重庆城区大气颗粒物污染来源解析

首次在重庆采用受体模型－ＣＭＢ７．０模型来定量解析各种尘源对受体ＴＳＰ的贡献率（％），结果表明：重庆城区大气ＴＳＰ主要来源燃煤烟尘（４３．０％），钢铁冶金尘（３５．７），道路土壤尘（９．３％），建筑材料尘（３．０％）及ＳＯ＾２－４（６．２％）ＮＯ＾－３（１．１％）二次气溶胶。     

血红蛋白-环氧苯乙烯加合物的分析

采用环氧苯乙烯和血红蛋白中羧酸基和巯基位的加合物同时测定的方法，对大鼠血红蛋白ＳＯ加的进行了体外实 腹腔注射环氧苯乙烯和苯乙烯的体内实验。结果表明在血红蛋白中所分析的３种加合物（ＳＧ，１－ＰＥ，２－ＰＥ）均随着ＳＯ剂量而增加。     

Cu—T（4—MOP）PS4光度法间接测定水中可溶性硫化物

利用Ｃｕ＾２＋与水中的Ｓ＾２－形成难溶的ＣｕＳ，剩余Ｃｕ＾２＋的含量用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４光度法测定，间接求得Ｓ＾２－的含量。研究了沉淀和显色的最佳条件。在ｐＨ８．５左右，形成难溶的ＣｕＳ，过量的铜在ｐＨ４．０用（Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４显色，然后用稀ＨＣｌ酸化至ｐＨ２．３左右测定，以提高方法的选择性，并探讨了共存离子的干扰情况。     

NO在Cu—ZSM—5上的催化分解

从铜离子交换液温度，浓度，ＰＨ值，以及铜离子交换的次数，交换的有无中间焙烧这几方面详细地讨论了铜离子交换条件对所制Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５催化剂ＮＯ分解活性的影响；并且考察了Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ催化分解ＮＯ活性随空速。     

空气中硫化物的间接光度法测定

基于Ｐｂ＾２＋与Ｓ＾２－形成难溶的Ｐｂｓ，过量的Ｐｂ＾２＋用四（４－甲基－３－磺酸苯基）卟啉［Ｔ（４－Ｍｐ）Ｐｓ４］光度法测定的原理，采用［Ｐｂ－Ｔ（４－Ｍｐ）Ｐｓ４］光度法间接测定空气中的硫化物。讨论了酸度对Ｐｂｓ形成的影响；Ｈ２Ｓ吸收液的选择：共存离子的影响等。方法的线性范围为０￣０．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ；最低检出浓度为０．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ；精密度试验的变异系数为４．０％；回收率为９６．０％￣１０７．６％     

ICP—MS及其在环境分析中的应用

ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ是环境监测分析的新技术，该文就ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ的特点及其土壤、水和人发、动物脏器及动植物等环境样品分析中的应用作了概括介绍。     

快速测定废水中CODcr的方法

以ＣｕＳＯ４－ＫＡｌ（ＳＯ４）２－ＮａＭｏＯ４作催化剂，在Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４体系中快速测定废水ＣＯＤｃｒ新方法，回流时间由标准法的２ｈ缩短至０．５ｈ，以ＡｇＮＯ３－ＣｒＫ（ＳＯ４）代替Ｈｇ２ＳＯ４消除ＣＩ＾－干扰，避免汞的污染。     

溶剂抽提法制备洁净煤

室温常压下，用二硫化碳和Ｎ－甲基－２－吡咯烷酮（ＣＳ２－ＮＭＰ）混合溶剂（１：１，Ｖ／Ｖ）萃取淮北童亭和和徐州庞庄煤。得到萃取物。ＸＲＤ和ＴＥＭ分析表明萃取物基本无灰，且多为２５￣１００ｎｍ和８０－２４０ｎｍ之间的细小碎片，是一种超纯超微洁净煤。     

Cu－T(4－MOP)PS4光度法间接测定水中可溶性硫化物

利用Ｃｕ２＋与水中的Ｓ２－形成难溶的ＣＵＳ,剩余Ｃｕ２＋的含量用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４光度法测定,间接求得Ｓ２－的含量．研究了沉淀和显色的最佳条件．在ＰＨ８．５左右,形成难溶的ＣｕＳ,过量的铜在ｐＨ４．０用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４显色,然后用稀ＨＣｌ酸化至ＰＨ２．３左右测定,以提高方法的选择性,并探讨了共存离子的干扰情况．Ｓ２－的含量在０－０．２０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合比尔定律,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９５,回收率为９４．０２％－１００．８％．建立的方法用于废水中可溶性硫化物的测定,结果与标准方法一致．     

飞行监测大气污染的"洋流"

科学家发现了工业大气污染的一条“洋流”，从亚洲和美国流向南太平洋．这条“洋流”表示了污染物从北半球中纬度地区向热带地区的转移，同时表明大多数污染物在转移过程中被高度活性的羟基自由基（ＯＨ）破坏了．这是１９９９年３－４月美国航空航天局（ＮＡＳＡ）进行的太平洋探索（ＰＥＭ－ＴｒｏｐｉｃｓＢ）的结果．１９９６年９－１０月在同一地区曾进行过ＰＥＭ－ＴｒｏｐｉｃｓＡ使命．这些都是ＮＡＳＡ的全球对流层实验的一部分，以便增进人类对太平洋上空对流层化学反应的了解．这次太平洋探索首次提出热带对流层ＯＨ基的大范围测…     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.