对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附机制及表面分形研究

研究了对硝基苯酚(p-NP)在高炉水淬渣(WBFS)上的吸附情况,用电镜扫描(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、比表面积测定仪(BET)等对高炉水淬渣的理化性质进行了表征.通过批量平衡实验,从动力学和热力学角度探讨了对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附作用机制.结果表明,吸附等温线能较好地用Freundlich模型来描述.ΔH和ΔS值分别为3.29 k J·mol~(-1)和4.66 J·(mol·K)~(-1),表明对硝基苯酚在高炉水淬渣上的吸附是属于吸热熵增的过程,无化学键等强作用力.ΔG值随着温度的升高而逐渐降低,说明高炉水淬渣对对硝基苯酚吸附的自发性与温度呈正比.高炉水淬渣对对硝基苯酚的吸附可分为快速的表面覆盖和慢速的内部扩散吸附2个过程,整个吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型.运用Freundlich吸附分形模型计算了不同温度下高炉水淬渣表面的分形维数D分别为2.78、2.80、2.84以及2.87,表明高炉水淬渣的表面确实存在着分形现象,温度越高,D值越大.     

凹凸棒石的表面修饰及对水中Cr（Ⅵ）吸附动力学和热力学的研究

以壳聚糖为生物质碳源,采用一步水热碳化法对凹凸棒石表面进行有机修饰,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、元素分析(EA)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、Zeta电势分析、热重分析(TGA)等对改性凹凸棒石进行表征分析.同时,通过静态吸附实验,研究了改性凹凸棒石对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附去除的性能,考察了温度对吸附性能的影响,探讨了吸附动力学和热力学规律.结果表明,改性凹凸棒石表面富含含氧基团和氨基等活性基团;对总铬的吸附行为符合准二级动力学方程;表观吸附活化能为13.4 k J·mol~(-1),表明既有静电吸附,也有配位吸附,且以静电吸附为主;对总铬的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程.在温度为298、308、318和328 K时,最大吸附量分别为203.3、232.6、267.4和322.6 mg·g~(-1),说明改性凹凸棒石是一种新型环保高性能的除铬材料.在研究的温度范围内,ΔH~0为19.8 k J·mol~(-1),ΔG~0为-19.5~-23.7 k J·mol~(-1),ΔS~0为72.1~131.8 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1),表明该吸附是一吸热的、自发的、熵增过程.     

磁性石墨烯吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)研究

以氧化石墨和铁盐为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备出磁性石墨烯复合材料,运用静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、热力学、等温吸附模型以及不同因素如p H、温度、时间对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响.结果表明,吸附动力学符合假二级动力学模型;与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型更适合描述吸附过程.热力学参数为:ΔHθ=33.89 k J·mol-1,ΔSθ=120.15 J·(mol·K)-1,ΔGθ=-2.51 k J·mol-1(303 K),这表明吸附过程是吸热并且自发的.实验最佳p H值为2,升高温度和延长时间均有利于吸附的进行.初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为5 mg·L-1时,重复利用3次后吸附量由3.9 mg·g-1下降到2.1 mg·g-1.在磁铁存在的条件下吸附剂可轻易从溶液中分离出来,利用Na OH可使其再生,因此可作为去除Cr(Ⅵ)的良好吸附剂.     

对硝基苯酚和重金属在高炉水淬渣上的竞争吸附研究

以高炉水淬渣（WBFS）为吸附剂,对水体中的对硝基苯酚（p-NP）和重金属进行单一吸附和竞争吸附的研究,从吸附等温线、吸附动力学和热力学等方面分析其吸附特性和机理.结果表明：相对于p-NP,重金属离子在竞争条件下居优势地位,重金属离子对p-NP的竞争吸附作用依次为Cu²⁺ >Cd²⁺ >Zn²⁺.高炉水淬渣对p-NP的吸附符合Freundlich模型,而重金属离子的吸附与Langmuir吸附模型拟合较好,D-R模型计算的p-NP在各系统中吸附能量分别为-7.53、-7.07、-7.96以及-7.86kJ/mol,表明高炉水淬渣吸附p-NP的过程中以物理吸附为主,而重金属离子则以化学吸附和离子交换为主.动力学曲线显示在二元体系下p-NP的吸附速率下降,吸附达到平衡的时间延长,而竞争组分的存在对Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺达到平衡的时间基本无影响.高炉水淬渣对Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺表现出更高的亲和力和选择性.无论是单一吸附还是竞争吸附,p-NP和Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺均符合伪二级动力学方程.△G值随着温度的升高而逐渐降低,说明高炉水淬渣对p-NP和Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺吸附的自发性与温度成正比,属于吸热熵增的过程.     

聚羟基铝柱撑硅藻土的制备及其对水溶液中Cu2+、Zn2+的吸附特性

鉴于天然硅藻土因理化构造缺陷而导致的吸附性能局限性和传统物化方法对硅藻土改性效果的有限性,为了显著改善硅藻土的吸附性能,采用聚羟基铝对硅藻土实施了柱撑改性.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析了硅藻土柱撑前后理化特性的变化,并考察了柱撑前后硅藻土表面性能及其对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)吸附特性的差异.结果表明,硅藻土最佳柱撑条件为n(OH-)/n(Al3+)=2.2、KCl浓度1.8 mol·L~(-1)、Al/土比10 mmol·g~(-1)、反应温度60℃、反应时间24 h、老化温度200℃、老化时间0.5 h.柱撑后,聚羟基铝被成功置入硅藻壳体内部,形成了有效柱体,增大了孔道间距,拓展了吸附反应界面,使微孔表面羟基数量增多,表面活性增强.柱撑前后硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的等温吸附特性均符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学特性均符合二级动力学模型.柱撑后硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附容量分别达到7.491 mg·g~(-1)、11.312mg·g~(-1),较柱撑前分别提高了32.9%、33.3%,硅藻土吸附性能得到了极大的改善.     

液/固体系Cu2+、Zn2+、Mn2+在硅藻土表面的吸附行为与特性

为了深入了解液/固体系Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)在硅藻土表面的吸附行为与特性,为硅藻土在含重金属离子废水处理上的应用提供充分的理论依据,采用静态吸附试验对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)在硅藻土表面的吸附条件、性能、行为与特性进行了系统的研究.结果表明,硅藻土投加量和离子初始浓度对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的影响均可归结为液/固比(液相离子与硅藻土的质量比)的影响,过高或过低的液固比均不利于吸附,硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)所需的最佳液/固比分别为0.025、0.100和0.100.溶液初始pH值对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的影响主要与溶液初始pH值与硅藻土等电点(2.0)之间的距离有关,接近或低于硅藻土等电点都不利于吸附,过高的pH值会使Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)发生沉淀,也不利于吸附,硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)所需的最适溶液初始pH值区间分别为4.0~6.0、4.0~7.0和4.0~7.0.溶液温度对硅藻土吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的液膜扩散、颗粒扩散和吸附反应3个过程的影响不一致,导致对吸附量的影响无明显规律.硅藻土对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的吸附分别符合Langmuir、Tenkin、Freundlish等温吸附模型,以物理吸附为主,吸附反应容易进行,在40 min达到平衡,吸附容量(25℃时)理论值分别为4.335、23.031、3.844 mg·g~(-1).吸附是自发的、吸热的、无序性增加,符合二级动力学模型.吸附速率的控制步骤为发生在孔道内部的吸附反应.     

富里酸-膨润土复合体对氟的吸附特性

采用共沉淀法制备了富里酸-膨润土复合体(FA-BENT),研究了FA-BENT的基本性质及其在不同环境条件下对氟的吸附特性.XRD分析显示,FA-BENT中蒙脱石的(001)面衍射峰强度有所减弱,但其层间距没有明显变化,表明FA-BENT中富里酸主要包被在膨润土外表面.FTIR结果表明,FA-BENT膨润土的矿物组分主要与富里酸表面C=O、—OH等官能团结合,配位体交换、表面络合作用是其主要作用机制.低p H范围内,升高反应体系的初始p H有利于FA-BENT对氟的吸附;当初始p H上升至4.50以后,吸附量随p H升高而降低;FA-BENT对氟的吸附也受离子强度的影响,其主要原因可能是"极性"效应;FA-BENT对氟的动力学吸附过程遵循拟二级动力学机制,受化学过程控制(R~2=0.999 2);与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型对氟在FA-BENT上的吸附数据具有较高的拟合优度(R~20.994 9).热力学参数表明,FA-BENT对氟的吸附属于熵驱动的自发吸热反应过程[ΔH为32.57 k J·mol~(-1),ΔS为112.31 J·(mol·K)~(-1),ΔG为-0.65~-1.76 k J·mol~(-1)].     

胡敏素对Pb~(2+)吸附的响应面优化及机理

采用Box-Behnken响应面优化实验设计对胡敏素吸附去除水中Pb~(2+)的过程进行了优化,设定吸附时间、吸附剂用量、pH值、温度和Pb~(2+)初始浓度5个影响因素,建立了吸附率与上述因素之间的二次多项式模型,确定了最优吸附条件,对吸附过程的等温模型、热力学特性及吸附机理进行了研究.研究表明吸附剂用量、pH值、温度和Pb~(2+)初始浓度为显著因素.胡敏素对Pb~(2+)吸附的最优条件为:吸附时间85min、投加量1.2g/L、pH=4.7、温度44.5℃、Pb~(2+)初始浓度202mg/L.最优条件下,实测Pb~(2+)吸附率可达92.59%.胡敏素对Pb~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir等温线方程,最大吸附量为170.28mg/g;计算得知胡敏素吸附Pb~(2+)的热力学状态函数ΔG~0、ΔS~0和ΔH~0分别为-29.30~-24.21k J/mol、126.70J/(mol·K)和13.59k J/mol,吸附过程为吸热过程.胡敏素表面的羰基、羟基、氨基和羧基等活性基团可以和Pb~(2+)发生配位络合作用,Ca、Na和Mg等离子与Pb~(2+)发生离子交换作用.研究结果表明,胡敏素作为一种极具潜力的绿色廉价吸附剂,可用于处理含Pb~(2+)废水.     

超声铁盐改性黄磷水淬渣的制备及除砷性能研究

以黄磷水淬渣为原料,采用超声辅助铁盐的方法对其进行改性,利用改性后的黄磷水淬渣对废水中As(Ⅲ)进行吸附.考察了超声改性过程中铁盐种类,铁盐浓度及超声时间对改性黄磷水淬渣吸附砷性能的影响,得出最佳制备条件:超声铁盐溶液为FeCl_3,浓度0.8mol/L及超声时间15min.通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR),扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对改性前后的黄磷水淬渣进行表征.最佳制备条件下,Fe~(3+)能很好的负载在黄磷水淬渣表面,对废水中As(Ⅲ)的去除效率达到98.9%,较未改性的黄磷水淬渣提高了38%.改性黄磷水淬渣对As(Ⅲ)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,拟合相关系数(R~2)达到0.96以上;等温吸附规律能够同时满足Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,拟合相关系数(R~2)均大于0.90.相比较而言,Langmuir等温吸附模型对吸附过程有更好的描述.     

苯胺黑药高效降解菌(Bacillus vallismortis)胞外聚合物去除重金属的研究

微生物胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)在废水中重金属的吸附去除过程中起着非常重要的作用.苯胺黑药高效降解菌(Bacillus vallismortis)对苯胺黑药有良好的降解能力,但对其吸附重金属的性能研究还不充分.因此,本文采用3种方法提取苯胺黑药高效降解菌的EPS,主要考察了p H、温度、底物浓度和时间对重金属去除效果的影响.结果表明,热提法提取的效率较高;p H对金属离子吸附影响很大,当p H7时,随着p H变大吸附量逐渐升高,而温度对吸附量影响不大.EPS对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除为快速表面吸附过程,在第8 min时对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除率分别达到了90.7%、52.3%,EPS对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附表观上符合拟二级动力学规律.在单一体系中,根据Langmuir方程计算出EPS对Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量为2.155 mg·mg-1,对Zn~(2+)的最大吸附量为0.508 mg·mg-1;Cu~(2+)吸附过程与Freundlich方程拟合效果较好,Zn~(2+)吸附过程与Langmuir方程拟合效果较好.红外光谱分析结果表明,EPS表面的羟基、氨基、酰胺基团、羧基和C—O—C基团都参与了吸附,且Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的吸附位点基本一致,本文的研究结果对工程实践具有一定的理论指导意义.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.