SPE-PDA/FLD串联HPLC法测定水样中痕量多环芳烃

建立了固相萃取-PDA/FLD串联HPLC法测定水样中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析方法,优化了固相萃取条件.结果表明,对1L水样加入10%有机改性剂进行固相萃取,采用3ml四氢呋喃洗脱后进行HPLC分析,平均回收率在95.22%-100.8%间,相对标准偏差为0.78%-6.68%,方法的检出限在0.03-220 ng·l-1之间.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测运动场地塑胶面层中的18种多环芳烃

本文建立了气相色谱-质谱法(GCMS)检测运动场地塑胶面层中18种多环芳烃的方法.样品经乙酸乙酯超声萃取60 min,取上清液,加入内标混合溶液(萘-D8、蒽-D10和苝-D12等3种内标),用GCMS分离和检测.结果表明,多环芳烃在5—200μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.999以上.在5.0μg·L~(-1)浓度下,连续6次进样,峰面积RSD值均小于10.0%,精密度良好.以3倍信噪比(peak to peak)计算18种多环芳烃的检出限,以10倍信噪比(peak to peak)计算18种多环芳烃的定量限,各组分的检出限为0.09—0.8μg·kg~(-1),定量限为0.27—2.4μg·kg~(-1).在1.0 mg·kg~(-1)的加标浓度下,样品加标回收率为83.2%—129.7%.该方法简单方便,能够有效的监测运动场地塑胶面层中多环芳烃的含量.     

温度驱动的离子液体分散液-液微萃取法同时检测环境水体中磺胺类药物

以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])为萃取剂,利用温度驱动离子液体分散液-液微萃取技术,结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)同时测定环境水体中2种磺胺类化合物:磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶(sulfadimethoxine,SDM)和磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ).对影响萃取效果的一系列因素(萃取剂、分散剂、萃取剂和分散剂的体积、pH、温度、萃取时间、盐度和离心时间等)进行了优化,在最优条件下,该方法具有较宽的线性范围(2—200μg.L-1)、较低的检出限(SDM,1.22μg.L-1;SMZ,0.50μg.L-1)、良好的重现性(RSD:SDM,1.94%;SMZ,1.9%;n=7)和较高的准确性(回收率,SDM,88.7%;SMZ,101.3%;n=7).以该方法对几处环境水样进行测定,获得了良好的回收率(63.0%—124.0%;RSD:2.1%—4.9%;n=6).     

基于有序介孔碳涂层的固相微萃取法测定水中多环芳烃

采用溶剂挥发诱导自组装结合提拉法在不锈钢丝表面制备了以有序介孔碳(Ordered mesoporous carbon,OMC)为涂层的固相微萃取(Solid phrase microextraction,SPME)纤维,考察了该纤维的萃取效果和在高温下的稳定性,建立了水中多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染物的固相微萃取测定分析方法.扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscopy,SEM)结果表明,制备的OMC涂层连续完整且与不锈钢基体紧密结合,厚度约为11μm.氮吸附脱附结果证明,涂层材料具有规整的二维六方特征,孔径集中分布在3.8 nm,比表面积和孔容分别为522 m~2·g~(-1)和0.36 cm3·g~(-1).以水中多环芳烃类污染物作为分析对象,采用固相微萃取与气相色谱联用法探讨了OMC涂层对多环芳烃类污染物的萃取效果,对萃取方式、萃取时间、萃取温度、搅拌速度等条件进行了优化,并与商品化涂层进行了对比.结果表明,采用直接固相微萃取方式,萃取时间30 min,萃取温度50℃,搅拌速率800 r·min-1萃取效率最高;在最佳萃取条件下,OMC涂层分析5种PAHs的检测限范围是0.004—0.012μg·L~(-1),定量限范围0.010—0.025μg·L~(-1);萘和苊在0.1—250μg·L~(-1)范围内,芴、荧蒽和芘在0.25—100μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好;单根纤维相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.9%—7.4%,多根纤维相对标准偏差为6.7%—9.8%.自制OMC纤维在350℃高温热解析80次后萃取效率不变,且对PAHs的萃取效率优于商用聚二甲基硅氧烷/二乙烯基苯(Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene,PDMS/DVB)涂层.将自制纤维应用于两种实际水样的固相微萃取分析中,分别添加0.25μg·L~(-1)和100μg·L~(-1)的样品回收率分别为81.3%—92.8%和89.3%—108.8%.     

加速溶剂提取-在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中多环芳烃

采用加速溶剂萃取作为土壤样品的萃取技术,萃取液浓缩后直接采用在线凝胶净化色谱-气质联用法分析检测土壤中16种多环芳烃.结果表明,16种多环芳烃在1.0—100.0μg·L~(-1)线性关系良好,线性相关系数均大于0.995.对10.0μg·L~(-1)标准溶液连续进样8针,相对标准偏差RSD在1.70%—6.27%之间,重复性良好.16种多环芳烃方法检出限范围为0.001—0.030μg·kg~(-1)(S/N=3).在加标浓度为0.1、0.5、1.0μg·kg-1时,16种多环芳烃的加标回收率均在62.5%—113.7%之间,符合日常分析检测的要求.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定人体血液样品中合成麝香

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),建立了测定人全血样品中5种多环麝香和2种硝基麝香的分析方法.血液样品前处理采用正己烷液-液萃取,硅胶柱层析净化,洗脱液经N_2浓缩后用GC-MS选择离子监测模式(SIM)进行检测.使用该前处理方法,替代物标样荧蕙-d_(10)的回收率为85%-120%.以六氯苯13C为内标进行定量,7种合成麝香的线性范围为0.5-10μg·1-1,检出限在0.25-0.30 μg·l-1(S/N=3)范围内.应用本方法,对实际全血样品进行3个不同浓度的加标回收实验,所得合成麝香的平均加标回收率均在77.9% -118.5%范围内,相对标准偏差在1.5%-9.5%之间.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中硝基苯含量

环境水中硝基苯主要来自染料、香料、炸药等有机合成工业废水.本文探讨了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中硝基苯的分析方法,方法在30.0μg·l-1-30mg·l-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.99984),回收率为89.5%-92.3%,RSD《1.5%,方法检出限为0.02μg·l-1.用本法测定污染水体中硝基苯的含量,结果令人满意.     

离子液体双水相萃取-HPLC-MS/MS法测定环境水样中痕量3种酞酸脂类污染物

研究了离子液体双水相萃取分离环境水样中3种酞酸酯类污染物分析方法的可行性,考察了影响离子液体双水相萃取率的主要因素,在最优实验条件下:p H=4,Na H2PO4浓度为0.5 mol·L-1,离子液体加入量为2 m L,萃取时间为6 min,萃取分离了自来水、湖水和工业废水中3种酞酸酯类污染物,液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,回收率为94%—104.2%,相对标准偏差为1.7%—5.3%.方法检出限达0.7—0.99 ng.     

中空纤维膜辅助离子液体液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水体中的水杨酸

分别以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])和三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)作为萃取剂与辅助萃取剂,建立了中空纤维膜辅助的两相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定环境水体中水杨酸(Salicylicacid,SA)的新方法.通过对中空纤维膜种类、萃取剂、供体相体积、供体相pH、离子强度和萃取时间相关参数进行优化,获得了较高的富集倍数(1653倍).方法的检出限为0.1μg.L-1,线性范围为0.5—1000μg.L-1.方法对实际样品的加标回收率为89.6%—102.4%,可应用于环境水体中痕量SA的测定.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法分析蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素的分析方法.以每克蔬菜(干样)加5ml乙腈(添加2g无水硫酸钠、0.1g乙酸钠、O.1gNa2EDTA)超声提取25min,采用正己烷液-液萃取去脂,C18柱净化富集.以磷酸(0.01mol·1-1,pH2.5):乙腈=80:20(V:V)溶液作为流动相,检测波长为270nm.蔬菜样品中6种磺胺类抗生素的回收率为50.8%-98.9%,定量限为21.9-72.8μg·k-1.利用该方法对不同蔬菜样品进行了分析,6种磺胺类抗生素均不同程度被检出,总含量在0.38-2.24 mg.kg-1(鲜重)之间.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.