基于空气质量模型对佛山市PM_(2.5)的来源研究

利用第三代空气质量模型CMAQ对广东省佛山市2014年11月大气PM_(2.5)浓度进行模拟,结合观测数据比对分析,显示模型对PM_(2.5)具有良好的模拟性能.通过敏感性分析,研究了佛山本地各污染源对PM_(2.5)浓度的相对贡献以及周边地区外来源对佛山PM_(2.5)的影响.结果发现,整个研究时段佛山本地源对PM_(2.5)贡献占主导,平均贡献为64.9%;而污染时段外来源影响增强,如广州对湖涌和惠景城站点平均相对贡献为36.8%,清远对云东海站点相对贡献为18.5%.佛山本地各类源对PM_(2.5)浓度的影响差别明显,污染时段,工业源对湖涌站点相对贡献为54.6%,对其他站点的相对贡献为28.2%~30.2%;流动源对惠景城站点相对贡献为28.9%.通过情景分析,在改善大气环境过程中提出对佛山各类型源的有效削减策略,同时注意城市间协作、区域间联防联控的控制措施.     

天津市PM2.5组分污染特征与模型模拟对比

文章选用2015-2018年天津市复康路站点的长期连续PM_(2.5)组分观测数据,分析了天津市的PM_(2.5)主要组分污染特征,并分析了WRF/NAQPMS模型对天津市不同季节的PM_(2.5)组分的模拟情况。研究发现天津市近年的PM_(2.5)及其主要组分浓度整体在逐年下降,与2015年相比,2018年PM_(2.5)、OM与EC分别下降了27%、30%与28%。Cl~-、F~-、NO_3~-、NO_2~-、SO_4~(2-)等均有较大降幅,2018年与2015年相比分别下降了51%、72%、28%、54%与48%,但Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+浓度均有所上升,升幅分别是177%、170%与76%。这些组分浓度的变化表明燃烧源等人为源排放控制较好,沙尘等影响在加大。大部分PM_(2.5)组分呈现冬季浓度最高,夏季浓度最低的季节变化规律,但Na~+与Ca~(2+)等离子在5-6月也出现了一个峰值,可能与沙尘或海风的影响相关;K+离子在2月出现峰值,可能与烟花或生物质燃烧有关;硝酸盐与铵盐在3月出现了另一个峰值,可能与农业活动有关。总体上数值模式对天津市PM_(2.5)及其主要组分模拟的结果比较理想,NAQPMS模式可以较好地模拟出NO_3~-、OM、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)等的变化趋势与浓度水平,但对EC高估了约2倍,这可能主要由于清单对EC排放的估算过高导致。     

重庆市都市功能核心区秋季大气污染物时空分布特征

为研究重庆市都市功能核心区大气污染物浓度水平及变化规律,统计分析了2014年9月至2014年11月5个监测站(解放碑、高家花园、杨家坪、新山村和南坪)24 h连续监测PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3浓度数据.结果表明,观测期间,大气颗粒物污染严重,5个站点PM2.5日均浓度超标率分别为30.8%、37.4%、38.5%、37.4%和31.9%,5个站点PM10日均浓度超标率分别为23.1%、22.0%、18.7%、19.8%和19.8%;重庆市都市功能核心区细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染严重,5个站点PM2.5占PM10比例分别为60.2%、64.6%、64.1%、75.4%和62.8%;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2和CO早晚出现高峰值;SO_2和O_3浓度日变化曲线呈现单峰型,峰值分别出现在中午和午后;降水量、气温和水汽压与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2呈显著负相关;相对湿度与O_3呈显著负相关,气温、水汽压和风速与O_3呈显著正相关;CO与相对湿度呈显著正相关;风向也影响着大气污染物浓度的时空分布,南偏西、南偏东和东北偏北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度积累,西北风利于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO扩散;但西北风控制下利于O_3浓度积累.     

关中地区冬季人为源减排对PM_(2.5)浓度的影响

使用WRF-Chem模式和关中地区高分辨率的人为源排放清单,选取2013年冬季不利于关中地区污染物扩散的4类典型天气形势中的各1d,模拟了PM_(2.5)时空分布和日变化趋势,同时以国家环境空气质量标准为目标,制定人为源等比例减排的敏感性试验.结果表明,模式可以较好地捕捉PM_(2.5)的时空分布和变化趋势,且与天气形势有着一致的对应关系.在4类不利天气形势下,PM_(2.5)浓度随着人为排放源的减少呈二次曲线下降趋势,PM_(2.5)浓度下降率与所在区域原有大气污染程度成正比.在不同天气形势下,要使PM_(2.5)浓度达到国家环境空气质量标准75mg/m~3时,人为源需削减比例为30%~60%.     

武汉市汉阳区大气污染特征及气象影响分析

为深入了解汉阳区大气污染现状,文章根据2018年12月-2019年11月汉阳区环境空气质量监测点污染物监测数据及同期气象数据,分析了大气污染特征、主要污染过程及气象条件影响。结果表明:汉阳区当前呈现出明显的季节性复合污染特征,春季和秋季PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3和NO_2等多种首要污染物并存,夏季和冬季则分别以O_3和PM_(2.5)为主;全年主要发生了以PM_(2.5)、O_3和NO_2为首要污染物的3类持续污染过程,PM_(2.5)污染程度最为严重,O_3次之,NO_2较轻;气象因素对污染物浓度具有重要影响,风速与主要污染物浓度均显著负相关,相对湿度主要与O_3显著负相关,温度与PM_(2.5)和NO_2显著负相关,而与O_3显著正相关,气压则和温度完全相反;气团轨迹聚类及潜在源区分析结果显示,汉阳区PM_(2.5)污染的潜在源区主要分布在湖北省中部和东部、江西省北部、山东省西南部以及鲁苏豫皖4省交界地区,O_3污染的潜在源区主要分布在湖北省中部和东部、安徽省西部以及长江三角洲的部分地区,NO_2污染的潜在源区主要分布浙江省西北部、安徽省南部以及长江中游城市群的部分地区。     

厦门市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征及来源解析

为探讨厦门市大气PM_(2.5)水溶性离子污染特征及来源,于2014年8月和12月同步采集了城区和郊区的PM_(2.5)样品.用离子色谱分析了9种水溶性离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、K~+、NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))的质量浓度.结果表明,厦门大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子浓度处于较低水平,总水溶性离子浓度(μg/m~3)顺序为:冬季城区(18.16)冬季郊区(14.55)夏季郊区(6.87)夏季城区(5.33),降水对水溶性离子有显著的去除作用.观测期间,夏季PM_(2.5)阴离子相对亏损,冬季反之.SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+(简称SNA)占全部水溶性离子质量浓度之和的比例达79.64%以上,表明厦门市大气PM_(2.5)二次污染较严重.相关性分析和SNA三角图解表明厦门市夏季NH_4~+主要以(NH4)2SO4的形式存在,其次为NH_4NO_3及碱性游离NH_4~+;冬季则主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在,其次为NH_4Cl.N/S值表明夏季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征以燃煤源排放为主,冬季以交通排放为主,总体呈现出交通源与燃煤污染并存的复合型污染特征,但受海洋源的影响很小.主成分分析进一步表明厦门市大气PM_(2.5)水溶性离子主要来自燃煤源、交通排放和生物质燃烧源.     

中山市一次灰霾天气过程污染物来源数值模拟分析

利用WRF-CMAQ模式对中山市2015年2月一次典型灰霾天气过程进行了数值模拟,并对2月11~12日这一主要污染时段本地和外地污染源的贡献进行了分析和减排评估.WRF-CMAQ模式能很好地模拟出该时段的气象条件、PM_(2.5)浓度以及能见度的变化过程.这次霾污染主要是受弱冷空气影响引起的,广州佛山、中山本地以及广东省外排放源对中山PM_(2.5)浓度的贡献率分别为33%、30%和27%,外地源的贡献相当大.中山本地工业源和农业源对中山PM_(2.5)的贡献分别为13%和8%,而广佛排放源中,工业源和农业源对中山PM_(2.5)的贡献率分别为20%和7%.对中山和广佛地区农业源减排30%、50%和70%后,中山的PM_(2.5)浓度分别下降6%、10%和15%,而对工业排放实施相同幅度的减排后,PM_(2.5)浓度分别下降11%、18%和23%.随着减排力度的增加,减排效率的变化并不明显.减排应在灰霾天气开始加重前实施,在PM_(2.5)浓度达到峰值前后减排的效果最为明显,而当灰霾天气趋于缓解时减排的效果会迅速下降.     

基于POI兴趣点的排放清单空间分配方法

基于商业住宅、农林牧渔企业、交通设施等类型的城市设施兴趣点(POI)数据建立了针对居民生活源、农业源、交通源等非点源的排放清单分配方法.以北京市为例,基于2015年高德地图的POI数据对清华大学MEIC排放清单进行了3km×3km及1km×1km的高空间分辨率分配,并基于分配后的排放清单,采用CMAQ空气质量模式对2015年1月5个市内监测站点PM_(2.5)的模拟值及监测数据进行对比,以检验该分配方法的准确性.结果表明,利用POI数据进行空间分配可以更加有效地反映出排放源的空间分布特征;CMAQ空气质量模式模拟结果中,采用该方法分配后的排放清单较直接面积插值的排放清单标准化平均偏差(NMB)降低40%左右,标准化平均误差(NME)降低10%左右.     

廊坊市大气污染特征与污染物排放源研究

通过廊坊市2014年12个监测站点的大气污染物监测数据,分析了廊坊市大气污染的主要特征,包括空气质量水平、大气污染的季节与空间分布.结果发现,虽然与2013年相比2014年空气质量有所改善,但12个站点空气质量超标均十分严重.秋季、冬季与春季PM_(2.5)为主要的空气污染物,夏季O3日最大8 h平均浓度频繁超标,需要引起重视.为实现廊坊市空气质量模拟,制定最优空气质量改善政策,基于污染源普查、环境统计数据,编制了廊坊市主要大气污染物排放清单.工业部门中,电力、热力生产和供应业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业是SO_2、NO_x和PM_(2.5)的重要来源.VOCs则主要来自于化学原料和化学制品制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、食品制造业.另外,廊坊全市道路扬尘和建筑施工扬尘污染贡献了PM2.5的38.6%,但扬尘的管理十分薄弱.同时结果表明,廊坊市黄标车排放在交通源排放中比重较高.因此,需要对上述重点排放源进行有效控制,从而改善廊坊市空气质量.     

天津市冬季典型大气重污染过程特征

基于污染物浓度、颗粒物化学组分及气象参数等观测数据,综合分析天津市2015年冬季典型重污染过程成因及污染特征,结果表明:天津市冬季重污染期间风速0~4.0m/s,相对湿度80%以上,混合层高度仅为清洁天气的1/3~1/2,静稳高湿的大气环境对重污染影响较大.重污染过程NO_2/SO_2比值较清洁天气低,NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比值大于1,表明重污染期间天津市移动源与固定源并重.重污染PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值较清洁天气高,PM_1/PM_(2.5)比值较清洁天气低,可能与重污染过程期间细粒子的吸湿增长以及散煤燃烧排放有关.污染初期NOR大于SOR,随着重污染持续,甶于受制于氨,SOR要高于NOR,需关注气态前体物尤其是SO_2排放.OC与EC浓度高时二者相关性较低,SOC占OC的20%~54%,说明冬季重污染期间散煤燃烧源和二次有机化学反应对冬季重污染影响较大.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.