流纹岩地貌演化奠定了物质基础。     

陇中盆地古近纪—新近纪地层学与古气候学研究进展

位于我国西北部的陇中盆地古近纪—新近纪(第三纪)地层出露较好,并且产出大量哺乳动物化石和植物化石,这为西北地区地层对比和古气候研究提供了良好材料。近几十年,众多学者在陇中盆地的各次级盆地(如西宁盆地、兰州盆地、临夏盆地等)开展了大量古生物学、生物地层学、磁性地层学和古气候学研究,为探讨陇中盆地的构造演化过程和气候演变过程提供了重要参考。本文对陇中盆地第三纪地层年代学和古气候研究已取得的进展进行了初步总结归纳,并提出了需要进一步研究的问题。     

南京龙潭范家场晚三迭世植物及双壳类化石

迄今所知,南京龙潭范家场为下扬子区晚三迭世煤系地层最发育的地区,地层厚度大,富含动、植物化石。但由于绝大部分为第四纪所覆盖,以及以往在地质勘探中又对古生物化石缺乏足够重视,以致在有关报告或文章中只列举了少数属种,从而使地质工作者对该地层(即范家塘组)的动、植物组合面貌长期认识不清。     

植物硅酸体研究在黄土古气候恢复中的应用

地表植被对环境变化的响应最为敏感 ,沉积物中保存的各种植物残余是古环境研究的良好材料 ,植物硅酸体因其特有的物理化学性质 ,成为古气候信息的绝佳载体。在大量现代植物研究基础上 ,科学家们通过对第三纪以来各种沉积物中硅酸体组合的研究 ,较好地恢复了当时的古植被、古气候及其演化特征 ,在缺乏其它化石依据的黄土地层研究中表现更为突出。由于C3、C4 植物具有明显不同的环境适应性和同位素组成 ,地层中C3、C4 植物硅酸体相对含量和稳定同位素的研究也被成功地应用于古气候恢复中。在现代气候—植被类型和土壤植物硅酸体同位素研究基础上 ,利用数理统计方法 ,建立同位素指标与各种气候因子之间的数学关系 ,将为高分辨率黄土古气候定量研究开辟新的途径。     

新疆且末县银石山地区巴颜喀拉山群时代的化石依据

新疆且末县银石山地区巴颜喀拉山群为一套以复理石、类复理石沉积为主的地层，在1：25万区调中采集到较多的生物化石。其中三叠纪的菊石、古植物、放射虫等标准化石分子产于正常沉积的泥晶灰岩、碎屑岩、硅质岩等岩层中，代表巴颜喀拉山群的沉积时代。且在纵向与横向上控制程度高。石炭纪、二叠纪的有孔虫、腕足等化石产于外来滑动岩块成因的灰岩透镜体中，属沉积混杂带进的异地异时分子。据此，确定区内该套地层为三叠系，而不是前人划分的二叠系地层时代。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.