道路径流SS和COD污染特征及出流规律

选择芜湖市火车站点进行长期监测,采集降雨7次;同时选择5个不同功能区,采集典型降雨1次。探讨了道路径流中总固体悬浮物(SS)和化学需氧量(COD)的污染特征、影响因素及出流规律,结果表明,7次降雨事件SS和COD平均值范围分别为198～1 529 mg/L和66～367 mg/L。SS和COD污染较为严重。SS在不同功能区中大小顺序为:工业区>居民区>商业区>交通区>文教区,总COD大小顺序为:工业区>交通区>居民区>商业区>文教区,溶解态COD大小顺序为:工业区>交通区>商业区>文教区>居民区,颗粒态COD大小顺序为:工业区>居民区>交通区>文教区>商业区。工业活动对地表径流SS和COD含量影响最大。SS受降雨历时影响较大,溶解态COD受平均雨强影响较大,颗粒态COD受最大雨强影响较大。不同降雨强度下,SS、溶解态COD及颗粒态COD的出流规律不同,降雨强度对径流初期效应的影响显著。     

镇江市老城区不同功能区街道灰尘中重金属污染的粒径分布及来源解析

在镇江市老城区的6个功能区(商业区、交通区、居民区、文教区、江滨公园、大市口)布设采样点,测定了街道灰尘样品中所含的7种重金属的含量,分析了街道灰尘中重金属污染的粒级效应；并基于主成分分析法对重金属的来源进行了解析.结果表明,总体来说,镇江市老城区街道灰尘中的重金属污染显示出明显的粒级效应,随灰尘粒径减小,重金属含量呈明显的递增趋势；镇江市老城区街道灰尘中的重金属来源有:(1)交通污染源,特征元素为Cu、Zn、Pb；(2)生活污染源,特征物质为有机质；(3)工业污染源,特征元素为Ni、Mn、Cr;(4)自然沉降源,即与成土母质的地质背景有关的土壤颗粒的再悬浮或迁移；(5)建筑废弃物及土壤扬尘,或是由几者产生的混合污染.     

桂林市表层土壤总汞分布特征研究

为了研究桂林市表层土壤汞污染情况,采集了不同功能区(包括校园区、风景旅游区、交通运输区、居民区、商业区、农业用地区和其他区域)的表层(0~10cm)土壤样品36个,采用硫酸-硝酸混合液浸提、原子荧光方法测定土壤中的总汞。结果表明,桂林市表层土壤的总汞质量浓度在0.136~1.873mg/kg,平均值为0.557mg/kg,中值为0.440mg/kg。各功能区土壤中汞的平均值均超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)的一级标准(0.15 mg/kg),以风景旅游区最高,为0.900 mg/kg,其次为商业区,为0.595 mg/kg。进一步对桂林市表层土壤总汞浓度与环境参数的关系进行了研究,结果表明,各采样点土壤的总汞浓度与有机质显著相关,与土壤pH无相关关系。     

采煤沉陷区表层土壤氮、磷和有机质分布特征及相关性分析

以淮南采煤沉陷区为研究对象,通过实验室测试分析,研究了沉陷区表层土壤(0~20cm)中pH、有机质、总氮、碱解氮、总磷、速效磷、碳氮比(C/N,质量比)含量与分布特征。结果表明:沉陷区表层土壤pH、有机质、总氮、碱解氮、总磷、速效磷、C/N平均分别为7.5、16.8g/kg、2.97g/kg、43.7mg/kg、76.6mg/kg、13.0mg/kg、3.4;未复垦区土壤呈中性,而煤矸石充填的复垦区土壤呈弱碱性;煤矸石充填复垦扰乱了沉陷区土壤中磷的分布,但提升了土壤速效磷含量和C/N;沉陷区土壤整体肥力较低,营养元素变异程度高且易出现矿化淋失。相关性分析结果显示,沉陷区土壤有机质与总氮、总磷、碱解氮均为极显著相关(P0.01);使用逐步回归分析,分别建立了采煤沉陷复垦区与未复垦区表层土壤中有机质与总氮、总磷的回归方程,通过回归方程,依据土壤中有机质含量可估算出土壤中总氮与总磷含量。     

中小城市不同功能区降雨径流氮污染特征及其对水体的影响

研究了典型中小城市滨州的不同功能区降雨径流中的氮污染特征及其对水体污染的影响。结果表明,滨州城区不同功能区降雨径流总无机氮(TIN)、氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度分别为0.22~10.19、0.01~1.73、0~6.61、0~1.84mg/L。部分降雨径流样品的TIN已经超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中总氮的Ⅴ类水体标准限值。各形态无机氮浓度在不同功能区存在显著差异。TIN浓度均值表现为:农业区文教区工业区居住区商业区交通要道。降雨径流中的氮元素主要以硝酸盐氮形式存在。河流中TIN主要来自氨氮,其浓度水平与降雨径流相当。因此,降雨径流的氮污染对河流有重要影响,应引起重视。     

兰州城关区地表灰尘中Pb、Cr含量及其赋存形态分布研究

利用原子吸收光谱仪测定了兰州城关区地表灰尘中Pb、Cr含量,并采用Tessier连续提取法分析了其赋存形态分布.结果表明:(1)地表灰尘中Pb质量浓度以居民小区最高,Cr质量浓度以商业中心最高,分别达到120.36、108.10mg/kg.(2)兰州城关区地表灰尘中Pb、Cr平均值分别是甘肃省土壤背景值(17.9、69.3mg/kg)的5.34、1.35倍.总体来说,兰州城关区地表灰尘Pb、Cr含量处于国内中等偏下水平.(3)Pb、Cr在地表灰尘中主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,各采样点平均值中Pb、Cr残渣态分别占75.33％、79.01％.(4)地表灰尘中Cr赋存形态分布规律与土壤中一致,因受工业污染影响较小,推测Cr主要来自土壤源,各采样点含量相近且略高于背景值的分布特点是由于甘肃省土壤Cr背景值本身较高造成的.(5)地表灰尘中Pb除公园绿地为轻度污染外,其他采样点均已达到中度污染水平;Cr总体处于无实际污染水平.结合Pb、Cr主要以残渣态为主的特点,总体来说,兰州城关区地表灰尘中Pb累积污染程度严重,Cr无污染.     

天津市不同功能区大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源分析

利用天津市某交通居民混合区(以下简称混合区)和某废旧机电拆解加工工业区(以下简称工业区)的大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)在线监测数据,分析了天津市不同功能区大气VOCs的浓度水平、组成特征、季节变化和污染来源。结果表明,混合区监测的烷烃、不饱和脂肪烃和芳香烃3类VOCs的质量浓度分别为48.26、15.34、34.45μg/m3,总VOCs质量浓度为98.05μg/m3;工业区监测的烷烃、不饱和脂肪烃、芳香烃、卤代烷烃、卤代烯烃和卤代芳香烃6类VOCs的质量浓度分别为18.79、10.76、9.41、43.24、12.86、2.16μg/m3,总VOCs质量浓度为97.22μg/m3。混合区和工业区的大气VOCs浓度均为夏季最高,但混合区秋季次高,冬季最低,而工业区冬季次高,春季最低。混合区VOCs主要来源于机动车尾气排放和化石燃料的燃烧;工业区VOCs主要来源于有机溶剂和氟利昂等制冷剂、发泡剂的挥发。     

公路地表灰尘及径流中颗粒物附着重金属对比研究

对北京城区北三环上北太平桥以西约300 m处路段地表灰尘及径流中不同粒径颗粒物附着重金属载荷进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)随着颗粒物粒径的增大,地表灰尘中颗粒物附着重金属浓度总体上逐渐降低;地表灰尘中<40.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属浓度最高;重金属载荷分布集中度不强,但主要集中在地表灰尘中<300.00 μm的颗粒物L.(2)地表径流中大部分重金属附着在<125.00 μm颗粒物上;0.45～10.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属载荷最高;0.45～40.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属载荷平均为77.1%.(3)地表灰尘中<40.00 μm的颗粒物的潜在水环境风险不太突出,但是其实际水环境影响却起主导作用.(4)进入水体的小粒径颗粒物质量分数升高是地表灰尘和径流重金届载荷随颗粒物粒径分布不同的重要原因之一;大气湿沉降对小粒径颗粒物重金属载荷可能会有一定的影响.     

昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征分析

昆明市位于滇池上游,城市地表径流污染负荷对滇池水质具有直接影响。通过对昆明主城区内不同功能区12个监测点7次降雨径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究了昆明主城区城市地表径流污染特征。结果表明,昆明主城区城市地表径流中TSS、COD、TN和TP的多场降雨平均浓度分别为182.8、138.2、2.37和0.43 mg/L。不同功能区的地表径流水质存在显著差异(p<0.05);各功能区径流污染负荷顺序为:公路区>商业区>住宅区>文教区;不同功能区单场降雨径流水质动态变化规律是:污染物浓度在降雨径流初期相对较高,中后期浓度快速下降,并逐渐趋于稳定;地表利用功能、降雨特征和交通流量是影响城市地表径流水质的主要因素;城市地表径流中COD、TN、TP与TSS之间有较好的相关性,说明大部分的污染物质是以颗粒吸附态存在。     

不同功能区空气负离子的监测分析

监测了西宁地区不同功能区空气负离子状况，以公园游览区空气负离子浓度最高，平均３５８个／ｃｍ＾３；工业区最低，平均浓度２５９个／ｃｍ＾３。各功能区空气负离子浓度明显不同，Ｐ〈０．０１。用空气负离子浓度、空气离子单级系数和安培空气质量评价指数评价各功能区空气质量，从好到差依次为：公园游览区、生活居住区、商业交通繁忙区、工业区。３种评价指标结果相同，符合一般规律。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.