土壤水分对沙棘成活率及抗逆生理特性的影响

为提高沙棘在滩涂区，半干旱区造林的成活率，对不同土壤水分下沙棘的生理学特性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）在不同土壤水分处理下，随土壤含水量降低及处理时间的延长，沙棘叶片脯氨酸（Pro)含量升高，POD活性增强，可溶性糖含量升高；水淹情况下，沙棘叶片Pro含量明显上升，POD活性增强，可溶性糖含量升高。（2）土壤含水量在15%-30%之间，沙棘苗木成活率最高（100%），生长最好；35%和40%处理下，沙棘苗木成活率较高（66.7%)，生长良好；5%，10%处理水平和水淹情况下，沙棘苗木成活率低（33.3%)，生长不良，（3）不同处理下，随土壤含水量的降低，沙棘叶片的相对电导度增大，沙棘受伤害的程度加剧，且淹水对沙棘的伤害最重。     

黄土丘陵区沙棘的蒸腾特性及影响因子

结合1998年半干旱黄土丘陵区安塞的观测资料，对沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoidesL.)的蒸腾特性及影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：（1）沙棘蒸强度具有明显的日变化和季节变化，安塞4－6龄沙棘5－9月份的月份均值为0．6346gg^-1h^-1；（2）沙棘蒸腾强度与气候因子（气温、相对湿度、光合有效辐射）间有显著的相关关系；相关系数为0．9544－0．9692，其中光合有效辐射对蒸腾强度影响最大，气温次之，相对湿度最小；沙棘蒸腾强度的季节变化与降雨量及林地土壤水分间有十分显著的相关关系。相关系数为0．9629－0．9809；（3）沙棘蒸腾强度与气孔导度间有十分显著的相关关系。气孔导度增大，沙棘蒸腾强度增大，反之则减小，相关系数为0．9791，这为分析沙棘蒸腾对环境因子的响应程度，分析沙棘最适的水分生态条件，提高沙棘抗旱造林成活率，水分利用效率提供了科学依据。图6参4参11     

灾害胁迫下建平县沙棘人工林的时空特性

辽宁省建平县沙棘衰退主要是干旱胁迫和沙棘术蠹蛾蛀食危害复合作用的结果,本文中统称沙棘灾害.选择建平县东北部作为实验区,利用5期TM遥感图像研究沙棘林的光谱反射特征,并计算样地的归一化植被指数(NDVI),得到了沙棘植被多年变化特征.结果表明,NDVI增加表明沙棘林生长状况良好,而下降则表明在灾害胁迫下沙棘人工林出现衰退.结合地而数据,初步明确了沙棘灾害程度的NDvI临界值,以NDVI下降幅度至≤0.1为轻度受灾区,NDVI下降幅度在<0.1≤0.25为中等受灾Ⅸ,NDVI下降幅度>0.25为严重受灾区.应用RS与GIS相结合方法,对研究区的遥感影像进行人机交瓦解译,得到5期土地利用类型分布以及面积统计.结果表明,1991～2004年间沙棘面积显著减少,主要向耕地、荒地与裸地转化.本研究结果为实时动态、大面积监测沙棘人工林灾害奠定了基础.图5表2参21     

利用RAPD标记分析卧龙自然保护区不同海拔沙棘种群的遗传变异

从1800m到3400m五个海拔连续取样,用RAPD分子标记研究了卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘种群的遗传结构和遗传变异.用11条寡核苷酸引物,扩增得到151个重复性好的位点,其中143个多态位点,多态率达94.7%.在5个沙棘种群中,总遗传多样性值(HT)为0.289,B种群内的遗传多样性值为0.315,这完全符合沙棘这种多年生、远交的木本植物高遗传变异的特性.5个种群内遗传多样性随海拔升高呈低—高—低变异趋势,在2200m海拔处的B种群遗传多样性达最大值0.315,3400m海拔处的E种群则表现最小,仅0.098.5个种群间的遗传分化值GST=0.406,也即是说有40.6%的遗传变异存在于种群间,59.4%存在种群内.1800m海拔处的A种群与其他种群的明显分离是造成种群间遗传分化大的原因.UPGMA聚类图和PCoA散点图分别进一步确证了5个种群间关系和所有个体间的关系.最后,经过Mantel检测,遗传距离与海拔表现了明显的相关性(r=0.646,P=0.011).     

湖南省农业生态环境建设的问题与对策

湖南作为长江流域重要的农业大省，在主要农产品产量大幅度增长的同时，农业生态环境中存在的问题仍然严重，生态环境整体上尚未根本好转。湖南生态环境中存在的问题主要有；灾害频率和强度提高；不适当的丘岗山地与坡耕地开发造成了严重的水土流失；环境污染日趋严重。文章结合已有研究工作，提出了湖南农业生态建设主攻方向和措施。作者认为，(1)加强水土流失治理，是减少水旱灾害的根本措施。水土流失治理的重点是综合开发潜力大、人类垦殖活动频繁、环境相对脆弱的丘陵地区。(2)要构建人地协调的高效农业生态系统。在丘岗山区，依据不同自然条件，构建高效农业生态系统。达到提高生产率并保护生态环境的目的；在平原湖区调整农业布局，实行避灾减灾种植制度。(3)要依靠科技进步，促进农业生态建设。     

吉林省自然植被就地保护现状及保护空缺分析

基于文献和自然保护区科学考察资料,分析了吉林省自然植被的就地保护现状和保护空缺。结果显示,吉林省自然植被共包含8个植被型组、11个植被型、18个植被亚型、32个群系组以及67个群系。其中,有61个群系分布于自然保护区中,就地保护率达到91.0%,但近50%群系仅在1~2个保护区中有分布。未受到保护的群系有6个,分别是黄柳(Salix flavida)灌丛、差不嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)半灌丛、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)草原、驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)荒漠、野黑麦(Hordeum brevisubulatum)草甸和川蔓藻(Ruppia rostellata)群落,其主要分布于吉林省西部地区。总体来说,吉林省大部分自然植被都得到了较为全面的保护,但保护力度有待加强。另外,就地保护存在明显保护空缺,亟待通过完善自然保护区网络使其得到有效保护。     

气候变暖对黄土高原冬小麦种植区的影响

冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)是黄土高原的主要粮食作物。研究气候变暖对黄土高原冬小麦种植的影响,可为冬小麦种植的合理布局、应对气候变化带来的风险提供科学的理论依据。选择黄土高原及周边66个气象站点1960—2015年逐日气温资料,采用冬季负积温、最冷月平均气温和年极端最低气温3个指标,运用多元线性回归模型、气候倾向率、累积距平法及积温指标法等方法,分析了3个指标的时间变化特征及气候变暖对黄土高原冬小麦种植及适播期的影响。结果表明:(1)在气候变暖的大背景下,冬季负积温呈极显著的减少趋势,最冷月平均气温和年极端最低气温呈显著的升高趋势,且冬季负积温是影响黄土高原地区冬小麦种植的主要限制因子;(2)1960—2015年黄土高原冬小麦年代际可种植区以北移西扩的趋势稳定扩大,冬小麦可种植的海拔上限在黄土高原西部陇中黄土高原地区呈73 m/(10 a)的速率升高,56年来冬小麦可种植的平均海拔升高约321 m,长城沿线冬小麦的种植北界北移至38.73oN附近;(3)冬小麦的种植面积逐年代际增加,2000s比1960s增加13.23×10~4 km2,增加约1.8倍;(4)冬小麦适播期呈推迟趋势,推迟天数集中在1~10 d,为保障冬小麦安全越冬,建议播种日期在目前的基础上向后推迟4~13 d。     

珠穆朗玛峰绒布沟西藏沙棘生境类型及海拔梯度下表型变异

西藏沙棘(Hippophae tibetana)是沙棘属中最进化的种类,也是青藏高原上分布较广的沙棘种类.但是目前几乎未见关于西藏沙棘的基础生态学研究报道.根据珠穆朗玛峰绒布沟沿海拔梯度进行的西藏沙棘群落样方调查,采用二元指示种分析(TWINSPAN)法和去势对应分析(DCA)法,研究了海拔梯度下西藏沙棘的生境类型、影响其分布的环境主导因子和表型变异规律.结果表明,珠峰绒布沟西藏沙棘生境可以分为5个类型:河边砾石滩地、河谷灌丛草地、沙石滩地、草甸和柳树林缘.DCA排序结果反映其群落的分布和生长主要受海拔和土壤湿度两种环境主导因子的影响.通过有关数据的回归分析发现,西藏沙棘植株的叶宽、基径、高度和盖度都随海拔的升高呈显著减小的趋势,但叶片长度与海拔不显著相关.西藏沙棘的盖度随样方与河水实际距离的增大而减小.图3表2参31     

甘蒙柽柳与沙棘抗旱性研究

在野外条件下，应用ＰＶ技术研究了中龄的甘蒙柽柳和沙棘的水分参数［ｐｓ（ｓａｔ）、ｐｓ（ｔｌｐ）］及其生理生态学意义、季节变化规律．探讨了水分胁迫条件下树木的适应性．结果表明，水分参数具有一定的的季节变化规律．干旱胁迫条件下树木具有一定的渗透调节能力，其幅度大小随季节而发生变化；嫩枝生长时期，树木的抗旱性和渗透调节能力都很弱，随着枝条的木质化和叶子的革质化程度的增强，树木的抗旱性逐渐增强．     

地下水埋深对干旱区沙棘生长及耗水的影响研究

为探讨根域限制下地下水埋深对沙棘(Hippophne rhamnoides)生长与耗水的影响,设置4个水平地下水埋深(3.0、2.5、2.0和1.5 m)和2种土质(砂壤土和壤土),采用马氏瓶供水模拟地下水位,获取不同地下水埋深条件下地下水补给量、渗漏量、生长指标变化及耗水量,探究不同地下水埋深条件下沙棘生长特征变化及耗水规律;并结合耗水规律和实测生长指标进行分析,确定沙棘适宜的地下水埋深。显著性分析结果表明,各地下水埋深处理沙棘新生枝生物量由大到小依次为2.0>2.5>3.0>1.5 m,水分生产效率由高到低依次为2.5>2.0>3.0>1.5 m,砂壤土条件沙棘新生枝生物量和水分生产效率均优于壤土。砂壤土栽植条件下,地下水埋深为2.0 m时沙棘株高、茎粗及各生长指标变化均优于其他地下水埋深处理。砂壤土比壤土更适宜沙棘生长,沙棘各生长阶段耗水强度呈先增大后减小趋势。综合水分生产效率和新生枝生物量分析结果,地下水埋深为2.0～2.5 m且土质为砂壤土的环境较适宜沙棘生长。     

砒砂岩区不同留茬高度及坡向下沙棘根系分形特征

为提高内蒙古砒砂岩区沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)人工林根系的生长能力,对东(E)、南(S)、西(W)、北(N)不同坡向沙棘植株进行了距地表0、10、15、20 cm(即a、b、c、d)留茬高度处理,而根系分形特征是植物根系构型应对环境异质性的表型可塑性,为反映沙棘根系对不同坡向不同留茬生长环境的适应结果,基于分形理论在砒砂岩区对东、西、南、北不同坡向下留茬后的沙棘人工林的全根、主根、一级侧根及二级侧根分形特征以及根系和土壤含水率关系进行研究,以未平茬沙棘为对照(即e)。结果表明,(1)不同坡向相同留茬下沙棘根系分形维数(D)变化为E>N>W>S;土壤含水率为E>N>W>S,这与根系分形维数变化规律一致。(2)相同坡向不同留茬下沙棘根系分形维数(D)变化为c(留茬15 cm)>b(留茬10 cm)>a(留茬0 cm)>d(留茬20 cm)>e(未平茬)。(3)不同坡向不同留茬下沙棘根系各级分形维数变化为D3(二级侧根)>D2(一级侧根)>D1(主根),且D3与D呈显著正相关。(4)在相同坡向不同留茬下土壤含水率变化为:c相似文献   

Short reviews by the Editor

Soil desiccation is a major issue limiting development and sustainability of forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau of China. Better understanding of the mechanisms of soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau can help scientists and forest managers improve vegetation management practices. The arid soil layer is the ecological aftermath of intense soil desiccation due to disturbed plant succession and soil water reduction. The formation and types of arid soil layer in the Loess Plateau were investigated to determine major causes of soil desiccation and its impact on forest vegetation. The negative effects of soil desiccation on the ecological environment and forest vegetation mainly include drying microclimate, degrading soil quality, poor vegetation growth, difficult forest renewal from natural seed banks, making it even more difficult to reforest forest lands and grasslands following plant senescence. Low precipitation, high evaporation, soil and water losses, improper selection of vegetation types, and too high population density of trees are probably the major reasons for the arid soil layer. Proper selection of vegetation types, adjusting tree density and other management practices can reduce the negative effects of the arid soil layer on forest vegetation.     

Ecological properties of soil water and effects on forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau

In the Loess Plateau of China, soil water has three ecological properties: high infiltration capacity, high storage capacity and availability to deep plant roots. Soil desiccation is the most serious problem for forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau. Arid soils are the result of intensified soil desiccation caused by disturbances in plant succession, which constitute the ecological foundation of soil water. The negative effects of the arid soil layer on surface water infiltration for recharging underground water are discussed in terms of ecological hydrology. The arid soil layer disrupts the link between surface water and underground water and prevents vertical precipitation infiltration from supplementing underground water. Forest vegetation has a significant runoff-retaining efficiency that reduces total runoff from forest areas leading to low surface and ground runoff which affect the water cycle on a watershed scale.     

基于综合气象干旱指数（CI）的干旱时空动态格局分析——以甘肃省黄土高原区为例

借助ArcGIS9．3和SPSS数据软件平台,根据甘肃省黄土高原区33个气象站1962-2010实测气象资料,利用综合气象干旱指数（CI）对甘肃省黄土高原区近50年的干旱特征进行了时空分析。首先计算了各站历年逐日的CI指数,统计近50年各站点出现的干旱过程、各时段的干旱事件,在此基础上分析了甘肃省黄土高原区历年各地区干旱发生的覆盖范围、频率和不同等级干旱发生的多年平均天数,揭示了甘肃省黄土高原区干旱发生的时空差异和动态格局。分析结果表明,（1）甘肃省黄土高原区有大范围干旱发生的年份,夏季和秋季较多分别有13、8a,冬季最少,只有3a。（2）从空间尺度来看,甘肃省黄土高原区中兰州一榆中一靖远一带和庆阳北部属于高值区,而岷县、渭源一带属于低值区;106°E以西“临洮．通渭．天水”一带和庆阳东南部是干旱变幅最大的地方。（3）从季节尺度来看,夏季干旱频率和持续日数最多,春季、秋季次之,冬季最少。     

Evaluating Private Land Conservation in the Cape Lowlands,South Africa

Abstract: Evaluation is important for judiciously allocating limited conservation resources and for improving conservation success through learning and strategy adjustment. We evaluated the application of systematic conservation planning goals and conservation gains from incentive‐based stewardship interventions on private land in the Cape Lowlands and Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. We collected spatial and nonspatial data (2003–2007) to determine the number of hectares of vegetation protected through voluntary contractual and legally nonbinding (informal) agreements with landowners; resources spent on these interventions; contribution of the agreements to 5‐ and 20‐year conservation goals for representation and persistence in the Cape Lowlands of species and ecosystems; and time and staff required to meet these goals. Conservation gains on private lands across the Cape Floristic Region were relatively high. In 5 years, 22,078 ha (27,800 ha of land) and 46,526 ha (90,000 ha of land) of native vegetation were protected through contracts and informal agreements, respectively. Informal agreements often were opportunity driven and cheaper and faster to execute than contracts. All contractual agreements in the Cape Lowlands were within areas of high conservation priority (identified through systematic conservation planning), which demonstrated the conservation plan's practical application and a high level of overlap between resource investment (approximately R1.14 million/year in the lowlands) and priority conservation areas. Nevertheless, conservation agreements met only 11% of 5‐year and 9% of 20‐year conservation goals for Cape Lowlands and have made only a moderate contribution to regional persistence of flora to date. Meeting the plan's conservation goals will take three to five times longer and many more staff members to maintain agreements than initially envisaged.     

Conservation Alliances with Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon

Abstract:  Ongoing alliances between indigenous peoples and conservation organizations in the Brazilian Amazon have helped achieve the official recognition of ∼1 million km² of indigenous lands. The future of Amazonian indigenous reserves is of strategic importance for the fate of biodiversity in the region. We examined the legislation governing resource use on indigenous lands and summarize the history of the Kayapo people's consolidation of their >100,000 km² territory. Like many Amazonian indigenous peoples, the Kayapo have halted the expansion of the agricultural frontier on their lands but allow selective logging and gold mining. Prospects for long-term conservation and sustainability in these lands depend on indigenous peoples' understandings of their resource base and on available economic alternatives. Although forest conservation is not guaranteed by either tenure security or indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies' relatively egalitarian common-property resource management regimes—along with adequate incentives and long-term partnerships with conservation organizations—can achieve this result. Successful initiatives include Conservation International's long-term project with the A'ukre Kayapo village and incipient large-scale territorial monitoring and control in the Kayapo territory, and the Instituto SocioAmbiental (ISA) 15-year partnership with the peoples of the Xingu Indigenous Park, with projects centered on territorial monitoring and control, education, community organization, and economic alternatives. The recent agreement on ecological restoration of the Xingu River headwaters between ranchers and private companies, indigenous peoples, and environmentalists, brokered by ISA, marks the emergence of an indigenous and conservation alliance of sufficient cohesiveness and legitimacy to negotiate effectively at a regional scale.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小城镇建设的生态经济学意义及其特点

论述了小城镇建设与区域小流域治理之间的相互关系,阐明了小城镇建设在黄土丘陵沟壑区的生态经济学意义,即发展小城镇,不仅能促进和加快区域产业结构调整,缓解人口对土地的压力,有利于小流域生态环境的恢复和保护;而且还将大大提高流域的各种基础设施建设水平,加强流域与外部的经济活动联系,促进区域经济发展。进一步讨论了黄土丘陵沟壑区小城镇建设的特点:以小流域为基础的小城镇建设呈"袖珍型"发展状态;在很长一段时间内以加工业和制造业为主;建设中心城镇,加强区域小城镇之间的联系。     

半干旱黄土区退耕还林十年植被恢复变化分析——以陕西吴起县为例

黄土高原退耕还林（草）政策实施已逾10 a,了解植被恢复变化状况及存在的问题,对于制定和完善生态环境治理方略具有重要意义。以吴起县为例,基于实地调查及遥感等数据,对退耕还林（草）以来植被覆盖度、主要植被类型变化及不同立地条件下植被恢复变化的差异进行了定量分析。结果表明：2000年至2009年,植被覆盖度大于30%的面积在全县总面积中的比例由不足1%上升至91.96%;其中缓坡立地类型上的乔灌林地类型面积增长最为显著,而阳向陡坡等恶劣生境下的植被恢复缓慢;有林地、灌木林地及疏林地均呈现规模增大趋势,属扩张状态;中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地、坡耕地及耕地呈现规模减少趋势,属缩减状态。     

Conservation Deficits for the Continental United States: an Ecosystem Gap Analysis

Abstract:  Few attempts have been made to analyze the status of conservation efforts at a continental scale, mainly because of the lack of high-quality data sets at this scale. Given that land management agencies want to prioritize conservation efforts and spend limited resources wisely, we recognized the need to undertake a national gap analysis. We developed the most detailed national vegetation cover map feasible to analyze the degree of representation of ecosystem analysis units (an initial representation of ecosystem types) in the network of conservation lands for the continental United States. We combined The Nature Conservancy's ecoregions with the natural land-cover types of the National Land Cover Data Set and examined the conservation status of each combination. The majority of ecosystem analysis units have a small percentage of their total area residing in lands that are managed to support biodiversity. The median percentage of area conserved on status 1 and 2 lands (highest of four levels of protection) as designated by the Gap Analysis Program for the 554 ecosystem analysis units is 4.0% (SD 18.1%). This finding, which highlights our national conservation deficits, points to the need to address the size and diversity of the conservation estate.