纳米零价铁处理含重金属工业废水研究进展

纳米零价铁材料（nanoscale zero-valent iron, nZVI）是环境领域应用最广泛的纳米材料之一,因其原材料来源丰富、反应产物环境友好,在分离/固定水中重金属方面得到了广泛的研究.实验室研究表明,nZVI能够有效去除复杂实际废水中铜、砷、铅、锌、金等多种重金属,表现出较高的去除负荷.本研究团队在国内首先研究以nZVI技术为核心,开发分离、固定重金属工业废水中重金属的针对性废水处理工艺.构建了废水处理“反应-分离-回用”式纳米零价铁反应器（nano iron reactor, NIR）装置,通过“小试—中试—工程应用”逐级科学放大,将其应用于多种重金属工业废水的处理当中.本文总结了纳米零价铁废水处理工艺,综述了NIR反应器技术处理典型重金属废水的中试和工程应用案例,为nZVI的实际环境应用以及重金属废水处理提供了理论及技术借鉴.     

焦化废水中有机物的识别、污染特性及其在废水处理过程中的降解

采用液-液萃取辅以硅胶、氧化铝净化的方法,并结合GC/MS分析技术,系统分析了焦化废水中有机物的组成.在焦化废水中检测到15类558种有机物.根据有机物的分子结构、废水中的含量、毒性及环境效应,筛选出焦化废水中的特征性有机污染物,以区别于其它工业废水,可作为追溯环境中污染物来源的依据.经物理、生物和化学处理后,焦化废水中大部分有机物被去除,其中,对去除率的主要贡献是生物处理阶段.为了更好地考察生物处理阶段对有机污染物的去除特征,选定酚类、多环芳烃和喹啉类物质作为研究对象,分析了3类特征性污染物在A/O2工艺各单元中的去除状况及组成变化特征.     

利用非活体生物质去除废水中重金属的研究

为了解非活体牛物质去除废水中重金属的效果，选择了玉米芯、水稻谷壳、花生壳、松树树皮和茶叶等5种非活体生物质，州室内模拟方法比较研究了它们对重金属的吸附能力。结果表明，生物质对重金属的吸附是一个快速反应，可在20-30min内达到平衡。pH值对牛物质吸附阳离子型重金属有很大的影响，吸附量随pH值上升而增加，pH值在4．5以上时可达到较高水平。5种生物质对重金属都有较高吸附能力，它们吸附重金属的能力依次为：花生壳〉松树树皮〉玉米芯〉水稻谷壳〉茶叶。生物质去除废水中重金属的效果一般为：Cu、Pb〉Cd〉Zn。用碱、柠檬酸和磷酸对生物质进行改性处理可显著增强其对重金属的去除能力。生物质是一种廉价、有效的吸附剂，可替代商品吸附剂用于废水中重金属的去除，主要重金属的移除率在85％以上。     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除水中重金属的研究进展

重金属是毒性大、难降解、易累积的环境污染物,纳米零价铁作为一种新型功能修复材料在去除水体和土壤中重金属方面有着广阔的应用前景.本文综述了纳米零价铁颗粒去除水中重金属的研究进展,包括纳米零价铁的常用制备方法及特性、去除效能、对不同重金属的去除机理以及发展前景和今后的研究方向,以期为该领域的深入研究提供借鉴并拓展新的思路.     

四环素对小球藻铜、锌毒性和富集的影响

养殖废水同时含有重金属、抗生素等污染物.为明确微藻净化此类复合污染废水的潜力,需要系统研究抗生素与重金属对微藻的毒性作用,以及抗生素对微藻重金属富集规律的影响.基于此,以养殖废水中的典型重金属铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）以及抗生素四环素（tetracycline,TC）处理小球藻4 d,测定藻细胞的生长、叶绿素和胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）荧光类物质含量、以及对Cu、Zn的去除、吸附与吸收等指标.结果表明：Cu(0.1、0.5、1mg/L)、Zn(0.5、5mg/L)抑制了小球藻生长与叶绿素合成,诱导了EPS荧光类物质的分泌.1、5、10mg/L的TC没有抑制小球藻生长,并且缓解了Cu、Zn对小球藻的毒性,使EPS中酪氨酸类蛋白物质的荧光强度降低.TC对小球藻去除Cu、Zn的影响存在差异：TC、Cu复合处理1 d后,相较于单一Cu处理,Cu的去除率由25.9%显著上升至43.5%,而TC对Zn的去除率无显著影响.TC也影响了Cu、Zn富集方式：Cu、Zn单一处理下,Cu、Zn吸附占富集的比例分别为16.89%、51.6%,TC的添...     

潮滩沉积物中重金属污染物的感耦等离子体原子发射光谱分析

潮滩中积累的重金属污染物,不仅使滩地环境面临恶化的趋势,而且在遇到灾害性天气和风浪的情况下,潮滩沉积物里的重金属污染物可能再次释放出来,形成突发性的环境污染．潮滩及河口重金属污染的研究越来越多地被人们重视．我们选择对环境生态相对具有较大影响的银、铝、砷、镉、铬、铜、铁、汞、锰、铅和锌等十一种元素,利用原子发射光谱对它们在潮滩沉积物中的含量进行了分析,并与在附近地域38米深处获得的样品所含有的相同元素相比较,获得了令人满意的结果．     

硝基酚、六氯苯污染土壤的微波修复

以典型有机污染物4-硝基酚(4-nitrophenol,4-NP)和六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)污染土壤为处理对象,采用高效吸收微波且保温性能良好的碳化硅材料制成圆柱状装土容器,研究以微波为热源、碳化硅为热传导材料的微波修复设备对污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,该设备对土壤中有机污染物有较好的去除效果,30 min内去除率均可达到90%以上.有机物的去除不仅是由于碳化硅被加热后的热传递效应,且透过容器的部分微波也可直接作用于污染土壤.实验考察了微波辐照时间、污染物初始浓度、土壤量及含水率、敏化剂等因素对修复效果的影响.辐照时间、土壤量和含水量显著影响土壤升温行为和污染物去除率,而污染物初始污染浓度对去除率影响较小.与马弗炉加热处理效果进行了比较,表明微波加热修复技术在土壤的升温速率及有机物去除率方面均有显著优势.     

葫芦岛锌厂周边土壤重金属污染状况及生态风险评价

以葫芦岛锌厂周边地区土壤为研究对象,通过对重点区域土壤的取样分析,得到葫芦岛锌厂周边土壤中主要重金属污染物的种类和污染程度,及重金属污染物的水平、垂直分布规律图,并采用潜在生态危害指数法和地积累指数法对其污染情况进行风险评估,结果表明,葫芦岛锌厂周边土壤中主要的重金属污染物为:Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu、Ni、As,其中Zn的污染最严重;水平分布规律显示重金属污染物主要集中在锌厂四周,距离锌厂越远重金属污染程度越轻;垂直分布规律表现为表层土壤重金属含量高于下层土壤;运用潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,6种重金属的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:CdHgAsCuZnNi,葫芦岛锌厂周边土壤总体处于很强生态危害;运用地积累指数法进行评价,葫芦岛锌厂周边土壤中各种重金属的污染程度由强至弱依次为:HgCdZnCuAsNi,土壤环境总体处于中度污染.     

g-C3N4-MoS2/WSe2自偏压系统构建与不同类型污染物同时去除性能研究

由于工业化进程的不断推进,染料与重金属废水被非法排入自然水体,水体污染问题日益严峻.为实现两种污染物的同时去除,本文通过调控合成MoS₂/WSe₂（MW）异质结复合催化材料,提高其催化活性.黑暗条件下,以MoS₂、WSe₂以及MW为阳极材料,g-C₃N₄为阴极材料组建自偏压燃料电池系统,实现在降解有机染料的同时,去除水体中的重金属离子.通过调控参数,探究影响染料与重金属去除的因素.研究表明,影响重金属和有机染料去除效果的因素有pH、电解质溶液浓度、重金属溶液浓度.当溶液pH=5,电解质溶液浓度为0.1 mol·L^-1,铜离子浓度为4 mg·L^-1时,重金属的去除率为64.3%.当溶液pH=5,电解质溶液浓度为0.2 mol·L^-1,铜离子浓度为2 mg·L^-1时,有机染料罗丹明B的去除率为99.5%.该系统在无外加光照条件下,实现不同类型污染物同时去除,并产生约240 ...     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.