胶莱平原大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征研究

区域大气降水稳定同位素组成是利用同位素技术研究区域水循环所必须的前提,对于深入了解水循环过程具有重要意义。本研究基于降水样品,分析了胶莱平原及周边地区降水氢氧稳定同位素特征,探讨了降水同位素的环境效应,并通过对比分析不同水汽输送路径站点的降水同位素季节变化趋势,揭示了胶莱平原大气降水水汽来源。结果显示：胶莱平原大气降水线LMWL为δ²H=6.38δ¹⁸O+0.72,胶莱平原大气降水δ¹⁸O存在较显著的温度效应和降水量效应,高程效应不显著。6—9月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于东亚季风,水汽主要来自相邻太平洋海域蒸发水汽;10月—次年5月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于西风,水汽来源于局地蒸发,受极地水汽影响较小。本研究结果将为胶莱平原地表水—地下水—海水之间的相互转化及水循环研究提供基础。     

上海地区大气降水中氢氧同位素特征及其环境意义

本研究基于上海地区2016年9月～2017年8月期间采集的大气降水样品,测定并分析了雨水中δD、δ¹⁸O和δ¹⁷O特征,进一步探索氘盈余（d值）和¹⁷O盈余的环境意义。结果显示：（1）降水同位素年内变化明显,δD、δ¹⁸O和δ¹⁷O同位素比值冬春偏重、夏秋偏轻,单次降水过程中同位素呈不断贫化的趋势;（2）δ¹⁸O存在降雨量效应和反温度效应：大气降水线方程、d值显示上海地区气候整体温和湿润,蒸发作用相对较小;冬春季降水较少,相对湿度较小,同位素较富集;夏秋季降水较多,相对湿度较高,同位素较为贫化;（3）综合分析¹⁷O盈余,发现上海地区大汽降水的水汽处于从海洋向陆地转移的过程当中,在运移过程中受到沿途陆表蒸发,且雨季的大气降水来源主要为海洋气团,干季主要来源于内陆,以本地蒸发为主。     

湘东北地区大气降水和地下水的氢氧稳定同位素研究

深入认识湘东北地区的水文循环过程,对规范该区水资源的有效利用和减缓该区生态环境问题具有重要意义。在2021年10月—2023年2月,对该区金井镇的大气降水和不同深度（~4.7 m和~61 m）井水每月开展样品采集和测试。该区大气降水稳定同位素值（δ¹⁸O、δD）呈现夏半年偏负、冬半年偏正,且氘盈余、水汽通量和HYSPLIT模型分析结果显示,在夏季,影响该区降水气团主要来自暖湿的海洋洋面,冬季主要来自稳定的南支西风和局地水汽输送。浅井水和深井水的δ¹⁸O和δD与该区大气降水δ¹⁸O和δD的均值接近,变幅较小且呈现夏季偏正冬季偏负的特征,说明地下水受到大气降水的补给,但可能滞后于大气降水的变化。然而,不同深度地下水对大气降水的响应机制和滞后时间,还需进一步研究。     

哈尔滨大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

大气降水同位素的研究对于深入理解地区水循环特征具有重要意义.而基于降水样品实测数据在高纬度寒冷地区的研究尚不多见.本文基于2020年7月—2021年6月一个水文年周期内68个大气降水样品,测定了降水中的δD和δ¹⁸O,分析了哈尔滨降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源.结果表明：①哈尔滨大气降水中δD和δ¹⁸O平均值分别为-89.33‰和-12.46‰,具有明显的冬低夏高的特点,年内变化范围均较大,分别为-275.50‰~-3.67‰和-35.68‰~-1.10‰,较全球平均值低67.33‰和8.46‰,较中国平均值低39.33‰和4.46‰.②哈尔滨大气降水线方程为：δD=7.66δ¹⁸O+6.29（R²=0.98）,斜率和截距与全球的8和10和中国大气降水线的7.9和8.2接近,与东北地区大气降水线的7.20和-2.39相比,斜率差异较小而截距差异明显.③氢氧同位素与气温之间的拟合方程为：δD=0.34T-15.40（R²=0.41, p<0.01）,δ¹⁸O=2.52T-111.18 （R²=0.38, p<0.01）,说明哈尔滨降水同位素具有极显著的温度效应.④过量氘（d-excess）的变化范围为-7.63‰~22.98‰,根据降水量计算得到的加权平均值为10.47‰,说明哈尔滨降水主要以陆地气团为主导;d与气温T之间的拟合关系为：d=-0.19T+11.99（R²=0.13, p<0.01） ,与相对湿度RH之间的拟合关系为：d=0.13RH+0.14 （R²=0.07, p<0.05）;⑤哈尔滨大气降水的水汽来源从全年的气团后向模拟结果来看是由大西洋水汽,北冰洋的水汽,太平洋水汽以及局地蒸发四部分组成,并且来自局地蒸发的陆地气团的比例始终占1/2以上.     

水汽源地和局地蒸发对大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组分的影响

降水氢氧稳定同位素组分是一种良好的示踪剂,对水汽循环的研究有重要意义.本研究基于2016年在南京、溧阳、宜兴和东山这4个站点按降水事件采集的降水样品,测定了降水HDO和H_2~(18)O组分,分析了降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分以及过量氘的时间变化特征;探讨了水汽源地和局地蒸发对降水稳定同位素组分的影响.结果表明:(1)冬夏季风期间水汽源地的差异使4个站点降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分及过量氘有明显的季节变化,主要表现为HDO和H_2~(18)O组分夏季风期间贫化,冬季风期间富集;过量氘夏季风期间小于冬季风期间;(2)夏季风期间,太湖蒸发补给使下游地区的降水过量氘变大,局地大气降水线方程的截距变高;冬季风期间,局地蒸发对降水同位素影响很小,降水HDO、H_2~(18)O组分以及过量氘的空间变化不明显;(3) 4个站点局地大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均较高,原因可能是冬夏季风期间的降水水汽来源的差异和冬季风期间水汽再循环过程的影响.     

粤西云浮市大气降水δ18O与水汽来源的关系

2005-04-05～2006-04-01期间在粤西云浮市采集了59次具有显著天气过程的大气降水样品, 并进行了稳定氧同位素测试, 结果显示此期间云浮市大气降水中δ¹⁸O值波动于-12.47‰～-0.18‰之间, 平均值为-4.91‰; 夏秋季(5～9月)的δ¹⁸O值相对偏低, 多数在-10.00‰～-5.00‰, 平均-6.30‰; 冬春季(11月～次年4月)的δ¹⁸O值相对偏高, 多数在-3.00‰～-1.00‰, 平均-2.20‰. 这些δ¹⁸O值与它们相应的气温、水汽压(e)呈较为显著负相关, 相关系数(R)均达-0.60, 而与降水量的负相关性较差, 相关系数(R)为-0.33. 与大致同时期的广州降水中δ¹⁸O月平均值相比, 云浮降水中δ¹⁸O呈相对低值, 可能与云浮市受到了较强的西南季风叠加影响有关. 后推气流轨迹的结果表明, 这些大气降水δ¹⁸O值在前汛期(4～6月)、后汛期(7～9月)和非汛期(10月～次年4月)中的变化很大程度上受不同水汽来源决定, 表明降水δ¹⁸O值在一定程度上具有指示水汽来源的作用: δ¹⁸O值偏高的大气降水其水汽可能主要来源于西太平洋的副热带海区(包括我国南海海域)的变性热带太平洋暖气团; 而δ¹⁸O值偏低的大气降水其水汽则来源于印度洋和孟加拉湾的变性热带海洋气团.     

广州大气降水中稳定同位素对2008年初华南地区冰雪灾害期间水汽来源的反映

以5～30 min的时间间隔,收集、分析了2007年4月～2008年6月期间广州市各单次大气降水样品中稳定同位素数据.选取2008年初中国南方冰雪灾害期间(2008年1月10日～2月2日)五场大气降水,分析了极端天气条件下降水中稳定同位素的变化特征及其影响因素.研究发现,在2008年初冰雪灾害期间,广州市大气降水中的δD、δ18O及d-excess发生了明显的下降;d-excess及大气降水线分析指示在此次冰灾过程中水汽来源发生了异常;气团轨迹追踪显示冰灾最盛期降水水汽为内陆和海洋的混合水汽,且远距离的海洋水汽输送占主导.冰雪灾害历次单次降水过程中稳定同位素呈现3种不同的变化形态,即上升型、V型和W型,这些变化可能与水汽来源及降水形成条件导致的再蒸发、再凝结作用及降雨类型有关.     

高分辨率降水氧氘同位素变化及洞穴水响应:以河南鸡冠洞为例

大气降水稳定同位素受温度、雨量、海拔高程、水汽源等多种因素控制,进而影响洞穴水及沉积物的同位素变化.为了更好地认识我国南北交汇带季风敏感区洞穴水对降水的响应过程,本研究分析了2015年8月4~6日河南栾川县鸡冠洞强降雨和洞内4处地下水点样品,并结合2009~2015年栾川地区近6年大气降水氧氘同位素数据研究发现:1采用HYSPLIT模型可以将鸡冠洞强降雨划分为不同水汽来源的2个阶段:高空来自南中国海的水汽以及近地面来自内陆局地蒸发的水汽,并且可以记录在单场降雨期间雨水的δ~(18)O变化特征上.2近地面来自内陆局地蒸发水汽的蒸发过程一定程度上掩盖了温度效应,并使局地大气降水线的斜率、截距和雨水过量氘均减小.3此次降雨期间鸡冠洞洞穴滴水δ~(18)O特征主要响应夏季风海源水汽的降水;鸡冠洞洞穴滴水对降雨响应最快,间隔时间约为3 h,滴水δ~(18)O随滴率升高变重,之后缓慢变轻;地下河具有相似的模式,稍有滞后;靠近洞口的池水反映出不同阶段的雨水δ~(18)O变化的差异.     

降水过量氘指示的北极冬季海冰消融及水汽变化

在全球变暖背景下,持续减少的海冰正在通过降水和蒸发改变着北极水循环。降水同位素及其过量氘参数（d）作为水循环示踪剂对北极水文气候变化研究具有重要帮助,但由于观测资料匮乏,目前有关北极水循环的同位素示踪研究鲜有报道。本文以冬季海冰主要消融区——巴伦支—格陵兰海（BGS）为例,调查了BGS冬季降水d值与海冰和大气环流的关系。结果表明：BGS降水d值与海冰范围呈显著正相关,而与巴伦支—喀拉海（BKS）反气旋指数呈显著负相关。BGS降水d主要受海冰变化导致的局地蒸发控制,当海冰减少时,局地蒸发水汽增加,贡献了更多低d的降水。增强的BKS反气旋通过绝热下沉增温和向极的水热输送,加强了BGS海冰消融与局地蒸发,降低了降水d值;而较低纬地区输送水汽以高的d值为特征,其对BGS降水的直接贡献有限。该项研究从同位素的视角厘清了局地蒸发与较低纬地区水汽输送对北极降水的相对重要性,不仅有助于理解海冰减少对北极水循环的影响,也对北极古气候重建具有重要启示。     

水汽源地和局地蒸发对大气降水氢氧稳定同位素组分的影响

降水氢氧稳定同位素组分是一种良好的示踪剂,对水汽循环的研究有重要意义。本研究基于2016年在南京、溧阳、宜兴和东山这4个站点按降水事件采集的降水样品,测定了降水HDO和H218O组分,分析了降水HDO、H218O组分以及过量氘的时间变化特征;探讨了水汽源地和局地蒸发对降水稳定同位素组分的影响。结果表明:(1)冬夏季风期间水汽源地的差异使4个站点降水HDO、H218O组分及过量氘有明显的季节变化,主要表现为HDO和H218O组分夏季风期间贫化,冬季风期间富集;过量氘夏季风期间小于冬季风期间;(2)夏季风期间,太湖蒸发补给使下游地区的过量氘变大,局地大气降水线方程的截距变高;冬季风期间,局地蒸发对降水同位素影响很小,降水HDO、H218O组分以及过量氘的空间变化不明显;(3)4个站点局地大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均较高,原因可能是冬夏季风期间的降水水汽来源的差异和冬季风期间水汽再循环过程的影响。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.