稀酸水解玉米秸秆两步发酵联产氢气和甲烷

在批式试验中以牛粪堆肥为天然产氢菌源,分别以蔗糖和稀酸水解玉米秸秆为底物,通过厌氧发酵考察不同牛粪堆肥处理方式对发酵产氢性能的影响,并在此基础上构建了稀酸水解玉米秸秆两步发酵联产氢气-甲烷体系。当以蔗糖为底物时,牛粪堆肥处理方式对产氢影响不显著,产氢量均较高;当以稀酸水解玉米秸秆为底物时,室温浸泡处理的牛粪堆肥产氢效果最好,氢气最大产量达到213.8 m L/g TS。以稀酸水解玉米秸秆产氢发酵液为底物进行甲烷发酵,使秸秆的综合能量回收率达到41.2%,较单一发酵产氢时的能量回收率13.2%显著提高。     

油菜秸秆厌氧消化产沼气特性研究

该研究以探索油菜秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷潜力为目的,利用一组高效纤维素分解产甲烷菌群在CSTR厌氧反应器内分解定量油菜秸秆41 d,通过监测厌氧发酵过程中的甲烷生产效率,以及纤维素酶活性等指标,评价油菜秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷的能力。结果表明:油菜秸秆在发酵菌群的作用下能够大量产生沼气,50 g干秸秆厌氧发酵后总产气量为13 200 m L,产气效率达到264 m L/g。在发酵过程中,秸秆纤维素被有效分解,纤维素酶活性和半纤维素酶活性分别达0.63、0.81 U/m L。纤维素酶活性与沼气产量具有良好的相关性,相关性系数达到0.95,表明秸秆纤维素类厌氧发酵产沼气体系内,具有良好纤维素酶活性的菌群对甲烷生产具有重要的意义。     

低温沼气发酵影响因子初探

在8℃低温条件下,研究了青海高寒地区的沼气发酵的最适底物配比,pH、TS浓度、盐度等发酵因子。结果如下:猪粪∶牛粪∶羊粪∶油菜秸秆配比为1∶1∶2∶1时,沼气产量最高;低温沼气发酵试验最显著影响因子为pH,其次是TS浓度和盐度,沼气发酵最佳条件为pH 7.2,TS浓度为8%,盐度为4%,产沼气量最高可达80.1%,因此优化甲烷菌低温发酵条件能够促进产气量的增加。     

沼气产生菌的低温筛选及其复配研究

采用厌氧培养技术、低温培养技术(8℃)及多种菌群的混合培养技术,分别通过限制性培养基,分离筛选出产甲烷菌(MPB)、纤维素降解菌(FDB)、蛋白酶产生菌(PPB)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)以及产氢细菌(HPB),以猪粪、油菜秸秆、牛粪为发酵底物,进行复合发酵沼气试验。结果表明:当MPB、FDB、PPB、SRB、HPB混合比例为4∶3∶3∶1∶2时,甲烷的产量最高,其得率达200.13 m L/L,明显高于未添加复合菌剂时的甲烷产量(仅48.02 m L/L)。     

土霉素对厌氧发酵中酶活性和甲烷产量的影响

以猪粪为原料,小麦秸秆为调节物质,在小型厌氧发酵装置进行中温(37℃)厌氧发酵试验,研究了外源添加土霉素(OTC)对厌氧发酵过程中累积甲烷产量、脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性的影响以及土霉素的浓度变化情况.依据土霉素的添加量不同,试验共设置4个处理:CK处理,L处理(OTC质量分数60 mg·kg-1),M处理(OTC质量分数100 mg·kg-1),H处理(OTC质量分数140 mg·kg-1).结果表明:厌氧发酵初期,土霉素对甲烷累积产量有一定的促进作用,以后转变为抑制作用.厌氧发酵结束时,同对照相比,L至H处理甲烷累积产量依次减少了8.9%,4.6%,9.4%.厌氧发酵初期,土霉素对脲酶活性有一定的促进作用,随后转变为抑制作用;厌氧发酵前期,不同浓度土霉素对脱氢酶活性均表现为抑制作用,厌氧发酵后期,只有H处理的脱氢酶活性显著小于对照.土霉素含量在第10 d大幅度减少,30 d后土霉素含量基本维持不变.     

鸡粪与麦秸混合厌氧发酵产沼气特性

为深入研究混合发酵对秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响,将4种不同形态的麦秸分别与鸡粪混合进行厌氧发酵产沼气,分析了试验过程中产气量,发酵液p H值、EC、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFAs)、NH₄⁺-N和碱度的变化.结果表明:秸秆单独发酵产气量较低,不同形态秸秆单独发酵过程中发酵液各指标的变化趋势相似,总体为原秸秆高于一次发酵秸秆,搓揉秸秆高于未搓揉秸秆;鸡粪单独发酵累积产气量,发酵液p H值、EC、TVFAs、NH₄⁺-N和碱度等均高于秸秆单独发酵;混合发酵提高了秸秆的产气速率和产气峰值,缩短了峰值出现时间和达到80%总产气量的时间;将鸡粪与不同形态秸秆混合发酵对提高秸秆累积产气量的效果不同,在扣除鸡粪产气的影响后,鸡粪与原秸秆、搓揉秸秆、一次发酵秸秆和一次发酵秸秆搓揉混合发酵处理的秸秆TS产气量较相应的秸秆单独发酵分别提高了-12.19%、10.54%、13.01%和-12.21%;混合发酵各处理发酵液各指标的变化趋势相似,且处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),混合发酵日产气量和发酵液各指标的变化更温和,...     

多元混合物料协同促进厌氧消化产甲烷性能试验研究

为评估农牧废弃物多元物料混合厌氧发酵对产甲烷性能的协同促进作用,研究了中温（37±1）℃和固体质量分数为12%时,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆混合原料的厌氧消化产甲烷性能,最后应用修正的Gompertz方程分析甲烷生产的动力学过程.结果表明：3种物料混合厌氧发酵发生了明显的协同促进作用,协同效应作用值为34.85%~70.39%,贡献效果显著（P<0.05）;当牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS混合比例为50：20：30时,甲烷产率、累计甲烷产量和VS降解率达到最大值,分别为286.0mL/g VS、20713mL和65.6%,比单一牛粪、蔬菜废弃物以及玉米秸秆厌氧消化甲烷产量分别提高了32.9%、229.9%和82.0%.修正的Gompertz方程能较好反映物料厌氧消化产甲烷过程,拟合结果的R²均大于0.99,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS比例为50：20：30时具有最大产甲烷速率17.34mL/（d×g）和较短的迟滞时间2.97d.该研究结果可为农牧废弃物多元混合物料厌氧消化产沼气工程提供参考.     

超声波预处理对牛粪与玉米秸秆混合厌氧发酵特性的影响

为了探索超声波预处理提高厌氧发酵产气量的机理、优化超声波预处理工艺及分析超声波预处理的能量效益,利用因子分析法和通径分析研究不同发酵阶段各环境因子对发酵过程的影响,以及发酵初始环境与甲烷产量之间的关系.同时,用响应面优化法优化超声波预处理工艺,并且分析了超声波预处理的能量效益.结果表明,在40 k Hz和0.20 k W下,适宜的超声波预处理能显著提高厌氧发酵总产气量(p0.05),牛粪预处理17.68 min后与玉米秸秆预处理19.94 min混合发酵,甲烷产量最高为177.20 L·kg-1(以TS计),显著高于CK(未经预处理组,p0.05),其能量效益也最高,为1835.14 k J·kg-1(以TS计).超声波预处理通过改变发酵初始环境之间的相互关系和发酵过程环境的主要影响因素来使发酵系统更加稳定从而提高产气量.超声波预处理是一种能量输入的预处理方式,产气量高于CK处理组,但其能量效益不一定大于零.因此,在优化超声波预处理条件时必须对其能量效益进行分析.研究结果能为超声波预处理条件的优化方式提供理论依据.     

NaOH预处理对香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

以农村废弃资源香蕉秸秆为原料,采用试验室自制的厌氧发酵装置,在恒温35℃和发酵料液总固体质量分数为6%的条件下进行沼气发酵试验,研究不同质量分数(2%、4%、6%、8%) NaOH的预处理对香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产气效果的影响。研究结果表明:香蕉秸秆经过NaOH预处理后与对照组(未经NaOH预处理)相比产气量明显增加,其中,NaOH预处理浓度为6%的处理组,发酵58 d时的总产沼气量、总产甲烷量、总固体(TS)产气量、总固体(TS)产甲烷量均最高,分别为21581. 00 mL、11878. 30 mL、548. 87 mL/g、302. 10 mL/g。经过NaOH预处理后的香蕉秸秆发酵过程中pH值在适宜的范围内波动,发酵前后发酵液中COD的降解率均达到60%以上。故综合来看,NaOH预处理能缩短香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵的启动时间,增加发酵体系的缓冲性和稳定性,提高产气效果,且NaOH预处理浓度为6%时,香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵效果最优。     

D1菌株预处理水葫芦单相厌氧发酵连续产沼气试验

利用高效降解纤维素的菌株D1对水葫芦进行预处理,将其内部结构破坏后与活性污泥混合,在不添加任何底物情况下,对比经过预处理与未经预处理水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气的优化条件,得出最佳优化条件。进一步将水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气的最佳优化条件进行放大试验,结果表明:在10 L厌氧发酵罐内,100 g的水葫芦经5 mL含有107孢子的D1菌株菌悬液预处理48 h后,与厌氧活性污泥在30℃厌氧发酵60 d左右,其产气效率明显优于未经预处理的水葫芦,达15.52 L,平均产气量达155.2 mL/g,甲烷含量为63.5%。同时考察了反应器内的pH变化,结果表明pH值相对比较稳定,适合甲烷菌产气。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.