不同植被类型及土壤对径流水化学特征的影响

在不同植被类型覆盖条件下,对降雨形成地表径流和地下径流的化学成分变化及其与土壤剖面性质的关系进行分析,结果表明:地表径流和地下径流的化学特征与雨水基本相同,阳离子主要以Ca²⁺为主,离子排序为Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺,阴离子以SO₄^2-为主,SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-.降雨形成地表径流和地下径流后,各成分浓度发生了明显的变化,水体中主要的阴阳离子如Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-等浓度增加,与雨水相比为内贮型化学成分,地下径流中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-增加的幅度显著高于地表径流.相关分析结果显示,地下径流pH受到土壤pH的强烈影响,受土壤胶体吸附的影响,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺等阳离子与土壤交换性阳离子之间一般呈负相关的关系,由于阴离子容易随水流失,水体中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-与土壤相关离子之间普遍呈正相关关系.     

不同类型建筑垃圾堆场大气降尘中水溶性离子污染特征

为了解建筑垃圾长期堆放产生的扬尘对大气的影响,选择北京市两个拆迁建筑垃圾堆放场,于2019年夏季、秋季进行降尘连续采样.共收集拆迁原地堆放有效降尘样品11个,异地集中堆放有效降尘样品11个,利用离子色谱法对大气降尘中水溶性离子组分及质量浓度进行分析.结果表明：阳离子中质量浓度最高的是Ca²⁺,其次是K⁺,NH₄⁺浓度最低;阴离子中质量浓度最高的是SO₄^2-,其次是Cl^-,NO₃^-最低,降尘样品呈碱性.建筑垃圾拆迁原地堆放场地Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺平均浓度高于异地集中堆放场地对应各离子浓度.拆迁原地堆放场地中Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、Cl^-受局地风向影响较大,空间分布情况与风向扩散趋势大致相同;异地集中堆放场地各离子浓度高值区域分布较原地堆放远,Ca²⁺、K⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Mg²⁺这5种离子空间分布与次主导风向较为相符.同时,两个场地水溶性离子平均浓度与距建筑垃圾堆放地的距离有一定的关系,采样点在距堆放中心200 m范围之内离子平均浓度最大,总体来说,距离堆放中心近的采样点位离子浓度高于距离较远的采样点位离子浓度.     

丽江市夏季降水化学组成分析

运用相关分析、趋势分析、海盐示踪法和HYSPLIT模型,对2006-05-23～2006-07-02云南丽江市夏季降水常量离子的化学特征分析表明,降水中离子浓度的大小顺序为SO^2-₄>Ca²⁺>Cl^->NO^-₃>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中SO^2-₄和Ca²⁺是夏季降水中的高浓度离子,分别占离子总浓度的65.5%和15.6%;13次降水中阴离子总浓度显著高于阳离子总浓度.夏季降水中SO^2-₄∶NO^-₃变化范围为7.2～37.1, 平均值为15.7, 表明SO^2-₄为该区降水酸度的主要贡献者.由于离子在大气中的相互反应和来源的相似性,离子间相关性水平较好,其中SO^2-₄和NO^-₃的相关系数为0.74;离子浓度与同期降水和平均风速表现负相关.研究区夏季降水中NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺主要是陆源物质输入,NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Cl^-陆源物质贡献比例依次为100%、 98.8%、 96%、 99.3%、 46.7%和50.3%.人类经济活动导致的一些污染是该区大气环境变化的主要原因;丽江周边工业区的污染物质主要通过局地环流输入,南亚、东南亚和我国东南沿海工业区的污染物质主要随季风环流输入.     

珠穆朗玛峰绒布河源区河水化学特征

为了研究绒布河源区夏季河水的基本化学特征 ,野外采集水样 117份 ,采用 PE-2380型原子吸收光谱仪测定样品的阳离子 ,Dionex-100型离子色谱仪测定阴离子 .结果表明 :①绒布河源区河水为 HCO₃,SO₄^- Ca型 .其离子浓度顺序为 :Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺,SO^2-₄>Cl^->NO^-₃ .②河水中离子 Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄ 之间 ,以及 K⁺和 Na⁺之间有很好的正相关关系 ,河水化学组成大部分来源于当地岩石的风化分解 .③整个夏季河水各月离子平均浓度和流量有良好的正相关关系 ,流量大的月份 ,各离子平均浓度也大 ,反之亦然 .     

北京大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布和垂直分布

2004-09在北京325 m气象塔的8、80、240 m 3个不同高度,利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样.样品用离子色谱（IC）进行了分析.结果表明,SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃、K⁺的浓度在0.43～1.1 μm出现峰值;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的浓度在4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值;Na⁺,Cl^-的浓度在0.65～1.1 μm和4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值.观测期间,二次离子（SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）的峰值从“凝结模态"向“液滴模态"移动,高湿度可能是形成液滴模态的重要原因.二次离子（SO₄^2-,NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）随着高度升高,浓度有增加的趋势;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺在80 m出现高值;K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-的垂直分布比较均匀.     

四川安宁河流域水化学特征及物源探讨

安宁河河谷地区是四川省第二大粮仓,区内人口较多、矿业发达。查明流域水化学特征及物质来源,对于探讨地质背景与人为活动对河流水化学特征的影响具有重要意义。研究显示,安宁河河水整体偏弱碱性,pH均值为8.18,TDS值高于世界河流平均值。河水中阳离子浓度平均值顺序为Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺,阴离子浓度平均值顺序为HCO₃^- > Cl^- > SO₄^2- > NO₃^-。空间上,自上游至下游,安宁河河水的TDS值和阴阳离子含量呈整体上升的趋势,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度波动较大。控制流域水化学特征的主要因素是硅酸盐岩的风化,其次是碳酸盐岩的风化。流域内的NO₃^-主要来源于农业活动和土壤有机氮,矿业活动对安宁河河水中SO₄^2-浓度的影响较大,人为活动对安宁河流域水化学的影响不可忽视。     

天津市高校夏季道路扬尘PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源

为研究天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征、来源及校内外差异，于2018年7—8月采集天津市9所高校道路扬尘样品，用离子色谱法对其中8种水溶性离子（Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）进行分析.结果显示：①水溶性离子占PM_2.5的11.65%，PM_2.5中占比大于1%的离子有Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-，其中Ca²⁺最多，占到总水溶性无机离子的65.75%；②入校道路离子含量（12.76%）稍高于校内道路（11.11%），其中8种离子含量的差异均无统计学意义；CE/AE（阴阳离子当量浓度比）值为9.59（远大于1），PM_2.5呈较强碱性；③NH₄⁺与SO₄^2-、NO₃^-主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形态结合；④NO₃^-/SO₄^2-的比值为0.45，说明固定源的贡献更大；⑤天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5主要来源于海盐粒子、燃煤、机动车尾气、建筑水泥尘等.     

会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子特征及成因分析

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区丰水期、平水期和枯水期共采集的27组地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,在分析会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子化学特征和不同时期变化基础上,运用单指标污染标准指数法对不同时期地下水进行污染评价,利用多元统计、Gibbs模型和离子比例关系识别地下水主要离子成因.结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水主要为弱碱性淡水,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为优势离子.不同时期地下水主要离子总浓度顺序为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中K⁺和NO₃^-主要受含水层空间分布差异影响,Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺和TDS受时空尺度综合作用,Na⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-和Cl^-为水体中较稳定离子.受碳酸盐岩控制,丰水期、平水期和枯水期地下水化学类型具有高度一致性,HCO₃-Ca水占比分别为77.78%、77.78%和88.89%.地下水主要受SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NO₂^-污染,NO₃^-出现极严重程度污染样点,SO₄^2-在丰水期和平水期出现较重污染样点.地下水化学组分主要受水岩作用控制,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于方解石风化溶解,少量水点受白云岩、白云质灰岩及硫铁矿控制导致Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度偏高,K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-部分来源于大气降水,Na⁺和Cl^-部分来源于当地居民生活,K⁺与种植施用的钾肥相关,NO₃^-主要来源是化学肥料.     

城市化进程中长江经济带长江干流水化学演变特征及影响因素

快速的城市化过程对城市周边水体水化学组成特征产生了诸多影响.为揭示长江经济带城市群发展对长江水化学特征的影响,于2020年10—11月沿长江干流,采集了四川宜宾至上海145个河流水样,并对比了历史水化学数据.同时,运用数理统计、离子比值法等方法探究了长江经济带平水期水化学特征.结果表明：长江河水的主要水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型,主要受流域内分布的碳酸盐岩等岩石风化作用控制;河水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,Cl^-浓度沿径流方向升高,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度沿径流方向先升高后降低,SO₄^2-浓度沿径流方向逐渐上升,HCO₃^-浓度沿径流方向降低;城市化进程中,由于人类活动和工业活动加剧,除HCO₃^-外,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-浓度均升高;沿线工业活动、矿产开发、农业生产活动和生活污水排放可能是SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-的主要来源.     

兰州地区大气污染的化学组成及来源解析

为探究大气污染的特征,于2020年5月—2021年4月在中国西北部的兰州市区采集了总悬浮颗粒物样品227个,利用离子色谱仪、热/光碳分析仪对主要水溶性离子、元素碳（EC）和有机碳（OC）的质量浓度进行了测定.结果显示,兰州地区大气总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度均值为（376.7±974.8） μg·m^-3,高于国家环境空气质量二级标准（NAAQS）,呈昼低夜高的变化特征主要是由于兰州地区夜间大气多处于静稳状态导致的污染物累积效应.水溶性阴、阳离子按质量浓度排序为NO₃^-＞SO₄^2-＞Cl^-、Ca²⁺＞NH₄⁺＞Na⁺＞K⁺＞Mg²⁺,其中二次离子（NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺）占总水溶性离子的62.68%,不同季节的气象条件导致了水溶性离子不同的季节特征差异;NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值均大于1,说明兰州地区大气污染以移动源为主;另外OC/EC比值均大于2,说明整个采样期间均有SOC生成.最后利用正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）确定了兰州地区大气污染的6种主要来源：交通源、生物质燃烧源、道路扬尘源、土壤扬尘源、燃煤源和二次气溶胶源,其中,道路扬尘源及二次气溶胶源对兰州地区春季及冬季大气污染的贡献显著.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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