Nitrate pollution of wells: pollution prevention policy options

Irrigated agriculture is a major sector of agricultural economy where high value crops are grown with substantial input of fertilizers and pesticides. High concentrations of nitrate and pesticides have been observed in ground water beneath irrigated areas in humid regions, where irrigation is practiced on sandy soils that have low water-holding capacity. Data from these areas indicate that irrigation wells are typically screened in the bottom part of the aquifer (which contain coarser deposits) whereas the domestic wells are screened just below the water table. Monitoring results from several irrigated areas have shown the stratification of dissolved inorganic and organic chemicals in the aquifer. Nitrate in such systems is typically highest near the surface. This has serious health implications for the rural population that relies upon shallow ground water for drinking. Current environmental policy towards pollution reduction focuses on improved management practices to reduce the loading of the chemicals to ground water. However, an engineering issue, dealing with the design of the irrigation and domestic wells has not been addressed. A design modification for the irrigation and domestic wells can reduce the risk of high nitrate ground water being pumped by domestic wells. A proposal to convert a deep vertical irrigation well to a series of small-capacity shallow vertical wells or a large-capacity horizontal well and slight deepening of the domestic wells was examined through simulations. This can reduce the nitrate concentration of ground water in domestic wells dramatically and use the high nitrate water for crop irrigation.     

吉林市城区浅层地下水污染源识别及空间分布

为实现对吉林市城区浅层地下水污染源识别与管理,共收集吉林市城区2009年50个监测井的17项水质指标监测资料,通过因子分析法(FA)进行多元统计分析,提取5个公因子(F1~F5)作为影响浅层地下水水质的主要污染因子,然后找寻其对应污染源,同时利用因子得分绘制各污染源在吉林市城区地下水造成的污染程度及空间分布.结果表明:所选5个公因子分别代表:迁移-富集作用、含磷污染质排放、“三氮”污染因子、有机污染因子、原生地质环境因子,其中F1和F5又可称为环境影响因子,F2~F4为人类活动影响因子;城区内地下水污染源为生活污水、工业废水排放、工业废渣堆放及农业生产中化肥农药使用;各污染因子主要分布在江北区和中心区,且污染较为严重,而江南区污染分布最少,且污染最轻;计算城区内50个监测井地下水综合污染得分并作图,将吉林市城区浅层地下水的综合污染状况及分布可视化,其中江北区和中心区浅层地下水污染最严重,江南区地下水水质最好;依据F得分分布将区内地下水划分为3个区:禁止开采区、非饮用水区和饮用水区,为今后相关部门开发利用浅层地下水提供参考和依据.     

Simulation of irrigation reuse system nitrate losses and potential corn yield reductions

Places, where intensive row crop irrigated farming is practiced, are experiencing nitrate contamination of groundwater. The farmers are increasingly becoming aware of high nitrate concentrations in the groundwater. As a result, farmers have started to test their groundwater for nitrate concentrations and take account of this concentration in their crop nitrogen budget. If a farmer utilizes an unlined reuse pit and groundwater nitrate concentration to base his nitrogen fertilizer budget on, he may underestimate his nitrogen fertilizer requirement for a given yield goal because of nitrate loss out of the reuse pit. The objective of this study was to compute: (1) nitrate loss from the irrigation reuse pit during an irrigation season, 1 July to 31 August; and (2) the potential corn yield reduction for a field receiving irrigation water from the reuse pit. A computer program based on the Green–Ampt equation was written to simulate these losses and yield reductions. Use of the Green–Ampt infiltration equation allows for a two-layer reuse pit, which may have a clay liner on top of the native soil material. To conceptualize the magnitude of water loss volumes and mass of nitrate leached, the reuse pit was assumed to serve a 32.4-hectare field. The results show that lining the pit with clay can significantly reduce nitrate leaching from a reuse pit and cut yield losses. The results also show the importance of a lined reuse pit in sandy sub-soils. Budgeting for crop nitrogen needs assuming irrigation water from the pit with a substantial nitrate concentration could result in crop nitrogen stress. If ponding were also considered in the reuse pit, it would increase the nitrate and yield losses from the reuse pit.     

基于对应分析法的鄂尔多斯盆地东北部地下水污染分析

运用对应分析法,根据2014年野外调查资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地东北部不同含水层系统地下水污染现状进行分析,确定各子区主要污染物质,并探究其污染源与污染途径.结果显示:研究区西部内流区、无定河下游等地区,由于集中的农业生产,农药、化肥大量施用,导致污染物进入含水层,并随地下水流动,出现较严重的NO₃^-污染;西北部平原区及大理河、窟野河等河流中下游,Cl^-、Na⁺、TDS、SO₄^2-含量较高,除潜水蒸发浓缩作用外,上游含较多Cl^-的工业废水、生活污水及垃圾渗滤液入渗,随水流流动,造成Cl^-、TDS升高.高硬度水在区内广泛分布,生活污水、固体垃圾渗滤液中可降解的有机物入渗后使得地下水中的CO₂平衡压力升高,或工业酸性废水的酸性溶滤作用促进含Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺矿物的溶解,使地下水总硬度增大.     

Nitrate in shallow groundwater in typical agricultural and forest ecosystems in China, 2004-2010

The nitrate-nitrogen(NO 3-N) concentrations from shallow groundwater wells situated in 29 of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network field stations,representing typical agroand forest ecosystems,were assessed using monitoring data collected between 2004 and 2010.Results from this assessment permit a national scale assessment of nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater,and allow linkages between nitrate concentrations in groundwater and broad land use categories to be made.Results indicated that most of the NO 3--N concentrations in groundwater from the agroand forest ecosystems were below the Class 3 drinking water standard stated in the Chinese National Standard:Quality Standard for Ground Water(≤ 20 mg/L).Over the study period,the average NO 3--N concentrations were significantly higher in agro-ecosystems(4.1 ± 0.33 mg/L) than in forest ecosystems(0.5 ± 0.04 mg/L).NO 3-N concentrations were relatively higher(> 10 mg N /L) in 10 of the 43 wells sampled in the agricultural ecosystems.These elevated concentrations occurred mainly in the Ansai,Yucheng,Linze,Fukang,Akesu,and Cele field sites,which were located in arid and semiarid areas where irrigation rates are high.We suggest that improvements in N fertilizer application and irrigation management practices in the arid and semi-arid agricultural ecosystems of China are the key to managing groundwater nitrate concentrations.     

南水北调典型受水区浅层地下水水化学特征及成因

以邯郸黑龙港平原作为典型受水区,运用描述性统计、Piper图、离子比例分析、饱和指数和氯碱指数等方法,开展浅层地下水水化学变化特征及其成因分析研究.结果表明:南水北调中线工程通水后浅层地下水总体上由咸水向微咸水转化,浅层地下水水质的改善与水位恢复存在密切的相关性;6月和12月浅层地下水主要水化学类型分别是Na-SO₄-Cl型和Na-HCO₃型.蒸发岩(岩盐、石膏和芒硝)和碳酸盐岩矿物(方解石和白云石)的溶解/沉淀作用控制着浅层地下水主要离子浓度的变化.大部分区域发生了正向阳离子交换作用,而地下水位降落漏斗区或钠离子浓度相对富集区域则主要发生了反向离子交换作用.工业和生活污水排放、农业化肥使用可能在一定程度上造成部分浅层地下水的污染.研究结果对南水北调中线受水区地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.     

奎河污灌区的氮、磷污染

田间污灌模拟实验及污灌区和非污灌区土壤,地下水中氮,磷含量的调查和对比分析表明,污水中含量高的氮,磷能显著提高土壤肥力,污灌区作物长势良好,但土壤中积累的氮和磷是污灌区地表水和地下水的潜在污染源,虽然土壤对ＮＨ４离子有很强烈的吸附,截留和转化作用,但含量高的ＮＨ４离子能缓解慢下移,并在上层潜水中积累,污灌和降雨能淋溶土壤中经硝化作用产生的ＮＯ２和ＮＯ３离子,造成地下水的污染,饱和污灌３个月后,浅层     

宁夏河套灌区农业水资源高效利用模式研究

提出了宁夏河套灌区市场经济条件下农业水资源高效利用模式。通过对市场经济条件下灌区农业水资源高效利用机理的研究和对市场条件下农业水资源高效利用原则的剖析,认识到宁夏河套灌区要在市场经济条件下实现农业水资源高效利用,必须基于投入产出分析做好以下6方面的工作:①大型灌区骨干工程更新改造;②中低产田改造配套;③地表水与地下水联合运用;④改变作物种植结构和灌溉制度;⑤实施灌区现代管理;⑥合理调整水价。     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

绥化市水源地地下水污染特征分析及水质评价

根据2018年绥化市第一水源地13口监测井水质检测结果分析地下水污染特征,并对地下水质进行综合评价.结果表明:绥化市第一水源地取水井主要超标因子为铁、锰、氨氮,第一水源地补给区内其他取水井监测指标中铁、锰、氨氮、溶解性总固体和总硬度超标.硫酸盐、氯化物、溶解性总固体、总硬度、氟化物和磷酸盐浓度高值区均出现在垃圾填埋场,高锰酸盐指数和氨氮的高值区出现在太平岗村屯地下水井,硝酸盐高值区出现在兴发村屯地下水井.地下水污染评价结果显示污染指标主要为溶解性总固体和氨氮,分别为中污染和极重污染,主要集中有B5、B7、B8、B9、E和X1.溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物和总硬度空间分布呈相似趋势,高值区均出现在E、 X1、 B7、 B8和B9.氨氮高值区出现在X1,这可能与该处为垃圾填埋场有关.高锰酸盐指数高值区出现在E,硝酸盐氮高值区出现在B8,砷浓度的空间分布没有变化.     

Denitrification: its importance in a river draining an intensively cropped watershed

Nitrogen transport was studied during summer low flows in a 20-km reach of the Nottawasaga River which drains an intensively cropped sand plain which has an underlying shallow water-table aquifer. Nitrogen inputs to the river were measured on days in May to October of 1977-81. These data indicated that about 38% of the daily nitrate input entered the river through ground water. The magnitude of this input is a consequence of widespread contamination of the shallow aquifer by nitrogen fertilizer. Ground water entering the river from springs and seeps near fertilized fields frequently contained more than 10 mg 1^?1 of NO₃-N. Mass balance studies of nitrogen transport in the river revealed an average daily nitraof 46 ± 23 kg N. This rate of nitrate removal represented about 40% of the ground water input to the river from the sand plain. Analysis of a mass balance for total Kjeldahl nitrogen revealed an essentially balanced budget, whereas chloride showed a small daily gain of about 5%. Laboratory experiments involving the incubation of stream sediment cores and the use of the acetylene block technique suggested that the bulk of the nitrate loss during river transport was caused by denitrification in bottom sediments.     

利用化学分析和生物测试方法比较研究污染土壤中芳烃受体效应物质的积累

长期使用污水或再生水灌溉的潜在生态风险已经引起普遍关注,但是少有研究持久性有机有毒物质在土壤中积累所产生的慢性毒性.采用7-乙氧基-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)方法测试了北京郊区某再生水灌溉土壤中的芳烃受体效应物质,并用2,3,7,8-TCDD标定出相应的二英毒性当量(TEQ_bio).同时利用化学分析得到的土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,根据文献报道毒性当量因子(TEF)换算成二英的毒性当量(TEQ_PAHs).分析生物测试的结果,发现灌溉土壤中芳烃受体     

江西省南昌市地下水无机污染现状及其评价

介绍了南昌地区地下水类型、含水岩(层)组的空间分布和地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件及动态变化规律,阐述了研究区地下水主要污染源类型、数量及污染途径及水质量现状。文章从无机污染方面,对区内地下水污染现状进行了初步分析评价,并提出了防治建议。     

含感潮河流的海岸带海水入侵特性的调查研究

以太平洋附近3.2 km2的区域为调查对象。首先,通过区域内的19口地质调查井,确认了含水层由透水性不同的多层土质构成,含水层以下的不透水层总体上从海岸开始呈逐渐隆起的山丘状。其次,通过测量距海岸不同距离的10口井水铅直方向电导率,确认了咸淡水混合区域特征点和地下水面伴随着潮汐的波动而变化的规律。即,在同一位置不同季节,其变化的特征不同;同一季节不同位置的调查井,因所处位置的地质构造及与海岸、感潮河流距离的不同,其变化特征也不同,这与迄今为止的众多研究结果不同。此外,通过分布于区域内的36个电法探测点的探查和井水铅直方向电导率的调查认为,海水入侵虽然受到感潮河流的一定影响,但从整个调查区域来看海水仍以"楔状"向着内陆入侵。同时,针对调查区域的不透水层的特征建立的数理模型对以上的部分调查结果给出了定性解释。     

ICP-MS对再生水灌溉区土壤重金属含量的测定

采用ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子光谱)对北京市3个再生水灌溉区8种土壤重金属含量进行分析测定,并将其分别与当地井灌区土壤重金属含量作对比,探究再生水灌溉对土壤重金属含量的影响。结果表明:3个再生水灌区均存在不同程度的汞污染,土壤中的Cd、Ni、Cu和As含量均符合国家土壤环境质量一级标准,而Pb、Zn和Cr含量的最大值(39.90、103.1和120.3 mg/kg)未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准;Ni和Hg在多数采样点出现重金属向土壤深层移动的趋势;与对照区(井灌区)相比,Cd在3个再生水灌区的土壤中含量均无显著变化,Hg含量仅在通州区大北关井灌区超过再生水灌区,其余6种重金属则呈现不同程度的重金属累积现象。再生水灌溉区土壤重金属污染并非一定由再生水灌溉所致,早期的污水灌溉和有机肥施用等也是不可忽视的因素。     

北京市再生水灌溉对土壤、农作物的重金属污染风险

如何准确、客观表征再生水长期灌溉的重金属污染风险是人们关注的主要问题之一。研究通过调查不同水源灌溉条件下土壤、小麦重金属含量,结合不同输入途径对再生水灌区土壤重金属的贡献,评估再生水灌溉对土壤、农作物的重金属污染风险。结果表明,污灌区、再生水灌区土壤均呈现不同程度的重金属累积,但不同灌区小麦籽粒的重金属含量之间没有差异。北京市再生水重金属浓度远远低于农田灌溉水质标准,再生水灌渠中采集的水样重金属浓度与地下水重金属浓度之间的差异并不显著。通过再生水灌溉途径带入的重金属与地下水灌溉相当,低于大气沉降和有机肥施用等输入途径带入的重金属。当前再生水灌溉导致土壤重金属污染的风险较小,并不会导致农作物重金属超标。再生水灌区土壤重金属污染并不一定是由于再生水灌溉导致,更大程度是早期的污水灌溉或有机肥施用造成的。     

城市绿化草坪再生水灌溉对地下水水质影响研究

再生水是城市绿化的良好水源,但其潜在的地下水污染问题不容忽视.本研究基于对地下水及其灌溉水水质的长期监测,探讨了绿化草坪地下水主要理化性质和污染物浓度的变化规律及其与灌溉用水水质的关系.连续5 a的监测结果表明,再生水氨氮超出用于城市绿化的城市杂用水水质标准（GB/T 18920-2002）,总氮偏高,二者变化范围分别为0.05～65.4 mg·L-1和2.56～78.0 mg·L-1,平均值分别为12.0 mg·L-1和28.3 mg·L-1.使用自来水灌溉,地下水水质指标正常,波动不大;用再生水灌溉草坪（冬末初春4个月未浇）对地下6 m浅井水质影响明显,对20 m深井水质影响不明显,主要变化表现在硝态氮浓度值升高.浅井地下水硝态氮浓度与灌溉的再生水溶解态氮呈滞后的显著正相关性,表明用再生水灌溉草坪可能会引起地下浅层水硝态氮污染.因此,需要根据城市绿化用水量大的特点,进一步完善再生水回用标准,避免再生水回用造成新的环境污染风险.     

The role of rainfed agriculture in securing food production in the Nile Basin

A better use of land and water resources will be necessary to meet the increasing demand for food in the Nile basin. Using a hydro-economic model along the storyline of three future political cooperation scenarios, we show that the future of food production in the Basin lies not in the expansion of intensively irrigated areas and the disputed reallocation of water, but in utilizing the vast forgotten potential of rainfed agriculture in the upstream interior, with supplemental irrigation where needed. Our results indicate that rainfed agriculture can cover more than 75% of the needed increase in food production by the year 2025. Many of the most suitable regions for rainfed agriculture in the Nile basin, however, have been destabilized by recent war and civil unrest. Stabilizing those regions and strengthening intra-basin cooperation via food trade seem to be better strategies than unilateral expansion of upstream irrigation, as the latter will reduce hydropower generation and relocate, rather than increase, food production.     

油脂对红壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响

本文通过室内灌水入渗试验,研究了灌溉水油脂浓度（0,1.0,3.0和10.0g/L）、灌水频率（1d1次,2d1次,4d1次）和灌溉模式（纯清水灌溉,纯含油脂灌溉水灌溉,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉）对受灌土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响.结果显示,随灌水进入到受灌土壤中的油脂主要集中在优先流通道中快速运动,优先流湿润锋处的土壤油脂浓度较高且不受灌溉水中油脂浓度的影响,表明即便是采用较低油脂浓度的灌溉水灌溉,依然对地下水系统存在较高的污染风险;高频率、低定额的含油脂灌溉水灌溉有利于进入到受灌土壤中的油脂向深层土壤运动,使得斥水性土层厚度增大,从而导致入渗水流运动的不确定性及地下水系统的污染风险均增大;油脂对受灌土壤团聚体的再团聚作用只有在其浓度较高时才能形成,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉因降低了受灌土壤的油脂浓度反而导致土壤团聚体分散和破碎.研究成果对再生水和原污水农田灌溉制度设计具有参考价值.     

Assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution to promote sustainable urban and rural development

Groundwater resource management should be integrated with regional land-use planning. The objectives of such planning should respond to regional and long-term design needs, which can maximize human-life quality, achieve a balance between ecological and engineering approaches to land-use alteration, and lead to sustainable groundwater resources. Regional plans should be designed in harmony with natural amenities, restrictions of the environment, and water needs so as to provide adequate rural amenities to urban areas and adequate urban amenities to rural areas.Maximum efficiency of these remediation measures can be attained in urban areas only if hydrological barriers which aim to preserve fresh water resources from pollution are simultaneously emplaced with greenbelts which not only aim to promote ground vegetation and soil stability, but also reduce the input of potential pollutants. Similarly, in rural areas abstraction of fresh groundwater should also be paired with aquifer recharge. From this study it can be stated that only integrated hydrological, environmental, and land-use measures could offset the present malaise of inharmonious land-use, water resources, and socio-economic planning with balanced design needs, in order to achieve integrated urban/rural land-use for sustainable groundwater resources planning.