焚烧麦杆对稻田CH4 和N2O 排放的影响

采用3 种麦杆处理方式(不还田、均匀混施和原位焚烧)进行田间试验,观测稻田CH₄ 和N₂O 的排放情况,以探讨原位焚烧麦杆对稻田CH₄ 和N₂O 排放的影响.结果表明,与不还田处理相比,原位焚烧显著增加稻田CH₄ 排放量,同时显著减少稻田N₂O 排放量;与均匀混施处理相比,原位焚烧显著减少稻田CH₄ 排放量,二者的N₂O 排放量无明显差异.     

三江平原泥炭沼泽湿地N2O排放通量及影响因子

运用静态暗箱-气相色谱法观测了三江平原毛苔草泥炭沼泽湿地植物生长季N2O排放通量,并分析了其关键影响因子.结果表明:生长季N2O排放通量季节变化动态明显,最大值出现在7月上旬;平均排放通量为76.77μg/(m2·h),高于潜育沼泽湿地[20~60μg/(m2·h), 2002~2005].N2O排放通量与土壤温度存在极显著指数关系(P<0.01),且随土壤深度(土壤10cm以下)的增加相关关系逐渐减弱;与水位呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01);另外,植被是影响N2O排放的主要生物因子,有植被参与的N2O排放是无植被的1.7倍.总之,水位和土壤温度是控制泥炭沼泽N2O排放呈明显季节变化的主要因素,而土壤水文物理特性的差异是引起泥炭沼泽N2O排放高于潜育沼泽的主要原因.经初步估算,三江平原泥炭沼泽每年植物生长季N2O排放总量约为72.9Mg,表明泥炭沼泽湿地在生长季是重要的N2O潜在排放源.     

土壤酸化对温室气体排放影响的培育实验研究

利用不同pH值的模拟酸雨(SAR)淋洗处理42个月获得具有不同累积酸化程度土壤,对其进行室内培养并研究了土壤温室气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放特征.结果表明,一定的酸化累积促进CO₂排放,而累积到某值时(如pH3.0₅酸化累积程度的加深而增加.相关分析显示,土壤pH值不是造成不同累积酸化程度土壤温室气体排放差异的直接原因;CO₂和CH₄排放差异主要是由于酸化累积过程导致土壤碳、氮以及其他养分元素含量的差异造成的,而导致N₂O排放差异的产生原因却十分复杂.     

降解2-氯酚的厌氧污泥驯化及降解性能评价

以降解2-氯酚(2-CP)的厌氧污泥为研究对象,探讨驯化过程对污泥降解能力的影响,并采用多种指标全面评价驯化后污泥的降解特性.结果表明,经68d驯化,污泥对2000mg/LCOD和25mg/L2-CP的去除率均>95%,2-CP的降解速率达0.3mg/(L·h).对于浓度<140mg/L的2-CP,降解速率随浓度增加而升高;浓度为200～300mg/L的2-CP,污泥能较快恢复降解能力,但不耐受600mg/L的2-CP.2-CP厌氧降解产物包括苯酚、苯甲酸、正丁酸、乙酸、H₂、CO₂和CH₄.氯酚脱氯是整个降解环节中的限速步骤,速率仅为0.1mg/(gVSS·d).     

中试MBBR装置强化氨氮去除速率的影响条件研究

采用中试MBBR组合工艺处理深圳市布吉河道的城镇污水,进水平均氨氮浓度为(25.88±7.73)mg/L,出水平均为(1.11±1.93)mg/L.单因素小试研究表明,反应器中挂有生物膜的悬浮填料具有强化氨氮去除的效果,投加该填料时获得的比氨氧化速率比采用活性污泥进行反应提高了25.5%;试验条件下通过投加甲醇将COD从139mg/L提高至587mg/L,比氨氧化速率从2.55mg/(gMLVSS·h)下降至1.91mg/(gMLVSS·h);当MLVSS浓度从0.45g/L逐步提高到4.05g/L时,容积氨氧化速率从3.68mg/(L·h)线性增加至7.82mg/(L?h),拟合度R2为0.967,但比氨氧化速率随MLVSS浓度的提高反而逐渐下降,从8.24mg/(gMLVSS·h)降至1.93mg/(gMLVSS·h);当温度从5℃升高到35℃,比氨氧化速率从0.99mg/(gMLVSS·h)提高至2.89mg/(gMLVSS·h),采用Arrhenius经验方程描述时,拟合度R2为0.970;当DO浓度从0.5mg/L逐步增加至4.0mg/L时,比氨氧化速率从0.62mg/(gMLVSS·h)提高至2.28mg/(gMLVSS·h),Monod方程可以很好的描述DO浓度与比氨氧化速率之间的关系,拟合度R2为0.994,氨氧化半饱和常数值为3.0mg O2/L.     

地下水位和土壤温度对若尔盖泥炭地CH4排放的影响

为了深入分析环境因子对湿地CH₄排放产生的影响,利用中型试验生态系对若尔盖典型泥炭地开展地下水位和土壤温度控制试验,比较不同条件下泥炭地2012年生长季(5—10月)CH₄排放通量的月变化情况. 结果表明:高水位(土壤表面0 cm)下CH₄排放通量最高,中水位(地表以下10 cm)下次之,低水位(地表以下20 cm)下最低;其中,10月CH₄排放通量变化不明显,不同地下水位下泥炭地的CH₄排放通量均在7月达到最大值,并且均呈明显的单峰曲线,高、中、低地下水位下CH₄排放通量平均值分别为6.263 3、4.754 4和3.949 8 mg/(m2·h). 而且,在一定温度范围内,不同地下水位条件下CH₄排放通量随土壤温度的升高均呈指数式增长. 其中,高水位下CH₄排放通量对土壤温度变化最为敏感,中水位下次之,低水位下相对最不敏感. 研究显示,若尔盖泥炭地CH₄排放通量表现出明显的季节性变化差异,并且季节性升温和涨水均会促进CH₄排放通量的增加.      

产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌分布对土壤-植物系统甲烷逸出的影响

CH₄(甲烷)的逸出量与产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的数量密切相关.采用FISH(荧光原位杂交)技术定量解析芦苇和香蒲混栽土壤-植物生态系统基质,探讨CH₄的产生机理.结果表明,植物有利于微生物的生长,甲烷氧化菌主要聚居在植物根区,产甲烷菌数量高于甲烷氧化菌.气温变化和系统ORP(氧化还原电位)对土壤-植物生态系统CH₄排放通量的影响很大,芦苇和香蒲混栽土壤-植物生态系统CH₄年均排放通量为22.9 mg/(m2·h),最高达185.6 mg/(m2·h),排放峰值出现在夏季.表明芦苇和香蒲的生长促进了根际分泌物的产生,为产甲烷菌提供了较多生长所需的底物,从而刺激系统CH₄的排放.      

东北三江平原土壤氧化CH4研究

三江平原土壤不同深度氧化大气浓度CH4和高浓度CH4的速率具有明显的垂直差异 .2个非淹水土壤整个剖面都具有氧化大气浓度CH4的潜力 ,以表层土的速率为最大 .非淹水的耕作土壤残留的有机质层仍保留了较强的氧化大气浓度CH4潜力 ,氧化CH4速率是耕作层的 2 0倍 .淹水土壤的大部分层次不具有氧化大气浓度CH4的潜力 .所有供试土壤均能消耗高浓度CH4,泥炭含量较高的土壤层次比矿质层氧化高浓度CH4的速率高     

芦苇植株对湿地温室气体排放的影响及其日变化特征

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对夏季(7月、8月和9月)长江河口湿地芦苇植被CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的叶面通量、茎秆扩散速率以及沉积物通量的日变化进行研究。结果显示,通过芦苇叶片排放的N_2O与CH_4的量分别为2.99μg/(m~2·h)和15.36μg/(m~2·h),CO_2则呈现白天吸收(-120.86 mg/(m~2·h))、夜间排放(69.39 mg/(m~2·h))的特点。芦苇茎秆N_2O、CH_4和CO_2平均扩散速率分别为1.96μg/h、142.45μg/h和10.69 mg/h,沉积物平均排放通量为N_2O 8.18μg/(m~2·h)、CH_41.58 mg/(m~2·h)、CO_2169.66 mg/(m~2·h)。芦苇茎秆和沉积物界面CH_4和CO_2的排放均呈现出明显的"单峰型"昼夜变化规律,其排放峰值集中在日照及温度最高的9:00至15:00。芦苇植株是影响温室气体排放变化的因素之一。芦苇植株在光合作用下吸收CO_2并促进CH_4的排放,而芦苇发达的根系及茎秆是温室气体排放的主要途径。同时,Pearson相关性分析表明温度对芦苇群落CH_4和NO2的排放影响显著,但与CO_2通量的相关性不明显。土壤氧化还原电位对3种气体的排放均有显著影响。     

北太湖水体固氮作用及其影响因子

为探究北太湖固氮作用,使用乙炔还原法对其水体的原位固氮作用和室内的N、Fe和Mo对鱼腥藻固氮速率的影响进行研究。结果发现:北太湖的年均固氮速率为3.08 ng/(L·h),并表现出明显的时空变化特征,梅梁湾水区的速率最高(2.75 ng/(L·h)),湖心区速率最低(1.38 ng/(L·h));固氮速率在夏季最高[6.03 ng/(L·h)],春[1.08 ng/(L·h)]、秋[0.81 ng/(L·h)]次之,冬季最低[6.97×10-5 ng/(L·h)]。进行相关分析发现:鱼腥藻的生长不受N、Fe和Mo影响(P>0.05);但N是控制鱼腥藻固氮速率的主要因素(P<0.01),而Fe和Mo含量对鱼腥藻的固氮作用并不产生显著影响(P>0.05)。北太湖水体的原位水温(P<0.01)、DTN(P<0.01)、蓝藻生物量和NO₃-(P<0.05)是导致水体原位固氮速率时空差异的主要原因。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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