张家口地区排污工业企业集聚与水污染空间耦合特征

基于排污企业污染源环境统计数据,应用水污染物排放强度和核密度分析等方法,研究张家口地区排污工业企业的空间集聚特征及其与水污染排放空间之间的空间耦合特征,结果显示：（1）张家口地区工业企业空间集聚程度存在一定的空间异质性,崇礼县、赤城县整体上几乎无污染密集型企业分布。污染密集型企业主要沿洋河流域分布。（2）农副食品加工业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、食品制造业、煤炭开采和选洗业这四大行业的COD、NH₃-N、总氮等水体污染物排放量相对最大。（3）工业企业集聚度与水环境污染程度的空间正向耦合效应明显,96.23%的区域呈较强正向耦合特征。高集聚—污染高值区占比0.40%。针对四种空间耦合状态提出未来污染物排放管控方向,以期为政府部门准确锁定治理区提供决策依据。     

民宿价格的空间分异特征及影响因素——以湖北省恩施州为例

民宿区别于传统的酒店,其价格具有独特的空间分布特征和影响因素。以湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州民宿价格为研究对象,基于克里金法和特征价格模型,使用网络抓取的途家网民宿数据,运用ArcGIS 10.5进行插值分析,总结恩施州民宿价格的空间分布特征,并运用SPSS 24进行多元回归分析,构建特征价格模型,分析影响恩施民宿价格的影响因素。研究表明：（1）恩施民宿价格集聚效应明显,呈现“一大两小”的三个价格高值区;（2）民宿内部环境对民宿价格影响最为显著,民宿消费者更加注重其体验感和融入感;（3）省道和景点对民宿价格影响显著,而国道影响较小;（4）不同经营主体对民宿定价有所不同,其中个人房东经营民宿,其定价水平较高。研究结果为民宿选址、定价、空间布局以及旅游体验服务等方面提供参考。     

空间集聚对中国工业污染排放强度的影响

本文以2005~2014年中国省际面板数据为样本,建立决定工业污染排放强度的理论、计量模型,构建中国省级行政区内部地级市之间的内部集聚度指数以及反映市场规模效应的外部集聚度,深入研究了空间集聚对工业污染排放强度的影响.研究表明:经济活动的空间集聚有利于减少単位GDP工业COD、工业SO_2、工业烟尘和粉尘污染排放强度;内部集聚度对工业COD排放强度差距的贡献为负,是缩小工业COD排放强度差距的因素,而外部集聚度的贡献为正,表明随着集聚外部性的增强,区位的重要性更大地体现在不同区域间的相互关联上,即市场规模效应;外部集聚度对地区工业污染排放强度的影响存在显著的门限效应.     

基于GIS格网模型的银川市土地生态安全评价研究

为探索市域范围内土地生态安全的粒度特性及其空间效应,论文结合PSR理论框架构建评价指标体系,以公里格网为评价单元,采用熵权法计算区域土地生态安全综合指数。银川市的实证分析表明,2014年整个区域土地生态安全指数为0.488 2,市域范围内土地生态安全存在着空间异质性和结构功能分化的双重特征。从宏观行政区划层面来看,3个中心辖区表现相对较为均衡,2个郊区县差异性较大,仅有贺兰县（0.557 7）高于全市均值;从微观格网尺度来看,北部和城市中心的综合指数较高且呈离散分布,城市边缘区较低且呈集聚分布;从土地利用功能区的角度来看,农业区、城市建城区、湿地和自然保护区的核心区域综合指数较高,而功能边缘区与交叉区较低,土地生态安全和土地利用方式存在耦合关系。通过ESDA空间分析表明,格网尺度下土地生态安全全局Moran’s I指数为0.780 4,生态安全的空间格局表现出空间连续性和聚集效应。因此,从空间建构的视角来看,应充分利用“高高聚集”区的空间扩散和溢出效益,并通过逐步改善影响“低低聚集”区的限制性因子,实现区域内部土地生态安全格局的优化配置。     

陕西省PM2.5时空分布规律及其影响因素

PM_2.5是导致中国多省市发生灰霾的罪魁祸首,明确其时空分布规律,厘清其影响因素对灰霾的综合治理意义深远.基于陕西省2015年50个监测站点的PM_2.5浓度数据,采用空间数据统计方法、克里金插值法以及Morlet小波分析法对陕西省PM_2.5浓度的时空分布规律进行研究,并运用灰色关联模型来探讨PM_2.5浓度的影响因素.结果显示:①陕西省PM_2.5浓度整体呈"冬高夏低、春秋居中"的季节性变化规律,"U型"起伏的月变化规律,周期性脉冲波动型的日变化规律以及"W型"起伏的时变化规律;②陕西省PM_2.5浓度呈"北部低,中南部高"的空间分布特征,并且空间集聚性显著.不同季节的高值区均集聚于海拔相对较低的关中盆地内部城市.这与盆地内部空气不易扩散,静稳天气出现频率较高,易出现逆温现象密切相关;③影响陕西省PM_2.5浓度最大的指标层是PM_2.5污染来源（权重值为0.49）,其次是城市化与土地利用（权重值为0.37）,气象与地形因子影响最小（权重值为0.15）.不同城市各指标层的综合关联度差异较大.④各指标因子与PM_2.5浓度均为强度关联.降水量、机动车保有量、二氧化硫排放量、烟粉（尘）排放量、建成区面积、人口密度和人均GDP是影响陕西省PM_2.5浓度的主要因子,影响各城市PM_2.5浓度的主要因子具有一定的空间差异性.研究显示,人类活动对陕西省PM_2.5的影响显著,尤其是城市化的快速推进,相关指标（如人口、机动车、能耗、工业总产值等）持续增长,将进一步加大PM_2.5来源的多样性以及相关污染物的排放量.      

湘江子流域重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属镉污染源识别

土壤重金属Cd（镉）是威胁人类健康最严重的重金属污染元素之一.土壤Cd污染来源复杂,明确土壤重金属分布特征,探索重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属源解析方法,对土壤Cd污染防治具有重要意义.2018年5-9月,以湘江流域头山、大河滩两个子流域为研究对象,采用系统布点法,借助2 km×2 km的网格在研究区内均匀布点共计2 638个,分析重点污染企业对土壤Cd污染的影响及w（Cd）的空间分布特征,并借助双变量局部莫兰指数方法（bivariate local Moran's I）、广义加性模型（GAM）量化土壤中w（Cd）与企业分布的空间相关性及不同行业源的贡献率.结果表明:①研究区土壤中w（Cd）为0.032~14.01 mg/kg,平均值（0.63 mg/kg）较高,高值区主要分布在研究区西部,低值区位于研究区东部.②研究区重点污染企业总体聚集程度不高（Moran's I=0.45）,而分行业企业呈显著的高聚集分布（0.88 ≤ Moran's I ≤ 0.97）特征,尤其是冶炼与压延加工业的集聚性最为明显.③土壤中w（Cd）与不同行业的空间相关聚类分析发现,存在较大区域的H-H[土壤w（Cd）高值与企业高密度]聚类分布,说明土壤中w（Cd）受企业分布的影响较大,在企业集聚区存在较多的土壤w（Cd）高值区.④在企业影响区内,土壤w（Cd）分布受行业影响排序依次为采选业>化学品制造业>冶炼和压延加工业>其他行业,其方差解释率分别为51.2%、48.0%、46.2%、19.3%.研究显示,研究区土壤中w（Cd）分布受企业的影响明显,在污染源识别中采选业对土壤Cd污染影响最突出,研究结果可为湘江流域土壤重金属污染防治和企业污染源的管理提供依据.      

成都平原西部土壤氮素空间变异特征及影响因素

为探究成都平原西部土壤氮素的空间异质性及其影响因素,基于134个耕层土壤采样点,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法揭示w（TN）和w（AN）（AN为碱解氮）的空间变异特征,并利用方差分析和回归分析,研究不同因素对其空间变异的影响程度.结果表明:研究区土壤w（TN）为0.81~3.50 g/kg,平均值为1.94 g/kg;w（AN）为44.42~263.99 mg/kg,平均值为138.70 mg/kg.半方差分析显示,土壤w（TN）和w（AN）的块金效应分别为52.41%和63.92%,具有中等程度的空间自相关,表明其空间分布受结构性和随机性因素共同影响.土壤氮素空间分布特征均呈现由东北向西南逐渐递增趋势.回归分析结果表明,成土母质能独立解释14.8%和9.4%的w（TN）和w（AN）空间变异;土壤类型（土类、亚类和土属）对研究区w（TN）和w（AN）空间变异的独立解释能力分别在3.6%~17.2%和5.7%~17.2%之间.各土地利用方式下,土壤w（TN）、w（AN）平均值均表现为耕地>农林用地>园地,土地利用方式对土壤w（TN）空间变异的独立解释能力仅5.8%,对w（AN）无显著影响.研究显示,成都平原西部土壤氮素含量总体处于丰富水平,其中温江-郫县一带含量相对较低,高值区在金马河以南区域.成土母质和土壤类型对土壤氮素空间变异的影响总体高于土地利用方式.      

基于POI大数据的重庆主城区多中心识别

我国大量城市在其规划中均提出多中心的空间发展战略,但多中心结构演变是否达到规划预期,能否通过有效途径识别多中心结构和功能,成为目前学术界研究的热点。相比于人口、用地、产业等传统调查和识别方法,城市大数据的出现为多中心识别提供了契机,尤其是基于POI（Point of Interest）大数据的分析比传统方法更加准确高效。论文以重庆主城区40余万条POI数据为基础,利用核密度分析、自然断点法和邻近分析等方法,根据整体及不同类型POI数据的空间分布特征与聚集程度,识别城市总体及不同职能的多中心结构及其影响范围。结果表明：重庆作为山地城市,在自然约束和规划引导下,呈现出明显的“多中心、组团式”结构。不同职能类型的城市中心也呈现明显的多中心分布特征。重庆的主副中心在内环以内集聚,但不同中心的发育程度及其空间聚集度差异显著。外围新兴的西永、茶园等副中心发展相对滞后,城市要素集聚功能有待加强。     

基于OMI数据的新疆地区臭氧柱浓度研究

利用臭氧监测仪（OMI）卫星反演数据,对2005~2018年新疆地区大气臭氧柱浓度数据进行提取及分析,探讨其时空分布格局及影响因素.结果表明：在时间变化上,2005~2018年,新疆地区大气臭氧柱浓度整体呈现逐渐上升趋势.在空间分布上,臭氧柱浓度自北向南逐渐降低,高值区集中分布在阿尔泰、塔城北部以及昌吉北部等区域;低值区集中于和田、巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和喀什的南部大部分地区.在季节变化上,大体呈现出春夏季高于秋冬季,高值区在春夏季交替出现,冬季略高于秋季,但四季的臭氧柱浓度值呈现逐渐上升的趋势.稳定性分析表明：研究区域臭氧柱浓度整体呈现中部及南北部分散、东西部集聚的分布格局.自然因素中,气候因素、风场以及海拔均呈现显著正相关（P<0.01）;通过后向轨迹追踪发现,该区域西北和西部气流是臭氧外来的最主要输送路径,分别占总气流轨迹的78.59%、57.29%.人为因素中,臭氧柱浓度值与地区生产总值、煤炭消耗量、工业废气排放量及机动车保有量均表现出显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）.其中,挥发性有机物（VOC_s）主要来源于工业源,其次是交通源和居民源.总体来看,臭氧浓度的变化受到了诸多因素的综合影响,但气温、VOC_s的排放及吸收性气溶胶是大气臭氧浓度变化的主导因素.     

中国高等级旅游景区资源多尺度时空差异及其影响因素

以中国337个地级以上城市内的5A和4A级景区为研究对象,通过构建总体分异指数（GDI）并采用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）等方法,从省级、城市群、城市等不同空间尺度,对2001—2019年中国高等级旅游景区资源时空演化特征进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）4A级景区主导了中国高等级旅游景区数量与增长率的变化趋势,2015年之后增长速度进入相对平缓状态;（2）时序上,中部和东北地区的各省份高等级旅游景区数量较少,但增长率较高,而西部省份则均相对较高,东部省份则是数量最多但增长率最低,到2017年西部超过东部,数量最多;城市规模与高等级旅游景区数量呈正比,与增长率呈反比;（3）空间上,中国高等级旅游景区分布密集程度逐年升高,呈现出主要依托东部沿海地区与中部地区城市群集聚分布的特征,且空间热点、次热点地区占主导地位,形成了“两点集聚—多极多区—集群集聚”的空间演化格局;（4）GDI指数随着研究尺度的缩小而增大,空间尺度越小,高等级旅游景区资源的差异越大;（5）中国高等级旅游景区空间分布主要受社会、经济、资源等因素相互作用的影响,其中人口规模、旅游经济、人文资源是共同的最为关键的因子。研究结果可为优化中国景区资源空间布局以及旅游业高质量及区域协调发展提供一定参考。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.