滨海带感潮河流上朔规律及地下水面波动特征研究

本研究以太平洋附近具有典型海岸地形地貌的3.2km2的区域为调查研究对象。首先,通过调查设置在河流上的5处调查点的河流水位及河水铅直方向电导率,掌握了感潮河流海水上朔的规律。其次,通过调查设置在区域内的26口调查井在满潮和干潮时的地下水位,推断出了潮汐的涨落及感潮河流和地下水流动方向的关系。此外,对与海岸垂直的断面和平行的断面上的10口调查井的调查结果显示,同一位置、不同季节其地下水面波动的特点不同;不同的调查井,因所处位置的不同及与海岸、感潮河流距离的不同,其地下水面波动的振幅及其与潮汐波动的位相差也不同。     

地下水位和海平面变化对绥中砂质海岸海水入侵影响

根据对绥中六股河口近滨海地区砂质海岸海水入侵区和过渡区长期的实时监测结果,同时依据地下水开采和季节性海平面变化情况,分析了海平面变化和地下水位变化对六股河附近地区海水入侵的影响,S-1井和S-2井2012年至2016年4 a间地下水位分别下降了4.60 m和0.59 m,造成了S-1井枯水季无水的现象,并且完全受控于海水,电导率值较高,S-2井地下水电导率值增加。同时,海平面变化不同程度上加剧了本地区海水入侵。     

地下水位变化在分析海水入侵中的应用

基于同期的外海潮位与S-1监测井电导率监测数据,对辽东湾西侧绥中砂质平原海水入侵岸段的外海潮位对海水入侵的影响进行了分析。结果表明外海潮位的变化可以对海水严重入侵区域的S-1监测井附近产生显著的影响,高潮位时会导致该地区海水入侵程度加重。基于实测的过渡区地下水位与Cl-含量数据,得出季节变化的地下水位与季节变化的地下水Cl-含量呈现明显的正相关关系,相关系数在0.92以上。利用该相关关系,可以得出该地区的海水入侵过渡区(250 mg/L)对应的地下水位值为-2.22 m~0.25 m,可以为确立该地区海水入侵过渡断面的位置提供间接的依据和参考。     

深圳沿岸海水入侵灾害现状研究

2008年8月~2009年8月期间对深圳沿海岸18个海水入侵观测站位进行地下水水质连续监测,选用矿化度、C l-、SO42-、rC l-∶rHCO3-、K+指标作为评价因子,运用模糊数学方法对区内海水入侵现状做出综合评价。结果能较客观准确地反映调查区域的海水入侵趋势和程度,评价结果与代表性指标氯度和矿化度浓度变化有很好的相关性。结果显示总体上说目前深圳沿岸的多数地区海水入侵程度不大,但在局部地区入侵状况严重。     

莱州湾地区海水入侵变化动态研究

通过对莱州湾地区11个剖面60多个观测井进行测定,统计分析了水样的氯度、矿化度数据,得出了莱州湾地区海水入侵的时空变化规律。结果表明,在时间上,海水入侵的状况基本上保持稳定,受月季变化影响较小;空间上,地下水水质呈从沿岸向内陆由咸变淡的梯度变化趋势,海水入侵程度由近海岸至内陆逐渐降低,入侵面积和过渡带面积进一步扩大,表明莱州湾海水入侵程度日趋严重。     

辽宁营口滨海地区海水入侵特征研究

本文通过18个观测井内主要9种离子浓度,对辽东湾东部营口沿岸海水入侵的分布特征进行了分析,根据海水入侵区地下水中主要离子浓度与地下水的相关关系,总结了随着海水入侵的发展地下水化学类型的变化,地下水化学类型分为3大类型。①Na+—Cl-型:沿海岸呈条带状分布;②Cl-·HCO3-或HCO3-·Cl-型:分布于前者之上的陆域,从北至南连续带状分布,北部较宽,中部较窄;③HCO3-型(阳离子为Na+·Ca2+):分布于远离海岸的陆域松散沉积层中,北部为大面积成片分布,南部缺失。该区地下水水化学类型呈带状分布,类型变化规律明显,反映了海水入侵分布特征,当淡水开采时,水位降深越大,微咸水入侵强度越大,控制淡水开采是防止微咸水入侵的主要措施。     

辽东湾滨海地区土壤盐渍化分布及盐分特征分析

本文通过对辽东湾滨海地区土壤盐渍化进行监测和评价,发现辽东湾土壤盐渍化严重地区主要分布在辽东湾北部淤泥质海岸,且与海水入侵分布特征基本一致,而辽东湾东、西两侧砂质海岸几乎没有土壤盐渍化现象;通过对监测数据进行分析,得出全盐量和Na+离子与电导率的关系模型,今后电导率法可作为该地区土壤盐渍化监测的快速方法。     

滨海地带地下水面与咸淡水界面伴随潮汐变化规律的研究(Ⅱ)数值仿真模拟的咸淡水界面伴随着潮汐波动的变化规律

采用二维数值仿真的手法,系统的探讨了存在于非平坦的不透水层上的海岸带含水层的天然地下水面、咸淡水界面伴随着潮汐波动而变化的规律.即伴随着潮汐的波动,天然地下水面和咸淡水界面振动的振幅及其之间的相位差的大小不但与不透水层的形状有关,而且还与天然地下水面的水力坡度、含水层的渗透系数及不透水层形状变动的幅度有关.     

大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口氮、磷的分布及潜在性富营养化

根据2013年8月和11月大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水质的实测数据,对水体中不同形态氮、磷含量的季节和空间分布特征进行了研究,并对水体潜在性富营养化程度进行了评价.结果表明,2013年丰水期和枯水期,从大辽河感潮河段至近岸河口区,硝酸盐是水体无机氮存在的主要形态,其约占总无机氮的55%;颗粒态磷(TPP-P)是水体磷营养盐的主要存在形式,其含量占水体磷营养盐的50%以上.空间上,从大辽河感潮河段至近岸河口区,水体的氮、磷形态的浓度表现为逐渐降低的趋势,相关性分析结果显示,水体大多数氮、磷形态与盐度呈显著的负相关关系,说明海水物理稀释相比其它环境因子对水体氮、磷形态空间分布起着主要作用;季节上,大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水体氮、磷含量表现为"枯水期丰水期",这主要与感潮河段季节性陆源输入情况不同有关.大辽河感潮河段及近岸河口区水体DIN-N浓度均大于0.30 mg·L~(-1),N/P大于60,均表现为磷限制潜在富营养化水平.     

大辽河口N、P营养盐的分布特征及其影响因素

利用2003年9月在大辽河口水域进行水质调查获取的资料,分析了大辽河口N、P营养盐的分布和时间变化特征.结果表明,从感潮河段、口门至口外的海域,N、P营养盐的含量都呈逐渐降低的趋势.N营养盐保守性较好,其分布主要受海水和河水的混合产生的物理稀释的影响;相比之下,PO4-P由于其缓冲特征,保守性较差.根据调查区水体富营养化的评价结果,在辽河口口门附近海域和靠近辽东湾东岸的海域,水体呈富营养化和中等营养水平,在远离海岸的海域,水体呈贫营养状态.     

层状非均质各向异性含水层中抽水井对污染物迁移影响数值模拟研究

为研究层状非均质含水层中渗流与污染物迁移问题,本文以大理冲洪积扇盆地典型层状非均质各向异性含水层为例,建立垂向剖面二维层状非均质各向异性含水层水文地质数值模型,利用MT3DMS溶质迁移模拟程序模拟分析抽水井抽水率、深度、位置不同条件下污染物迁移特征。结果表明,抽水率大小对污染物运移速率影响较大,深层抽水井对污染物运移影响较明显,透镜体的存在使污染物出现拖尾现象,弱透水层厚度使污染物运移时间延迟,且降低污染物浓度。     

Nitrate pollution of wells: pollution prevention policy options

Irrigated agriculture is a major sector of agricultural economy where high value crops are grown with substantial input of fertilizers and pesticides. High concentrations of nitrate and pesticides have been observed in ground water beneath irrigated areas in humid regions, where irrigation is practiced on sandy soils that have low water-holding capacity. Data from these areas indicate that irrigation wells are typically screened in the bottom part of the aquifer (which contain coarser deposits) whereas the domestic wells are screened just below the water table. Monitoring results from several irrigated areas have shown the stratification of dissolved inorganic and organic chemicals in the aquifer. Nitrate in such systems is typically highest near the surface. This has serious health implications for the rural population that relies upon shallow ground water for drinking. Current environmental policy towards pollution reduction focuses on improved management practices to reduce the loading of the chemicals to ground water. However, an engineering issue, dealing with the design of the irrigation and domestic wells has not been addressed. A design modification for the irrigation and domestic wells can reduce the risk of high nitrate ground water being pumped by domestic wells. A proposal to convert a deep vertical irrigation well to a series of small-capacity shallow vertical wells or a large-capacity horizontal well and slight deepening of the domestic wells was examined through simulations. This can reduce the nitrate concentration of ground water in domestic wells dramatically and use the high nitrate water for crop irrigation.     

Nitrate pollution of wells: pollution prevention policy options

Irrigated agriculture is a major sector of agricultural economy where high value crops are grown with substantial input of fertilizers and pesticides. High concentrations of nitrate and pesticides have been observed in ground water beneath irrigated areas in humid regions, where irrigation is practiced on sandy soils that have low water-holding capacity. Data from these areas indicate that irrigation wells are typically screened in the bottom part of the aquifer (which contain coarser deposits) whereas the domestic wells are screened just below the water table. Monitoring results from several irrigated areas have shown the stratification of dissolved inorganic and organic chemicals in the aquifer. Nitrate in such systems is typically highest near the surface. This has serious health implications for the rural population that relies upon shallow ground water for drinking. Current environmental policy towards pollution reduction focuses on improved management practices to reduce the loading of the chemicals to ground water. However, an engineering issue, dealing with the design of the irrigation and domestic wells has not been addressed. A design modification for the irrigation and domestic wells can reduce the risk of high nitrate ground water being pumped by domestic wells. A proposal to convert a deep vertical irrigation well to a series of small-capacity shallow vertical wells or a large-capacity horizontal well and slight deepening of the domestic wells was examined through simulations. This can reduce the nitrate concentration of ground water in domestic wells dramatically and use the high nitrate water for crop irrigation.     

江苏新沂市越流含水层的地下水资源评价

中国利用越流含水层作为城市供水水源地的实例并不多见。本文根据实际开采资料,利用伽略金（Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ）有限元法计算当补给层水头变化时越流含水层的地下水资源,并提出水位预测的方法。还利用补给层的水量平衡评价越流含水层开采量的保证程度,预测了新水源地投产后对老水源地的影响。本文对于正确认识越流含水层的地下水资源特性及其在城市供水中的意义有重要参考价值。     

Adaptations to the dynamics of rural water supply from natural sources: A village example in semi-arid Nigeria

Domestic and agro-economic activities in the semi-arid region of Nigeria rely exclusively on rainfall, streamflow and groundwater in deep and alluvial (fadama) aquifers. Such water supply systems are subject to considerable seasonal and inter-annual variability. However, a combination of the various sources may mitigate the effects of water scarcity. This study describes the dynamics of the water sources for a village in northeastern Nigeria as an example that demonstrates the linkages between rainfall, streamflow and groundwater. Such linkages are important for developing strategies to mitigate the effects of climatic variation. Long-term records of rainfall were not available at the site so that the short-term data was interpreted in the context of the long-term climatic experience of the region. The stratigraphic profile of the aquifer was developed from resistivity methods, to supplement information obtained from well level hydrographs. Field observations and analysis of the data reveal that the beginning of the rainy season is a precarious period because none of the water sources are reliable. Rainfall infiltration recharges the shallow aquifers while lateral water flux from the floodwater-saturated fadama also contributes to water level rises in the deep wells. A study of the water level changes in response to deepening of the wells suggests that the wells are fed by an assortment of water-bearing lenses, separated by layers of low transmissivity. One major finding of this study is that there exists a close association between the wells in this riparian community and the recharge processes within the fadama. Upstream diversion, abstraction or impoundment could therefore undermine the viability of aquifer exploitation by the communities in the riparian zone. Analysis of the interactions among the various sources of water leads to the identification of several potential adaptation strategies for confronting the problem of water scarcity.     

华南地区典型花岗岩海岛地下水资源综合评价

海岛水资源供需矛盾日益显著。综合运用地球物理勘探、水文地质钻探及同位素示踪分析对广东省珠海市万山岛的推船湾库区开展地下水资源可调蓄性和可再生性评价工作。通过高密度电阻率法和水文地质钻探法揭示库区地层结构,发现松散沉积物含水层在空间上分布不连续,与裂隙含水层共同构成该区地下水主要含水层,基岩层构成隔水底板;松散沉积含水层的渗透系数为8.30×10-3 cm/s,给水度为0.32;裂隙含水层的渗透系数为2.52×10-5 cm/s,给水度为0.10;推船湾库区含水层的地下水储存量约为14873 m3,储水空间较大。利用同位素示踪确定降水是地下水的主要来源,通过径流分割确定地下水补给量为145065 m3/a,地下水更新周期约为37 d,表明库区地下水补给条件较好,具有可再生性。研究结果为解决花岗岩海岛地下水资源勘探和管理提供了技术参考。     

西南喀斯特峰丛-洼地水力联系特征分析

西南喀斯特流域具有独特的峰丛-洼地水流特征及水力联系,本文针对陈旗小流域,根据山坡岩溶泉、洼地观测井水位、水温、水化学以及气象实测数据,利用统计分析方法,分析不同水源动态变化特征;结合电阻率层析成像(ERT)探测结果,解析山坡与洼地之间的水力联系。结果表明:反映山坡表层岩溶带作用的山坡泉对降雨响应迅速,土层覆盖厚的洼地含水层相对较慢。洼地含水层与山坡表层岩溶带水力联系呈现分段规律,反映枯期和雨季山坡侧向流、洼地降水垂向补给对洼地地下水影响程度存在差异,该研究为揭示喀斯特山区峰丛-洼地水文循环过程提供科学依据。     

采煤驱动下复杂井田含水层化学特征与水力联系辨识

通过分析复杂井田不同含水层的常规元素、微量元素、氘氧同位素与氚同位素的水化学特征来判断各含水层的水力联系,并分别建立了Piper识别图版、Durov识别图版、氘氧同位素识别图版,借此可以快速甄别矿井突水的来源.结果表明:研究区地下水主要为大气降水补给,第四系含水层与直罗组含水层存在显著联系,直罗组含水层与延安组存在有限的联系.利用各含水层不同岩性导致的水化学离子特征差异和氘氧同位素、氚同位素的示踪特性建立识别图版,可有助于快速识别补连塔矿区突水水源,并对不同含水层的突水事故提出针对性的解决措施.     

地下水回补引发含水层氟释放次生风险的模拟研究

地下水回补过程中,含水层沉积物中部分微量组分（As、F等）可能因为环境条件改变释放进入地下水中造成次生污染.为探究回补入渗后含水层F-释放的次生风险,依托潮白河南水北调回补区及我国北方8个具有高F地下水的典型区域,应用PHREEQC软件模拟回补入渗对含水层萤石矿物溶解平衡及地下水F-浓度的影响.研究含水层沉积物典型矿物组分、回补水源与地下水水质差异对F-释放次生风险的控制作用.结果表明:①由于回补水源水质、地下水水质及含水层矿物差异,回补后不同地区地下水中F-浓度的呈现趋势有显著差异,部分地区由于地下水水质差异大,F-浓度存在上升及下降两种趋势.②地下水Ca2+浓度相对较低的区域回补后F-浓度呈下降趋势,增大回补量有利于降低F-释放风险,而对于Ca2+浓度高、甚至萤石饱和的区域,增大回补量会增加F-释放风险.③地下水中F-浓度同时受到萤石及其他含钙矿物的控制,当含水层存在萤石矿物且其他含钙矿物较少时,回补后F-释放的风险增大.因此在具有F背景的区域,对地下水Ca2+浓度较高的含水层或除萤石外含钙矿物含量有限的含水层进行回补时,可能导致地下水F-浓度升高引发回补次生风险.对于回补水源、地下水与含水层矿物组分相互作用的深入研究是保证地下水安全回补的关键,回补后F-释放反应动力学的进一步研究将加深F-释放次生环境风险的认识.