鞍山市大气中挥发性有机物的污染特征研究

对鞍山市不同功能区(工业区、工业区附近、居住区和对照区)的大气进行分季节(夏、冬季)采样,分析该市大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染水平和季节变化特征.结果表明,夏、冬季的大气中的VOCs浓度变化差异显著,总体来说夏季大气中的VOCs浓度高于冬季;夏季大气中苯系物、挥发性卤代烃浓度分别是冬季的1.1～2.7、1.4～...     

盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染特征及评价

为了解盐城市不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属污染特征,以工业区、交通区、居民区、商业区、学校区、公园区的地表灰尘作为研究对象,分析地表灰尘中重金属的含量分布及氮磷、有机质的含量变化,并以此为基础,对重金属的生态风险进行评价,探索重金属污染的成因与来源,为城市的地表灰尘污染防治提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)工业区地表灰尘中总氮、总磷最低;公园区和学校区地表灰尘中总氮最高,分别达到2.03、2.43g/kg,公园区地表灰尘中总磷最高,达到1.59g/kg。(2)地表灰尘中有机质呈现出和总氮、总磷一致的趋势,同样是工业区地表灰尘中有机质最低,公园区地表灰尘中有机质最高(34.0g/kg)。(3)地表灰尘中重金属和总氮、总磷、有机质总体呈现负相关关系,公园区地表灰尘中重金属最低,工业区地表灰尘中重金属最高。各个功能区地表灰尘中重金属全部高于土壤背景值。(4)地表灰尘中不同重金属元素的单因子污染指数依次为CdCuPb;不同功能区地表灰尘中重金属综合污染指数依次为工业区交通区居民区学校区商业区公园区,呈中污染(除公园区、商业区呈轻污染外)。     

道路径流SS和COD污染特征及出流规律

选择芜湖市火车站点进行长期监测,采集降雨7次;同时选择5个不同功能区,采集典型降雨1次。探讨了道路径流中总固体悬浮物(SS)和化学需氧量(COD)的污染特征、影响因素及出流规律,结果表明,7次降雨事件SS和COD平均值范围分别为198～1 529 mg/L和66～367 mg/L。SS和COD污染较为严重。SS在不同功能区中大小顺序为:工业区>居民区>商业区>交通区>文教区,总COD大小顺序为:工业区>交通区>居民区>商业区>文教区,溶解态COD大小顺序为:工业区>交通区>商业区>文教区>居民区,颗粒态COD大小顺序为:工业区>居民区>交通区>文教区>商业区。工业活动对地表径流SS和COD含量影响最大。SS受降雨历时影响较大,溶解态COD受平均雨强影响较大,颗粒态COD受最大雨强影响较大。不同降雨强度下,SS、溶解态COD及颗粒态COD的出流规律不同,降雨强度对径流初期效应的影响显著。     

杭州市大气降尘成分初析

本文用化学分析法对杭州市大气中降尘成分进行分析和探讨。发现降尘中二氧化硅的含量及分布与建筑施工产生的尘土有关;降尘中可燃性物质呈递减趋势,反映出杭州市采取的烟尘控制措施较有效;在所有样品中均检测低浓度的铁及其氧化物,工业区中含量明显高于清洁对照区及混合区。     

贵州遵义松林镍-钼多金属矿区土壤及农作物钒健康风险评价

为研究贵州遵义松林镍(Ni)-钼(Mo)多金属矿区土壤和农作物钒(V)污染情况,采集矿区旱地土、水稻土、森林土和农作物样品进行V含量分析,并分别采用地累积指数法和危险商法进行健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)矿区土壤V平均值为406mg/kg,分别为对照样品V(82mg/kg)和贵州土壤V背景值(139mg/kg)的4.95、2.92倍。其中,旱地土、水稻土和森林土V平均值分别为446、303、470mg/kg,均出现V富集现象。(2)矿区3种类型土壤V污染程度主要集中在轻度污染。水稻土和旱地土的危险商指数(HQ)均小于1,V造成健康风险的可能性较小。(3)6种农作物V为16.25～22.42mg/kg。水稻、玉米、甘薯、白菜和萝卜的HQ分别为13.25、1.44、1.40、6.36和2.57,表明长期食用这5类农作物可能会对人体产生一定的V健康风险,尤其以水稻和白菜的V健康风险最显著。     

苕溪流域典型区域重金属污染特征

从苕溪流域景观单元角度研究重金属污染特征,因人类活动是重金属污染的主要来源,所以在苕溪流域内选择采集典型工业区、农业区和城镇生活区附近河道的沉积物,分析各典型区域重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Cu和Zn的含量特征,并用潜在生态危害指数法评价。结果表明,按照《土壤环境质量标准》,苕溪流域典型工业区主要是Hg、Cu和As的污染,典型农业区和城镇生活区主要是Hg的污染。各元素间的相关性分析表明,在工业区:Zn-As、Zn-Pb和As-Pb之间存在相关关系,说明它们的同源性很高。在农业区:Cu-As、Cu-Cd之间存在显著相关关系,其来源有可能相似。在城镇生活区Zn-As、Zn-Cd之间存在很高的相关性,说明它们有很高的同源性。由多种重金属潜在潜在生态风险评价结果可知:苕溪流域典型工业区、城镇区和农业区的沉积物处于低潜在生态风险。     

工业企业集聚区周边土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系与分区管理对策研究

土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系是识别土壤环境污染、指导土壤环境管理及开发利用的有效工具。在土壤环境质量评价方法和国内外标准分析的基础上,提出了建立土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系的基本框架;结合"压力-状态-响应"模型(PSR模型),考虑不同工业区特征污染物,建立了包含通用指标和备选指标的土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系。以此评价指标体系为导向,为指导不同类型工业集聚区科学发展提出了工业区周边土壤环境质量分区管理的对策建议。     

工业区总悬浮颗粒物和挥发性有机物浓度特征的研究

随着经济快速发展,诸多工业区暴露出污染严重的问题,针对这一现象,选择上海的典型工业区,监测并分析总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度特征。设置6个点位,全年收集TSP样品112个和VOCs样品104个。TSP、VOCs年均值分别为0.174mg/m~3、223.8μg/m~3。通过分析污染物的浓度、时间变化特征、气候影响规律,并与其他城市研究进行比对,发现TSP和VOCs月均值呈现夏低冬高的趋势,且该工业区VOCs的主要来源为挥发性溶剂。研究结果为工业区的污染源整治指明方向。     

武汉市PM2.5中二元羧酸的污染特征及来源解析

在武汉市工业区和交通区展开了PM_(2.5)样品采集,研究了PM_(2.5)中二元羧酸的化学组成、污染水平及来源。二元羧酸在工业区为103.1～2 219.2ng/m~3,年平均值为958.4ng/m~3;在交通区为66.9～2 176.8ng/m~3,年平均值为749.7ng/m~3。丙二酸/丁二酸(C_3/C_4,质量比,下同)表明,武汉市二元羧酸主要来自机动车尾气排放;己二酸/壬二酸(C_6/C_9)表明,二元羧酸的人为源贡献大于自然源。正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析结果显示,工业区中二次源占13.7%,建筑扬尘占23.1%,机动车尾气排放占37.0%,生物质燃烧占26.2%;交通区中二次源占8.9%,建筑扬尘占24.9%,机动车尾气排放占51.8%,生物质燃烧占14.4%。潜在源区贡献因子(PSCF)分析得出,武汉市夏季二元羧酸主要受到南部季风的影响,冬季主要受到西部冷空气的影响。     

基于NIR混合废塑料识别仪分选效率的模型

通过对近红外光谱(NIRS)识别分选混合废塑料的过程建立数学模型,将经过预处理的废塑料在传送带上的分布分为密集区和稀疏区两大类。以降低分选时间,提高分选效率为研究目的,对影响分选效率的因素进行分析,如分选机所能承受物料密集度上限值θ以及传送带的传输速度V等因素。比较不同θ和V的组合对总分选时间T的影响,通过数值计算并验证,求得最优组合解。研究结果表明:θ的大小影响密集区和稀疏区的面积在总面积中占有量的变化;分选总时间T在θ和V共同变化过程中存在极小值。     

Effect of the Pittsburgh Air Pollution Episode upon Pulmonary Function in School Children

Due to increasing atmospheric concentrations of participates, five of Allegheny County’s seven monitoring areas were placed on first stage air pollution alert by November 18,1975. The Liberty Borough area reached second stage alert, and then emergency stage the morning of November 19. An investigation was mounted to determine whether these emergency levels of par-ticulates had an effect upon the pulmonary function of school children sufficiently severe that it would require several days for pulmonary function to return to normal. Beginning November 20 in two schools and November 21 in four additional schools, the three-quarter second forced expiratory volume (FEV.75) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) of approximately 270 parochial school children in fourth, fifth, and sixth grades were tested daily through November 26. Two schools, approximately 80 children, were in control areas; the remaining children were exposed to high or very high levels of particulate air pollution with significant levels of sulfur oxides. If a severe effect of pollution on pulmonary function occurred, one would expect daily measurements to tend upward in children in the four schools in polluted areas and to remain more or less steady in the two control areas. Analyses of the data yielded no indications of such an effect of air pollution upon the lung function of the school children studied. Pulmonary function values declined very slightly in all six schools over the study period. Unexplained variability over a weekend was observed.     

Citizen Complaints of Air Pollution In Northeastern Illinois

In 1964, as part of the Northeastern Illinois Metropolitan Planning Commission's Air Resource Management Study, an examination was made of citizen complaints of air pollution registered with air pollution control agencies representing the City of Chicago, outlying Cook County, and the State of Illinois. The complaint files of the City of Chicago were found to contain the addresses of some 9500 air pollution sources specified by complainants in complaints covering the time period from approximately 1954 to 1964. A statistical sample of these sources showed more than 70% to be of a nonindustrial nature, with domestic fuel burning or incineration by neighbors most often specified. There were 1119 industrial process source snamed in the Chicago files; 588 nonmanufacturing and 531 manufacturing. Fabricated metal industries, primary metal industries, chemical manufacturers, and food processing plants were cited more often than other industrial categories. Complaint sources named in complaints filed by citizens with the State of Illinois, and with Cook County, differed with those of Chicago in that industrial sources were specified more often than nonindustrial ones. The reason for this is believed to lie in the reduced residential densities and the relatively great use of pollution-free fuels in the metropolitan area outside of the City of Chicago.     

Effects of air pollution on lung function and symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in primary school children

Health effects of ambient air pollution were studied in three groups of schoolchildren living in areas (suburban, urban and urban-traffic) with different air pollution levels in Eski?ehir, Turkey. This study involved 1,880 students aged between 9 and 13 years from 16 public primary schools. This two-season study was conducted from January 2008 through March 2009. Symptoms of asthma, rhinitis and eczema were determined by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire in 2008. Two lung function tests were performed by each child for summer and winter seasons with simultaneous ambient air measurements of ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) by passive sampling. Effects of air pollution on impaired lung function and symptoms in schoolchildren were estimated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Girls with impaired lung function (only for the summer season evaluation) were more observed in suburban and urban areas when compared to urban-traffic area ([odds ratio (OR)?=?1.49; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.04–2.14] and [OR?=?1.69 (95 % CI 1.06–2.71)] for suburban vs. urban-traffic and urban vs. urban-traffic, respectively). Significant association between ambient ozone concentrations and impaired lung function (for an increase of 10 μg m^?3) was found only for girls for the summer season evaluation [OR?=?1.11 (95 % CI 1.03–1.19)]. No association was found for boys and for the winter season evaluation. No association was found between any of the measured air pollutants and symptoms of current wheeze, current rhinoconjunctivitis and current itchy rash. The results of this study showed that increasing ozone concentrations may cause a sub-acute impairment in lung function of school aged children.     

The Province of Ontario’s Air Pollution Control Program

The Province passed an Air Pollution Control Act in 1958 which delegated control of all types of air pollution to the municipalities. This was amended in 1963 with the Province assuming control of industrial sources of air pollution and the municipalities retaining control of combustion sources. The paper outlines the comprehensive program adopted by the Province. It points out that while control is a primary function, other functions such as ambient air quality sampling, the collection of micro meteorological data, co-operation with other governmental agencies in agriculture, planning and zoning, economics and development, and water pollution are a vital part of the program. In light of the experience to date, an attempt is made to predict the organization necessary for the future.     

Critique of the Article: Effectiveness of Odor Counteractants for the Treatment of Stack Gases

In the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto which covers 240 square miles there are over 600,000 automobiles, 350,000 domestic and industrial oil and coal-burning installations, 5000 apartment and industrial incinerators, and other numerous sources of air pollution, many of which create serious problems and contribute to the total air pollution level. The area includes 13 municipalities comprising Metropolitan Toronto and 13 additional surrounding urban and rural localities in an area of 720 square miles. The population of the planning area is 1,965,000 and is expected to increase to 2,800,000 by 1980. The Planning Board showed its recognition of the problem by a statement of policy designed to reduce pollution from fuel-burning equipment and incinerators, to develop a coordinated transportation system, to encourage central heating plants, and to control apartment development in mixed commercial areas. The Board advises and assists the individual planning boards, and building and property departments.     

Indoor air and respiratory health in preadolescent children

The effect of indoor exposure to nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, particulate matter and parental tobacco smoke on respiratory health was studied over a period of six months in all second graders born and living in two area of continental Croatia 8–10 yr of age. The study group was divided into two sections corresponding to area of residence (industrial/rural). Information on respiratory symptoms was collected from a self-administered questionnaire completed by the parents of the children. The mean values of concentrations of indoor air pollution that had been recorded in 24-h samples of air collected at schools were mostly below threshold limit for ambient pollution. In addition, information on parental smoking, the density of habitation and the type of fuel used for heating and/or cooking in the home was obtained by a questionnaire. In the investigated period the prevalence of respiratory illness was 22% in the children exposed to lower indoor air pollution and 25% in those exposed to higher indoor air pollution. Exposure to parental smoking was also associated with more respiratory symptoms (28 : 19%). The results indicate that the measured air pollutants only had a slight effect on the respiratory health of preadolescent children. However, the effect of exposure to parental smoking was more pronounced.     

Damage to plants due to industrial pollution and their use as bioindicators in Egypt

Effects of industrial air pollution on growth parameters of clover and Egyptian mallow were examined at three locations in the industrial area of Shoubra Elkheima, north of Cairo. Symptoms of plant damage appeared in the form of chlorosis and necrotic patterns. The decrease in chlorophyll reached more than 60% in plants cultivated in the industrial region. Plant growth and dry weights were reduced by more than 50%. The reduction in chlorophyll and growth parameters was correlated with the concentrations of air pollutants measured in the atmosphere of the locations examined. Moreover, clover and Egyptian mallow plants cultivated in the region of Shoubra Elkheima accumulated lead and cadmium, which can pass into the human food chain. It is concluded that these plants can be used as biomonitors for industrial air pollution.     

Concorde Emissions at Dulles International Airport: Results of Measurements

Hamilton, Ontario is an industrial city with a population of 300,000 which is situated at the western end of Lake Ontario. Canada’s two largest iron and steel mills are located here; the city historically has had relatively poor air quality, which has improved markedly in the last 25 years. Concern about the health effects of current air quality recently led us to carry out an epidemiological study of the effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of over 3500 school children. Respiratory health was measured by pulmonary function testing of each child, and by an assessment of each child’s respiratory symptoms via a questionnaire administered to the parents. Previous studies had shown that other environmental factors (e.g. parental smoking, parental cough, socioeconomic level, housing, and gas cooking) might also affect respiratory health, and thus “confound” any potential relationships between health and air pollution. The questionnaire also collected information on many of these confounding factors. For the purposes of initial analysis, the city was divided Into five areas in which differences In air quality were expected. In general, factors which have been associated with poor respiratory health were observed to be more prevalent in areas of poorer air quality.     

Public Opinion and Community Involvement

A poll conducted by Opinion Research Corp. in 1965 has indicated to the chemical industry that there is substantial public concern with air pollution only in areas where the problem is critical, that industries are considered among the prime villains, and that there is only limited public awareness of industrial efforts to deal with pollution problems and of the economic factors in community pollution control programs. Other surveys have also pointed to rising public concern with industrial pollution, coupled with a lack of wider standing of the problem. The chemical industry believes that pollution control programs will be greatly handicapped without widespread public understanding and support.     

A review of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution in indoor air environment

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial production due to the unique physical and chemical properties. As a kind of persistent organic pollutants, the PCBs would lead to environment pollution and cause serious problems for human health. Thus, they have been banned since the 1980s due to the environment pollution in the past years. Indoor air is the most direct and important environment medium to human beings; thus, the PCBs pollution research in indoor air is important for the protection of human health. This paper introduces the industrial application and potential harm of PCBs, summarizes the sampling, extracting, and analytical methods of environment monitoring, and compares the indoor air levels of urban areas with those of industrial areas in different countries according to various reports. This paper can provide a basic summary for PCBs pollution control in the indoor air environment.

Implications: The review of PCBs pollution in indoor air in China is still limited. In this paper, we introduce the industrial application and potential harm of PCBs, summarize the sampling, extracting, and analytical methods of environment monitoring, and compare the indoor air levels of urban areas with industrial areas in different countries according to various reports.