Fe^0还原土壤中不同结构甲基和氯代硝基苯

采用零价铁（Fe^0）在常温常压下分别还原土壤中邻、间、对三种氯代硝基苯和硝基甲苯。结果表明：相同取代基在苯环上不同取代位置对还原率的影响差别不大。在硝基芳烃化合物浓度约为2．5×10^-6mol／g,Fe^0加入量为50mg／g,25℃条件下,经过5天反应,邻、间、对三种硝基甲苯的还原率均在70％左右,三种氯代硝基苯的还原率则在90％以上。结合计算机模拟所得的六种硝基芳烃的质子亲和力和电子亲和力,对硝还原这两类硝基芳烃的机理进行了初步探讨。     

气相色谱法快速测定水中硝基苯类化合物研究

采用液液萃取前处理技术,利用二氯甲烷作为萃取剂,用FID检测器进行测定。该方法中,10种硝基苯类化合物在15 min内能够很好地分离,加标回收率为83．1％～106．2％。该方法简单、快捷、通用,且所用有机试剂毒性相对较低,具有较好的推广性与实用性。应用该方法对湘江和东江湖水中的硝基苯类化合物含量进行调查,表明该河流与湖库水质未受到硝基苯类化合物的污染。     

9种硝基苯对鱼肝微粒体EROD活性的影响

混合功能氧化酶系(mixed function oxidase,MFO)中的敏感指标,7-乙氧基-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase,EROD)已作为生物标志物,应用于生态毒理学研究领域.笔者以苯并(a)芘作为阳性对照,采用鲤鱼肝脏体外直接染毒测定EROD的方法,分析了9种硝基苯对EROD活性的诱导影响.      

取代芳烃对藻类毒性与结构参数之间的定量关系研究

采用OECD标准方法测定了40种取代芳烃化合物对绿藻的48h急性毒性,毒性最强的是邻二硝基苯,其lg1 EC50为5 04;毒性最弱的是苯酚,其lg1 EC50仅为2 46。计算得到所研究化合物的分子最低空轨道能((ELUMO))、分子最高占有轨道能((EHOMO))、范德华面积((sVdW))及分子量(Mw)。对化合物毒性和结构参数进行了定量的结构与活性关系(QSARs)研究。所研究化合物对绿藻的毒性主要分子的轨道能和空间参数有关。方程(lg1 EC50=-1 029(EHOMO)+0 025(sVdW)-8 322,R2(adj)=0 824)有很好的预测能力,训练组的平均相对误差为6 10%,测试组的平均误差为6 99%。苯酚和苯胺类化合物属于极性麻醉剂,其毒性与空间参数或疏水性有关;硝基苯类是反应型化合物,可作为亲电子试剂,产生相应的潜在毒性更强的亚硝基化合物,其毒性一般与分子轨道能有关。      

二氧化氯消毒前后污水毒性的变化及消毒条件的影响

采用发光细菌试验和umu试验,分别考察了二氧化氯投加量和反应时间对污水二氧化氯消毒后急性毒性和遗传毒性变化的影响.结果表明,随着二氧化氯消毒剂投加量的增加,消毒后水样的急性毒性不断增大,但遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.随着反应时间的延长,二氧化氯的消耗量不断增大,消毒后水样的急性毒性先增大后减小,遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.由于消毒条件对污水急性毒性和遗传毒性有着不同的影响,说明污水中产生急性毒性和产生遗传毒性的物质不同,对于某一种污水,通过控制消毒条件可以使消毒后污水的急性毒性和遗传毒性都较低.     

污水二氧化氯和氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化及氨氮的影响

采用umu遗传毒性测试方法考察了二氧化氯和氯消毒对几种城市污水生物处理出水遗传毒性的影响,发现当二氧化氯消毒剂从0　mg/L增加到30　mg/L时,几种污水的遗传毒性均先迅速降低后趋于稳定,而当氯消毒剂从0　mg/L增加到30　mg/L时,几种污水的遗传毒性的变化规律不同.进一步研究氨氮对污水消毒过程中遗传毒性变化的影响,发现氨氮对污水二氧化氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化规律没有显著影响,但是对污水氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化规律却起着至关重要的作用.当氨氮含量较小（<10～20　mg/L）时,污水氯消毒后的遗传毒性小于消毒前;当氨氮含量较大时（>10～20　mg/L）,污水氯消毒后的遗传毒性大于消毒前.     

Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen

The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diversely for different samples. It was then found that ammonia nitrogen did not affect the change of genotoxicity during chlorine dioxide disinfection of wastewater, while it greatly affected the change of genotoxicity during chlorine disinfection of wastewater. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was low (< 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater decreased after chlorine disinfection, and when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was high (> 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater increased after chlorine disinfection.     

Genotoxicity of drinking water treated with different disinfectants and effects of disinfection conditions detected by umu-test

The genotoxicity of drinking water treated with 6 disinfection methods and the effects of disinfection conditions were investigated using the umu-test. The pretreatment procedure of samples for the umu-test was optimized for drinking water analysis. The results of the umu-test were in good correlation with those of the Ames-test. The genotoxicity and production of haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the highest for chlorinated samples. UV + chloramination is the safest disinfection method from the aspects of genotoxicity, HAA production and inactivation effects. For chloramination, the effects of the mass ratio of Cl₂ to N of chloramine on genotoxicity were also studied. The changes of genotoxicity were different from those of HAA production, which implied that HAA production cannot represent the genotoxic potential of water. The genotoxicity per chlorine decay of chlorination and chloramination had similar trends, indicating that the reaction of organic matters and chlorine made a great contribution to the genotoxicity. The results of this study are of engineering significance for optimizing the operation of waterworks.     

硝基苯化合物对枯草芽孢杆菌的毒性及构效分析

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)为实验生物,测定了12种硝基苯化合物对其种群生长抑制的12 h IGC₅₀(50% inhibitory growth concentration)值.应用lgP,1xv,I,1Ka,σ-和E_LUMO 6种物理化学描述符进行构效关系分析,建立QSAR模式,并且预测了6个相似化合物的毒性.      

取代苯酚臭氧氧化表观速率常数的QSPR研究

在298 K,1.013×105 Pa条件下,对22种取代苯酚在水溶液中的臭氧降解过程的动力学进行了实验研究,采用紫外分光光度法测定了降解过程中取代苯酚的浓度,并求得反应级数和反应表观速率常数。使用Gaussian 98程序中B3LYP6-311G**方法,计算了取代苯酚的结构参数及热力学参数,并采用QSPR方法研究了表观速率常数与其结构及热力学参数之间的关系。研究结果表明:取代苯酚的臭氧氧化反应属0级反应,表观速率常数与其结构和热力学参数之间存在线性关系,相关方程的相关系数R2=0.978,标准误差SD=0.050,分子的极化率是影响表观速率常数的主要因素。     

城市污水中的生物毒性及其臭氧削减效果研究

分别利用酵母双杂交和umu试验对5个城市9个污水处理厂进出水中生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(BAR)结合活性进行了调查.并考察了臭氧氧化对这两种生物效应的去除效果.结果表明,城市污水中存在不同程度的生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(RAR)结合活性,通过生物处理可以大幅削减污水中的RAR结合活性和生物遗传毒性,但污水厂出水中仍然普遍具有遗传毒性,部分残留RAR结合活性.5～10mg·L-1的臭氧可以有效削减二级出水中残留的BAR结合活性和遗传毒性,是一种有效的提高水质安全性的污水深度处理技术.     

天津地区土壤中遗传毒性物质的分布规律

利用SOS／umu试验测试了天津地区41个土壤样品有机提取物的遗传毒性,研究了该地区土壤中遗传毒性物质污染水平及区域生态风险的分布规律．结果表明,在所研究区域中,遗传毒性的高风险区主要分布在天津市和塘沽、汉沽两个区．其中,汉沽区土壤有机组分遗传毒性值最高,其次为塘沽区和市区．与有限的文献报道数据相比,天津地区土壤有机组分的遗传毒性较高,且与该地区土壤中多环芳烃浓度的分布规律相似．研究结果表明,遗传毒性的生物效应标记方法可以用于区域生态风险评价,来快速筛选和甄别遗传毒性物质污染的高风险区．     

Genotoxicity removal of reclaimed water during ozonation

Genotoxicity in wastewater and reclaimed water now is gaining increased attention because of genotoxins' potential damage to the ecosystem and human health. The effect of ozonation on genotoxicity in reclaimed water was investigated. It was found that ozonation decreased the genotoxicy dramatically in three tertiary treatment plants. In the further batch ozonation experiment in laboratory,secondary effluent sample used exhibited the genotoxicity of(41.1 ± 4.1) μg 4NQO/L. Ozonation with a dose of 10 mg O3/L completely removed the genotoxicity in secondary effluent. However,after ozonation, the dissolved organic carbonvalue of the sample didn't change much but the specific ultraviolet absorbance(SUVA) value dropped sharply. With the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ozonation was found to change chemical aliphatic carbon and C–O of the dissolved arganic matter, which might be the reason of the significant decreases of SUVA and genotoxicity.     

umu试验研究饮用水氯和氯胺消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化以及消毒条件的影响

采用umu遗传毒性测试方法考察了消毒剂投加量、反应时间和消毒剂氯氮比对某饮用水厂臭氧-生物活性炭出水加氯或氯胺消毒前后遗传毒性的影响.结果表明,炭后水具有一定的遗传毒性(20～70 ng/L),加氯或氯胺消毒后遗传毒性增加.反应时间为24 h,在相同投加量下氯消毒遗传毒性(40～95 ng/L)高于氯胺消毒遗传毒性(20～40 ng/L);当氯初始投加量从0 mg/L增加到10 mg/L时,炭后水的遗传毒性先迅速增加,在0.5～1 mg左右达到极大值,然后再降低,在3～5 mg左右达到极小值后缓慢上升,但是氯胺消毒后水样遗传毒性变化规律不如氯消毒的明显.当投加量为3 mg/L时,随着反应时间从0 h延长至72 h,无论是氯消毒还是氯胺消毒,炭后水遗传毒性均是先迅速增加,在2 h时达到极大值后再下降,在18 h左右达到极小值然后缓慢上升,而且任意反应时间内,氯胺消毒的遗传毒性(20～62 ng/L)均小于氯消毒(83～120 ng/L).本试验还研究了消毒剂氯氮比对炭后水氯消毒后遗传毒性的影响.在本试验条件下,从遗传毒性的角度看,对于饮用水消毒氯胺比氯更安全,而且2种消毒方式的遗传毒性的变化规律均不同于总HAAs的变化规律.     

AAO工艺联合臭氧削减污水中微量有机污染物及遗传毒性

近年来,微量有机污染物(OMPs)的环境赋存及风险越来越受到学者的重视,而城市污水厂出水作为向水环境释放OMPs的重要污染源,应被加以监测和管控.以小试厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺联合臭氧(AAO-O_3)为研究对象,考察了污水中14种OMPs在组合工艺中的迁移转化规律及遗传毒性的削减.结果表明,活性污泥系统对于大多数OMPs的去除效果不佳,去除率低于50%,而后续臭氧可以弥补其不足.AAO-O_3组合工艺可以保证多数OMPs去除率在90%以上.芳香性结构的取代基中含有酚羟基(—OH)、胺基(—NH2)、甲氧基(—OCH3)的OMPs易于在臭氧过程中降解.遗传毒性结果表明,污水和二级出水都存在一定致突变风险,二级出水经过臭氧处理之后,遗传毒性去除率达到98%,污水厂出水对水环境风险大大降低.     

用UDS试验检测黄浦江水质致遗传毒性

本文运用UDS试验来检测黄浦江水质致遗传毒性,结果表明,试验条件是可行的。UDS试验从DNA修复合成的角度来反映受试物的致遗传毒性作用,可作为水质评价的方法之一。     

硝基苯废水治理的最新研究进展

硝基苯类化合物的高毒性、难降解性及其在环境中的积累性,使得硝基苯污染治理越来越受到科研工作者的关注.近几年国内外硝基苯废水治理的研究主要包括物化法、生物法两大类.深入探讨每种技术的基本原理和存在的问题,对硝基苯类废水的处理难点和关键技术以及今后的研究方向进行了分析探讨,发现目前尚未出现具有显著经济和环境优势的技术,同时还指出硝基苯废水处理技术近期的进展可能取决于将现有处理技术综合应用.     

鱼血微核试验在项目竣工环保验收监测中应用

某化工技改项目曾因超标排污引发跨地区厂群纠纷被责令停产整改,为考察该项目整改后废水处理设施的运行效果,在该项目竣工环保验收监测期间,采用鱼外周血红细胞微核试验现场检测废水的遗传毒性。结果表明:Cr6+对鱼外周血红细胞有致突变作用,并有明显剂量效应关系;试验期间废水特征污染物均达标排放,未对生物监测塘中的鲤鱼和鲫鱼产生明显的遗传损伤;微核试验与验收监测结果有可比性。证实了鱼血微核试验可用于长期监控敏感项目废水遗传毒物的排放。     

Ames试验对海产贝类遗传毒性的检测

采用Ames试验结合小白鼠生物学试验对贝类腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning,DSP)的提取物进行了遗传毒性初步研究。结果表明:4份贝类样品不同程度地受到了遗传毒物的污染,7份贝类样品受到腹泻性贝毒污染。同时本文也从实践上证明在我国海洋环境监测开展Ames试验对贝类遗传毒性检测具有极为重要的意义。     

Formation potentials of typical disinfection byproducts and changes of genotoxicity for chlorinated tertiary e uent pretreated by ozone

The effects of ozonation on the formation potential of typical disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the changes of genotoxicity during post chlorination of tertiary effluent from a sewage treatment plant were investigated. Ozonation enhanced the yields of all detected chlorine DBPs except CHCl3. At a chlorine dose of 5 mg/L, the three brominated THMs and five HAAs increased, while chloroform decreased with the increase of ozone dose from 0 to 10 mg/L (ozone dose in consumption base). At a chlorine dose of 10 mg/L, the two mixed bromochloro species THMs and two dominant HAAs (DCAA and TCAA) firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of ozone dose, with the turning point approximately occurring at an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. The genotoxicity detected using umu test, on the other hand, was removed from 7 μg 4-NQO/L to a negligible level by ozonation under an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. Chlorination could further remove the genotoxicity to some extent. It was found that SUVA (UV absorbance divided by DOC concentration) might be used as an indicative parameter for monitoring the removal of genotoxicity during the oxidation.