威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)对~(14)C-土壤有机质转化的研究

土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,而大型土壤动物对土壤碳库的稳定性起着重要的决定作用。利用14C示踪技术,以14C-葡萄糖制备微生物源的土壤有机质(Soil organic matter,SOM),以蚯蚓威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)为代表,研究了14C-SOM在含有蚯蚓的两种土壤、不含蚯蚓的对照土壤和不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中的矿化、残留物在土壤和蚓粪中分布以及蚯蚓对14C-SOM的吸收。结果显示,15 d的培育期内蚯蚓显著加快了14C-SOM的矿化,在土壤中的矿化量是不含蚯蚓的对照土壤中矿化量的1.5～1.7倍,然而当移出蚯蚓后,残留14C-SOM在两种土壤中40 d内的矿化都比对照土壤中低。大约有4.2%～4.8%的14C-SOM被蚯蚓吸收利用。在有蚯蚓存在的土壤中,14C-SOM残留物在胡敏素中的含量有所增高,而在溶解有机物(DOM)中的含量显著降低。14C-SOM在不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中55 d内的矿化量和矿化动力学以及残留分布与在对照土壤中均没有显著区别。这些结果表明,蚯蚓对微生物源14C-SOM转化的影响主要是蚯蚓的肠道作用,这种作用可表现在两个方面,即初期对14C-SOM矿化的促进作...     

藏北3种高寒草地植物根系碳氮磷密度的非生长季和生长季差异

根系碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)密度影响植物与土壤间碳氮磷养分的循环过程,从而影响生态系统的地球化学循环。以申扎县高寒草原、高寒草甸草原和高寒草甸3种草地为对象,探究非生长季(4月)和生长季(8月)3种高寒草地根系C、N、P密度的分布规律及其差异。结果表明,(1)3种草地根系C、N、P密度在两个时期均呈现"T"字型空间分布,即3种草地根系C、N、P密度均随着土壤深度的增加而降低,且整体上高寒草甸的养分密度显著高于其他两种草地。3种草地根系C、N、P密度范围分别为57.287—1 130.753、1.457—38.243、0.090—3.217 g·m~(-2)。(2)3种草地的C、N、P密度具有显著的季节差异。生长季,高寒草原总地下C、N密度显著高于非生长季,分别高出非生长季47.822%和60.910%,而总地下P密度无显著差异;而生长季高寒草甸草原总的和每层的地下C、N、P密度显著低于非生长季。高寒草甸总地下C、N、P密度表现为生长季高于非生长季。高寒草原和高寒草甸增加的养分密度集中在0—10 cm深度。高寒草甸、高寒草原及高寒草甸草原的物种组成不同,土壤养分含量差异及土壤水分状况的不同可能是导致3种草地根系养分密度差异的原因。本研究可以为高寒草地根系养分密度季节变化提供基础资料,进一步认识草地根系在养分循环中的作用提供理论支持。     

不同基质及硒添加量对蚯蚓生长、繁殖和富硒能力的影响

蚯蚓是潜在的富硒蛋白饲料.在大棚环境条件下采用不同配比的3种农业废弃物(牛粪、菌渣和残余菜叶)和低浓度硒(Na_2SeO_3,0/20/40 mg/kg)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)进行培养,研究不同培养基质和硒添加量对蚯蚓生长繁殖和富硒能力的影响.结果发现,培养45 d后,与相同浓度硒处理的其他3组基质[纯牛粪、牛粪+菌渣+菜叶(干重比为6/2/2和3/6/1)]相比,牛粪+菌渣组(干重比为1/1)蚯蚓总生物量、蚓茧数、蚓体硒富集量和富集系数均达到最大,其中总生物量比培养前最大增加了18.21%,每100条蚯蚓产蚓茧数量达68.35-72.45个,蚓体硒富集量最高达到151.56mg/kg,蚓体硒富集系数最大为4.91.当硒添加浓度为20 mg/kg和40 mg/kg时,以牛粪+菌渣+菜叶为基质的两组(干重比为6/2/2,3/6/1)在培养初期对蚯蚓活性和培养后的总生物量增加均有一定的抑制作用,蚯蚓总生物量最大降低了8.48%.在不同基质培养条件下,外源添加硒对蚓体硒富集量和硒富集系数增加有促进作用,蚓体硒富集量与基质硒添加量均呈现出剂量-效应关系.上述结果表明,赤子爱胜蚓对硒具有极强的富集能力且培养基质种类对蚯蚓的生长繁殖具有很大的影响,牛粪和菌渣组合(干重比为1/1)是最佳的富硒蚯蚓培养基质且基质硒添加浓度≤40 mg/kg不影响蚯蚓生长繁殖.(图3表4参25)     

威廉腔环蚓（Metaphire guillelmi）对~（14）C-土壤有机质转化的研究

土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,而大型土壤动物对土壤碳库的稳定性起着重要的决定作用。利用14C示踪技术,以14C-葡萄糖制备微生物源的土壤有机质（Soil organic matter,SOM）,以蚯蚓威廉腔环蚓（Metaphire guillelmi）为代表,研究了14C-SOM在含有蚯蚓的两种土壤、不含蚯蚓的对照土壤和不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中的矿化、残留物在土壤和蚓粪中分布以及蚯蚓对14C-SOM的吸收。结果显示,15 d的培育期内蚯蚓显著加快了14C-SOM的矿化,在土壤中的矿化量是不含蚯蚓的对照土壤中矿化量的1.5～1.7倍,然而当移出蚯蚓后,残留14C-SOM在两种土壤中40 d内的矿化都比对照土壤中低。大约有4.2%～4.8%的14C-SOM被蚯蚓吸收利用。在有蚯蚓存在的土壤中,14C-SOM残留物在胡敏素中的含量有所增高,而在溶解有机物（DOM）中的含量显著降低。14C-SOM在不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中55 d内的矿化量和矿化动力学以及残留分布与在对照土壤中均没有显著区别。这些结果表明,蚯蚓对微生物源14C-SOM转化的影响主要是蚯蚓的肠道作用,这种作用可表现在两个方面,即初期对14C-SOM矿化的促进作用以及后期对14C-SOM残留物的稳定化作用。后续工作中应进一步研究蚯蚓对其它来源SOM降解和转化的作用,阐明蚯蚓对SOM稳定性的控制机理,对揭示全球碳循环规律具有重要的意义。     

模拟升温和放牧对高寒草甸土壤微生物群落的影响

通过开顶式温室(Open top chambers,OTCs)升温以及刈割+施加牛粪处理,应用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法,研究了青藏高原东部高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构对气候变暖和放牧的响应.结果表明,高寒草甸在生长季节,微生物群落以细菌为主.平均1.17℃的土壤升温使土壤微生物PLFAs总量增加34.58%,而春季割草结合牛粪施加使微生物PLFAs总量增加65.77%.模拟变暖和放牧均引起土壤微生物群落结构的显著变化.升温使细菌相对含量增加8.80%,而使真菌相对含量降低17.48%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.6.放牧使细菌相对含量增加8.40%,真菌相对含量降低14.04%,细菌与真菌之比由7.3变为9.2.OTCs升温+放牧处理比单独的升温或放牧处理对土壤微生物总量和细菌与真菌比值的影响更加明显.本研究表明,气候变暖和人类活动能够在短期内显著地改变青藏高原高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构,进而可能影响这一地区的生态系统碳收支和养分循环.     

牦牛粪便对川西北高寒草甸土壤养分的影响

川西北高寒草甸是我国四大牧区之一,也是"长江上游生态屏障"建设的重要"生态功能区"之一.近年来牦牛粪便被大量出售,显著地改变了生态系统的养分循环.通过模拟牛粪堆积,研究了牦牛粪便养分释放及其对周围土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4--N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N和全P)在不同时间和距离条件下的影响.结果表明,在研究区域内,牛粪对草地生态系统具有较强的养分(N、P)贡献能力,据初步统计,其值大致为N素699～932 kg hm-2,P素为110～147 kg hm-2;牛粪养分在夏季具有较快的分解速率,在3 mo左右之后基本分解殆尽;粪便在短期内能显著提高粪下土壤养分的含量,其中,对No3--N含量的提高最为明显,在2 mo左右之后其含量达到初始态的8.4倍,在实验后期,粪便对土壤养分的影响作用逐渐消失;粪便在夏季对周围10 cm内土壤的养分(NO3--N、NH4+N、速效K和无机P)含量能产生显著影响(P<0.05),但影响范围难以达到周围30 cm左右.与通常结论不同的是,在整个实验周期内,牦牛粪便并没有显著提高土壤有机C、全N和全P的含量.图4表1参31     

利用餐厨和绿化垃圾提高蚯蚓堆肥效率处理剩余污泥的研究

为了显著提高蚯蚓堆肥处理剩余污泥的效率,在实验室条件下进行了掺入不同比例餐厨和绿化垃圾的剩余污泥蚯蚓堆肥试验。在保持剩余污泥占主体的情况下,试验按照剩余污泥：餐厨垃圾：绿化垃圾的质量比（干质量）顺序,共设6个不同配比处理组,分别为100/0/0、90/5/5、80/10/10、70/15/15、70/20/10和70/10/20,各组接种蚯蚓后恒温（25±1）℃暗室培养,中途适时补充基质和水分,试验为期7周。试验结束后,去除未被降解基质,分离并量测蚯蚓质量和数量以及蚓粪质量及其养分含量,并据此量化比较各组蚯蚓堆肥效率。试验结果表明,与纯污泥相比,增加餐厨和绿化垃圾的总比例可以显著加快蚯蚓的生长、成熟和繁殖速度,显著提高对应基质的降解速率和蚓粪生产速率,而且相应蚓粪的养分（总有机碳、全钾）含量也会显著增加（全氮和全磷含量无显著影响）。在保持剩余污泥占70%比例下,掺入15%餐厨垃圾和15%绿化垃圾的组别蚯蚓堆肥处理剩余污泥的效率达到最高（蚓粪的养分含量除外）,并与其他组别相比具有统计显著性。总之,餐厨和绿化垃圾的掺入能够显著提高蚯蚓堆肥处理剩余污泥的效率。     

藏北高寒草地土壤磷脂脂肪酸指纹特征及其与土壤化学性质的关系

微生物是土壤的重要组成部分,反映了土壤的生物活性,同时也是土壤有机质和养分转化与循环的动力。高寒草地是藏北高原分布面积最大的生态系统类型,不仅是亚洲中部高寒环境中最为典型的自然生态系统之一,而且在世界高寒地区亦具有代表性。为了解藏北不同类型高寒草地土壤微生物群落结构特征,比较了藏北5种高寒草地(高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒草甸草原、高寒荒漠草原和高寒荒漠)的土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)指纹特征,并进一步分析其与土壤有机碳、总氮等土壤化学性质的关系。藏北5种高寒草地土壤PLFA中16:0和18:1w9c含量高,土壤PLFA主要包括直链饱和脂肪酸、直链单不饱和脂肪酸、支链饱和脂肪酸和环丙烷脂肪酸,其中直链单不饱和脂肪酸(27.77%~36.66%)和支链饱和脂肪酸(30.15%~36.61%)占比较高,环丙烷脂肪酸(3.48%~10.16%)仅占较少部分。高寒草甸土壤总PLFA含量、细菌、真菌、放线菌、革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌PLFA含量最高,其含量分别是其他4种草地类型土壤的2.00~6.45,2.01~8.88,1.82~3.52,1.61~5.37,2.01~9.17和2.06~10.94倍。大部分PLFA分子集中于高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒草甸草原土壤中,另外两种高寒草地土壤仅含少量微生物;土壤微生物在5种类型草地中的样点基本分散,而在每种类型草地样点中基本集中,表明微生物群落结构在不同草地类型土壤中存在明显差异,而在同一类型草地土壤中相近。土壤总PLFA,细菌、真菌、放线菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和革兰氏阳性细菌PLFA含量与土壤有机碳、总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮之间存在极显著相关性(P0.01),表明土壤碳、氮含量与土壤微生物间存在极为显著的相互刺激关系。该研究通过量化藏北不同类型高寒草地土壤的PLFA指纹特征,并分析其与土壤化学性质的关系,为进一步研究高寒草地生态系统土壤微生物群落结构特征提供理论依据。     

赤子爱胜蚓处理畜禽粪的最适湿度和接种密度研究

采用室内接种法研究了赤子爱胜蚓处理牛粪、猪粪及鸡粪和药渣混合物的最适湿度和接种密度。结果表明 :赤子爱胜蚓处理未腐熟牛粪、未腐熟猪粪及未腐熟鸡粪和药渣混合物的最佳湿度分别为 70 %、75 %、6 5 % ,最佳接种密度为 8条·(10 0g) -1(风干物料 ) ;赤子爱胜蚓的繁殖在未腐熟牛粪中最好 ,而其生长在未腐熟猪粪中最好 ,在未腐熟鸡粪和药渣混合物中生长与繁殖均较差     

青海超净区高寒草甸土壤有机碳及养分分布特征

青海省河南蒙古族自治县被联合国科教文组织誉为亚洲四大超净区之一,该区域土壤中的氮磷钾等养分除了来自大气沉降外,只有输出没有人为输入,这一生产管理方式是否会影响该地区草原生产的可持续性,目前鲜见报道。文章分析了青海省河南县高寒草甸土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾及速效养分含量的变化特征,以确定该区域土壤供肥能力。研究结果表明,河南县高寒草甸土壤中灌丛型草甸土壤有机碳含量最高,为79.07 g·kg~(-1),禾草型草甸最低,为57.89 g·kg~(-1);灌丛型草甸、杂类草型草甸和沼泽型草甸之间土壤有机碳差异不显著,与矮嵩草型草甸和禾草型草甸差异显著。土壤全氮含量同样为灌丛型草甸最高,为7.14 g·kg~(-1),禾草型草甸最低,为5.52 g·kg~(-1),但5种类型草甸土壤全氮含量均差异不显著。土壤全磷含量以杂类草型草甸最大,为2.0 g·kg~(-1);全钾含量以矮嵩草型草甸最大,为25.21 g·kg~(-1);而土壤全磷和全钾含量均以沼泽型草甸最小,分别为1.93 g·kg~(-1)和21.10 g·kg~(-1),但5种类型草甸土壤的全磷和全钾含量均不显著。灌丛型草甸土壤碱解氮含量最高,为438.72 mg·kg~(-1);禾草型草甸最小,为391.10 mg·kg~(-1)。灌丛型草甸和杂类草型草甸土壤碱解氮含量差异不显著,与沼泽型草甸、矮嵩草型草甸和禾草型草甸差异显著。沼泽型草甸土壤速效磷含量最大,为13.79 mg·kg~(-1),矮嵩草型草甸最小,为10.32 mg·kg~(-1);5种类型草甸土壤速效磷含量差异不显著。杂类草型草甸中土壤速效钾含量最高,为350.94 mg·kg~(-1),沼泽型草甸最小,为246.25 mg·kg~(-1);矮嵩草型草甸、禾草型草甸和杂类草型草甸土壤速效钾含量差异不显著,与灌丛型草甸和沼泽型草甸差异显著。土壤有机碳与全氮和碱解氮均呈极显著正相关。5种类型草甸土壤供氮、供钾潜力均极高,且速效钾含量已达到富钾水平,但供磷潜力较低。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.