吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的不确定度评定研究

根据测量不确定度评定与表示理论,对吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的不确定度进行了评定,以水中氯仿为例进行分析,通过对测量重复性、使用注射器、标准曲线拟合等影响测量结果的不确定度分量的分析和量化,求得水中挥发性有机物测定结果的相对合成标准不确定度。目的是建立吹扫捕集气相色谱-质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物的不确定度评定方法,以评定测量结果的质量。该不确定度评定方法在实际工作中具有较强的实用价值。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定水中锌的不确定度评定

参照JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的技术规范，通过对原子吸收分光光度法测定水质Zn标准样品过程的分析．阐明了Zn测量不确定度的评定步骤和评定方法，归纳提出了影响水样中Zn测量不确定度的主要因素和不确定度分量的主要来源，并给出了相对标准不确定度分量，得出了该Zn标准样品测量不确定度的评定结果：扩展不确定度为U=0．012mg／L，或相对不确定度为3．5％。结论：评定程序和方法符合技术规范要求，操作简便、结果可靠，有较高的应用价值。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定水中锌的不确定度评定

参照JJF1059-1999<测量不确定度评定与表示>的技术规范,通过对原子吸收分光光度法测定水质Zn标准样品过程的分析,阐明了Zn测量不确定度的评定步骤和评定方法,归纳提出了影响水样中Zn测量不确定度的主要因素和不确定度分量的主要来源,并给出了相对标准不确定度分量,得出了该Zn标准样品测量不确定度的评定结果:扩展不确定度为U=0.012mg/L,或相对不确定度为3.5%.结论:评定程序和方法符合技术规范要求,操作简便、结果可靠,有较高的应用价值.     

废水中硝基苯类化合物的测量不确定度评定

根据HJ 648-2013《水质硝基苯类化合物的测定液液萃取气相色谱法》的检测原理和方法,结合CNAS-GL06《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》和JJF 1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的基本程序,以测定水中2,4-二硝基甲苯的含量为例,评定了气相色谱法测定水中硝基苯类化合物含量的不确定度,建立了数学模型,分析了各不确定度分量,将不确定度分量合成,并计算了其测定结果的扩展不确定度。结果表明:用气相色谱法测定水中硝基苯类化合物的含量,其不确定度主要来源为校准曲线拟合和测量重复性2个因素。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测量PM10中铅的不确定度评定研究

根据检测步骤和测量模型,以及测量不确定度评定与表示方法,分析了石墨炉原子吸收法测定环境空气PM10中铅不确定度的主要来源,量化了采气体积、切割粒径、标准溶液浓度与校准曲线拟合、量器容积误差、测量重复性等不确定度分量.考察得出采样流量是不确定度主要因素.用合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度对测量结果进行表述.研究内容为该方法测量不确定度的评定提供参考.     

测量不确定度在空气自动监测中的应用

根据测量原理建立数学模型，分析各种不确定分量的来源，评定标准不确定度，确定合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。通过不确定影响分量的分析，找出最大不确定分量，重点控制其分量，可保证测量的准确性和精度，也可通过重新评估显著性不确定分量，找出方法存在的不足和问题，提出控制不确定分量的步骤和方法，改善测量方法和手段提高测量准确性和精度。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的不确定度评定

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量值的分散性,与测量结果相联系的参数,通过火焰原子吸收分光光度法对水中铁的不确定度进行评定,确定铁测量不确定度的来源主要为工作曲线拟合、消解过程、重复测定和分析仪器,最主要来源是工作曲线,其他测量因素引起的分量较小,可以不予考虑。通过合理选择不确定度分量,优化评定过程,减少评定环节,达到对不确定度合理评定的目的。     

分光光度计测定水中总磷的不确定度评定

对GB/T11893-1989<水质总磷的测定分光光度法>中分光光度法测定水中总磷浓度的测量不确定度进行评定.根据JJF1059-1999<测量不确定度评定与表示>技术规范的要求,分析了该测量过程的测量不确定度来源,建立了数学模型,对测量不确定度的各个分量进行计算,最后合成求出总磷浓度的标准不确定度和扩展不确定度.     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定废水中总磷的不确定度评定

测量不确定度是表征被测定值的分散性,并与测量结果相联系的参数,钼酸铵分光光度法是测定水质总磷主要方法之一,根据其分析过程的操作步骤确定了其影响因素.在此评定了该方法测定水质中总磷的不确定度,依照分析方法建立数学模型,并根据数学模型把不确定度分解为各不确定度,对影响测量结果的各个分量进行了分析评定和计算,最终给出结果报告和评定结果分析,提出校准实验和多次重复性测量是影响样品分析误差的重要因素.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定室内积尘中铅含量不确定度评定

通过采集南宁市居民室内积尘,采用石墨炉原子吸收法进行铅含量的测定,根据JJF1059—1999〈〈测量不确定度评定与表示》对影响测量结果的不确定度分量进行了量化的计算,结果表明影响铅含量测定不确定度的主要因素为试样制备和校准曲线绘制,在该样品铅含量测定中,室内积尘中铅含量为21．4mg／kg,其扩展不确定度±2．78ms／kg。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.