Fe/Zn-TMS体系吸收去除催化裂化干气中H2S的性能

本研究采用FeCl3·6H2O、ZnCl2和环丁砜(TMS)复配形成的Fe/Zn-TMS体系脱除催化裂化(FCC)干气中的H2S,并用30%H2O2氧化再生Fe/Zn-TMS体系.同时,研究了各活性成分比例、吸收液体积浓度、吸收液pH值等对脱硫效率的影响,以及H2O2用量、吸收富液pH值对Fe2+氧化率的影响.结果表明,n(FeCl3·6H2O)∶n(ZnCl2)∶n(TMS)为0.45∶0.55∶1,吸收液pH为0.75,体积浓度(W)为50%的条件下能长时间高效脱硫,最高脱硫率达99.9%;在n(Fe2+)∶n(H2O2)为2∶1,吸收富液pH为0.65的条件下,Fe2+氧化率达96.7%.体系可循环使用3次,且能耗低、操作简单.     

磷钼杂多化合物脱硫体系脱硫特性与再生规律

以液相氧化脱硫工艺开发为目的,采用尾气H₂S浓度动态监测法研究了磷钼杂多化合物脱硫体系的脱硫特性;采用氧化还原电位监测法研究了该体系的再生规律结果表明,磷钼酸钠（NaHPA）体系的脱硫性能随温度升高而有所降低,随进气H₂S浓度的提高而相应降低,随吸收剂浓度的提高而显著增强．几种主要因素对磷钼酸钠脱硫体系再生过程的影响规律为吸收剂浓度提高再生时间缩短;温度升高再生时间缩短温度超过 50℃冉生时间缩短幅度趋缓;增大空气流最冉生时间缩短,空气流量超过1.650Lmmin冉生时间趋于恒定：进气 H₂S浓度提高冉生时间延长．NaHPA复配体系的再生性能较单一的NaHPA为优,偏钒酸钠对体系的再生有催化作用     

化学发光法检测空气中NO_2研究

以0.2%的三乙醇胺水溶液作为二氧化氮吸收液,将空气中二氧化氮转化为亚硝酸盐,进而测出空气中二氧化氮的浓度。通过实验发现,进样方式、载流速度、硫酸浓度、溴酸钾浓度和酸性铬蓝K的浓度对该体系的发光强度都有影响,确定了体系的最优条件,建立了标准曲线,亚硝酸根的浓度在6.0×10-9～1.0×10-5mol/L范围内分段有很好的线性关系,检出限为8.5×10-11mol/L。对1.0×10-8mol/L和1.0×10-6mol/L的亚硝酸根进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差分别为1.8%和2.2%。用该方法对氧化剂实验室空气中的二氧化氮含量进行了检测并进行标准加入和回收实验,回收率在95%～104%之间,该法可用于大气环境中的NO2测定。     

Fe/Cu体系湿式催化氧化一步高效脱除H2S新方法研究

提出了Fe/Cu体系室温湿式催化氧化一步高效脱除H2S废气的新方法,阐述了反应机理、实验装置和工艺流程;考察了Fe3+、Cu2+浓度和H2S入口浓度对H2S脱除效率的影响及Fe3+、H+与添加剂NaCl浓度对CuS氧化浸出的影响,分析了Fe3+、Cu2+、H+浓度和废气中O2含量对fe3+、Cu2+再生的影响;并进行了综合实验.结果表明,当废气中O2体积分数为5%时,新方法中含40g·L-1Cu2+及80g·L-1Fe3+的吸收体系即能对体积分数为1000×10-6的H2S废气100%稳定脱硫,体系除消耗O外,过程不消耗任何原料,不产生二次污染,体系无降解问题.     

氨法脱硫试验研究分析

为研究氨法脱硫中气液比、吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度以及进口烟温对脱硫效果的影响,设计了一套实验台,以亚硫酸铵为吸收剂进行了实验研究和分析.结果表明,气液比越小,脱硫效率越高;吸收液pH值越大,脱硫效果越好;脱硫效率随吸收液浓度的增大先增加后减小,中间存在最大值;而温度对脱硫效果的影响不大.同时可根据此结果,气液比选择在0.2～0.25L/m3范围,pH值选择为6～7.5范围,吸收液浓度为5.5％左右时,可使脱硫效果达到最好.     

光助-电解锰渣/H2O2非均相体系氧化降解双酚S

以电解锰渣作为光催化剂构建非均相类光Fenton体系,采用双酚S为模型化合物,研究了该反应体系中双酚S氧化降解的降解机制及影响因素,并建立了·OH的生成速率模型以及溶解性有机质（DOM）影响的预测模型.结果表明,电解锰渣中具有催化效果的铁和锰的质量含量分别为1.49%和2.28%;相比UV、UV/电解锰渣、UV/H₂O₂和电解锰渣/H₂O₂体系,电解锰渣/UV/H₂O₂光Fenton体系对双酚S具有更好的氧化降解效果,双酚S的降解效果与电解锰渣投加量、H₂O₂浓度呈正相关,与pH值、双酚S初始浓度呈负相关;溶液中析出的Fe和Mn的浓度与pH值呈负相关,且电解锰渣/UV/H₂O₂氧化体系反应浸出的共存活性金属组分不利于双酚S降解;电子自旋共振和自由基淬灭实验发现电解锰渣/UV/H₂O₂体系中氧化降解双酚的主要活性物种是·OH.采用异丙醇构建了该体系中·OH的生成速率模型,计算可得·OH的生成速率R·^f_OH在3.22×10^-9~1.1×10^-8mol/（L·s）之间,与硝基苯拟合计算出的R·^f_OH（6.5×10^-9mol/（L·s））一致.双酚S降解效率随着DOM浓度的增加而降低.基于自由基稳态动力学理论建立了DOM存在下电解锰渣/UV/H₂O₂体系中双酚S降解的动力学预测模型,发现模型的预测值与实验值较好符合,说明DOM主要通过淬灭体系中的·OH影响双酚S的降解.     

D301R树脂对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

在pH=2.63的HAc-NaAc体系中,D301R树脂对Cr(Ⅵ)有较好的吸附性。树脂的静态饱和吸附容量为206mg/g。用 5％NH4CI和10％NH3·H2O的混合液能定量洗脱,测得吸附速率常数k298=2.52×10~(-4)/s。吸附过程遵守Freundlich等温式。298K 时测得吸附热力学参数△H=3.33kJ/mol、△G=-6.96kJ/mol、△S=34.5J/(mol·K)。树脂功能基与Cr(Ⅵ)的配位比为1:1。     

高径比对猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器的影响

采用填料鼓泡塔反应器研究其高径比对猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联过程的影响,比较了3种不同高径比(8∶1、3∶1、2∶1)反应器的废水脱氮与沼气脱硫效能.在温度30～32℃、空塔停留时间6.70 min、水力停留时间3.35 d、沼气中H2 S浓度1 414～1 838 mg.m-3、进水NO x--N浓度114～243 mg.L-1的条件下,高径比2∶1反应器的运行较稳定,且处理效果较好,硫化氢去除率平均值为96.7%,NO x--N去除率平均值达到88.7%;而高径比8∶1和3∶1反应器的运行不太稳定,硫化氢去除率的平均值分别为68.0%、80.4%,NO x--N的去除率平均值分别为89.7%、90.2%.主要是因为高径比2∶1反应器的实际气速(3.12×10-2 m.s-1)比高径比3∶1、8∶1反应器的实际气速(分别为3.62×10-2 m.s-1和6.64×10-2 m.s-1)更慢,其气液传质系数(1.79×10-5 s-1)比高径比3∶1、8∶1反应器的气液传质系数(分别为1.64×10-5 s-1和1.55×10-5 s-1)更大,传质效果更好.处理效能试验结果以及反应器流体力学特征参数均表明,高径比2∶1反应器为最适合的反应器.     

气液膜接触器分离混合气中CO2过程研究

建立了膜接触器吸收CO2 ,溶液热再生连续循环实验装置 ,评价了疏水性PP(聚丙烯 )微孔膜 ,MDEA(N 甲基二乙醇胺 )溶液及添加活化剂PZ(哌嗪 )的活化MDEA溶液吸收CO2 传质过程。结果表明 :在溶液浓度 2 5mol L ,气速0 5～ 3 0L min,液速 15～ 15 0mL min时 ,总传质系数Kov为 1 0× 10 - 5～ 3 6× 10 - 5m s(MDEA) ,1 6× 10 - 5～ 4 5×10 - 5m s(MDEA +PZ)。采用阻力层无因次关联方程模型预测Kov值 ,计算值和实验值符合较好。基于模型和实验结果 ,将PZ的吸收行为作为溶液的活化作用 ,在计算Kov值时 ,考虑活化作用因素并归结于化学增强因子E中 ,模型能更好地预测实验结果。实验证明在单一醇胺组份MDEA中添加少量PZ能提高总传质系数Kov值     

空塔钠碱法烟气脱硫实验研究

在内径200mm,高度1100mm的喷淋塔内,采用Na2CO3作为吸收剂进行SO2吸收实验,重点研究了液气比(L/G)、空塔气速、进口SO2质量浓度、吸收液pH及初始浓度对脱硫效率的影响。通过实验得到该系统适宜操作条件:吸收液pH值在6.5～7.5之间,液气比在1～1.5之间,吸收液初始浓度5%,空塔气速1.6m/s,在此条件下,进口SO2质量浓度在3000mg/m3以内,脱硫效率可以达到80%以上。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.