土地荒漠化与我国生态移民政策研究

生态移民是把生态环境脆弱地区的人口有计划、有组织地异地搬迁安置,从而达到人口、资源、环境和经济社会的协调发展,是我国实施环境保护基本国策的重要措施之一.通过研究我国的生态移民政策及其实施现状,在分析目前存在的困难和问题的基础上,提出实施生态移民工程所要完善研究的内容和政策措施,以期能够保证我国生态移民工作的顺利推进.     

中国生态移民工程的问题及规范性研究

生态移民是我国最大的环境保护工程项目之一,取得了巨大的成绩,但是问题也很多,其中,主要是移民迁入地选择的规范性问题。本文指出提高移民工程规范性,是促进生态移民工程可持续发展和人口城镇化的根本措施,并参照世界银行和亚洲开发银行的工程移民规则,根据不同的移民情况,提出生态移民工程规范性设计的具体内容。     

诱导式生态移民的决策过程和决策因素分析

生态移民是解决贫困和生态问题的有效途径之一。诱导式生态移民是政府根据区域生态、经济和人口和谐发展要求,对不适宜于人类居住的地区或者人口超载地区的人口通过政策、资金的扶持,诱导人们自愿迁移到指定的土地承载力有冗余的地区的一种人口迁移活动,在这一活动过程中政府须有必要的诱导投入、组织者要尊重迁移者的意愿、政府和迁移者都须有合理决策是其主要特点。分析生态移民的决策过程对合理决策有重要意义,认为影响政府诱导决策的主要因素有生态、人口、经济、政策和迁入地因素;影响迁移者决策的主要因素主要有个体、迁移距离、迁入地基础设施、社区文化、迁移者的成本效益等。     

关于解决西部贫困及生态问题的建议

据国家有关部门预计,在我国,需要生态移民人口高达700-1000万人次,而目前生态移民无法突围出贫困及生态脆弱区的问题也已经十分突出.不下决心将这些人口撤离西部贫困及生态脆弱区,国家巨大的努力与投入,到头来仍有可能成为无效投入,最终还需要政府重新给予有效解决.继续注重"就近搬迁"原则,会导致移民越多,问题越多.     

环境移民

环境移民是由于人们赖以生存的自然环境恶化而引起的人口迁移,是在特定的环境背景下,区域人口环境容量不足以承载过多的人口而造成的移民。其原因包括自然灾害、生态环境退化、环境污染等环境因素。如因洪涝、干旱、泥石流、滑坡、地震等灾变性环境事件导致的环境移民又称为‘环境灾害移民’;因沙漠化、石山荒漠化、水土流失等生态环境退化引起的环境移民可称为‘生态移民’;因环境污染事件导致的环境移民可称之为‘环境污染移民’。     

农户生态移民意愿及影响因素研究——基于新疆三工河流域的农户调查

基于农户访谈与问卷调查,对新疆三工河流域农户的生态移民意愿、移民效果与留居意愿进行调查,并采用Logistic模型对农户移民意愿与留居意愿的主要影响因素进行分析。研究结果显示:①家庭人口数、人均纯收入、主要收入来源、非农收入比重和参与退耕还林情况是影响农户搬迁意愿的主要因素,家庭人口数量越少,非农收入比重越大,对生态环境保护重要性的认知越强,就越能接受生态移民政策;②移民工程对河谷内生态环境改善作用显著,促进了退耕还林进程,草场压力有所缓解,但移民农户没有得到妥善安置,影响了农户家庭收入,其对定居点生产条件与生活环境评价较低,42.35%的农户认为搬迁后生活质量变差;③移民农户的留居意愿普遍不强,71.92%的农户想搬回原居住地,生活质量变化、定居点灌溉条件与耕地质量是影响其留居意愿的主要因素。政府应着力改善定居点水土资源条件与基础设施建设,提供农业技术培训,鼓励外出务工,以增加农户经济收入,改善生产生活环境,加强农户移民与留居意愿,促进移民工程的顺利实施。     

环境综合研究

XZI 9402044三峡库区移民生态研究思路/李鹤鸣(华中师范大学地理系武汉430070)//生态学杂志/中国生态学会1993、12(5)一61一64环情Q一28 本文以三峡库区移民搬迁的动态过程作为研究的基本框架:原位考察,移位分析,定位设计和比较研究。原位考察即从各个层面对三峡库区进行总体考察,分为背景考察、历史考察和现状考察;移位分析侧垂库区环境资源的人口承载能力和移民搬迁、流动的社会生态过程;定位设计主要探求库区产业扩展方向、移民就业途径和居民从安身一乐业一安心的有效递进模式,包括居所定位、生产定位和心理定位;比较研究主要包括国际…     

祁连山国家级自然保护区创新管理机制研究

随着周边社区人口增加和社会经济快速发展,祁连山国家级自然保护区保护与发展之间的矛盾日益激烈。本文以环境社会学为基础,通过田野调研、文献研究和人类社会学及环境社会学的研究方法,从保护区的破坏历史、破坏现状入手,系统分析了保护区现有管理机制和政策存在的问题,揭示了祁连山国家级自然保护区生态破坏的根源,提出了祁连山国家级自然保护区保护的对策建议,包括构建自然保护区综合执法局;构建社区公共机制;构建生态扶贫模式,健立健全生态补偿机制;以"生态民"改变生态移民思路;建立信息公开机制;实施独立的监测评估;开展有特色的自然教育。     

大小兴安岭森林生态功能区生态移民效益评价研究——以伊春市美溪区为例

通过调查问卷统计分析的方式对伊春市美溪区生态移民经济效益、社会效益和生态效益进行评价研究。调查研究结果显示,伊春市美溪区生态移民满意度及评价较高,生态移民经济、社会和生态效益显著,后期扶持工作有序开展。     

环境移民及其对策

环境移民的产生主要起因于经济、生态等物质性原因,它直接反映出人类与环境、人口与资源、劳动力与生产资料的对比关系和主体对客体的渴望水平。文章对环境移民的概念、要素和实质作了初步探讨,就环境移民存在的问题展开论述,并提出了一定的措施。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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