南河底泥中金属污染的现状评价

底泥是水环境研究中的一个重要对象。底泥中元素的含量一般为10~(-4)—10~(-2)％,比水中同类元素往往高1—4个数量级。底泥主要由粘土矿物和腐殖酸等组成,对金属离子具有吸附和螯合作用,且吸附和螯合容量均大。如果工业废水中金属离子的含量愈多,排放时间愈长,其富集的元素含量就愈高。相对于水体和生物而言,底泥中的化学成份随季节、气候等的影响较小,而具有相对的稳定性。因此底泥中的化学成份更能反映出污染的情况。加以底泥样品易于保存,底泥与水及     

内源磷的释放作用及影响因素研究进展

水体的富营养化已成为目前环境研究中的焦点问题，磷在湖泊中的浓度高低是衡量湖泊富营养化水平的重要指标，是水生态系统基本营养盐之一，并且是淡水湖泊的最主要限制性营养因子。在外源磷得到有效的控制之后，内源磷的污染仍然能够保持湖泊的富营养化状态，此时内源磷的控制就成为了难点和重点。在底泥中的结合态磷，主要是以无机磷和有机磷的形式存在，有机磷与微生物活性密切相关，无机磷则主要与底泥存在的环境联系紧密。湖泊底泥内源磷释放受到一系列物理、化学、生物过程的控制，其影响因素主要包括扰动、氧化还原电位、pH值等，是多种因子综合作用的结果，同时，扰动引起的底泥再悬浮对内源磷有吸附固定作用。故底泥内源磷的释放机理有待进一步探索，在多种影响因素作用下，进一步研究底泥再悬浮对磷的吸附释放作用，从而明确内源磷的主要来源及吸附释放过程，为内源磷的控制提供理论依据，进而控制水体富营养化。     

深圳市前海铁石片区沿江河涌污染特征及对策分析

城市河涌黑臭水治理是新时代提高居民生活水平的重要环节,以深圳前海铁石片区沿江河涌为研究对象,采用化学元素分析、X射线衍射及电化学氧化技术对河涌水体、底泥进行微观测试与分析,研究影响河涌水体及底泥污染的主要因素,探索快速降低河涌水体氨氮指标的方法。研究结果显示铁石片区河涌水体黑臭主要指标是氨氮、总磷等有机类污染物,无机重金属离子含量较低;河涌底泥中有机质及重金属含量低于建设用地限制值,通过添加改性材料可提升底泥利用性能;电化学氧化技术能够快速降低黑臭水中氨氮含量,试验结果显示在氧化反应一小时后黑臭水体氨氮降解率超过90%。     

湖库底泥疏浚工程环评技术要点

底泥疏浚是治理污染水体的重要手段之一,通过对污染底泥的疏浚,可清除内污染源。作为环境治理工程,在水资源和水环境保护方面具有重要作用,但是工程实施过程中将不可避免地要产生一些污染物,同时也会造成水体水生生态系统的破坏。本文结合国内已完成的滇池、巢湖、太湖底泥疏浚工程的环境影响报告,对此类项目环境影响评价的技术要点进行探索和分析,为开展类似项目环评提供借鉴。     

壬基酚的土壤残留及其行为研究进展

壬基酚（NP）是类环境激素物质,具有生物致毒性,在水体、污泥、沉积物中存在普遍,且对食品安全构成威胁,但国内对土壤中壬基酚的残留水平知之甚少。本文对国内外土壤等环境中壬基酚的残留现状及其来源进行总结,综述了土壤环境中残留壬基酚的吸附解吸、淋溶迁移、降解代谢等环境行为及其影响因素,并对未来工作提出展望,以期为进一步开展土壤环境壬基酚的污染调查及其评价研究提供借鉴。     

石油类污染物在水环境中的归宿

石油类污染物在各种水环境中 ,由于水体的特点不同 ,其归宿也不同。通过对焉耆盆地石油开发区域内博斯腾湖、开都河及相邻湿地的研究 ,对石油类污染物在各水环境中扩散、挥发、溶解、分解、乳化、氧化、生物降解、沉降、吸附与吸收、分配与富集等进行了定量分析 ,为石油类污染的控制和清除提供了可靠依据     

沉水植物对富营养化水体的净化效果研究

通过建立小型围隔区,研究了沉水植物对富营养化水体中氮、磷等污染物的净化效果,以及对底泥中磷含量的影响.结果表明:(1)在放养沉水植物的围隔水体中各种营养盐浓度明显低于对照围隔;(2)沉水植物对磷的吸收能够有效地保持底泥中磷的含量,而在对照围隔中的底泥中磷元素含量却不断增加;(3)经50天后,水体中TN、NH4 -N、TP、PO43--P和CODMn平均去除率分别为36.3%、70.5%、54.6%、65.4%和43.1%.     

环境因子对长江宜宾段底泥吸附磷的影响

本文主要研究模拟长江底泥对富营养化水体磷的吸附,分析环境因子对底泥吸附磷的影响。结果显示：（1）在25℃时,底泥对磷的吸附在碱性条件时的吸附速率小于酸性和中性条件,中性条件下的吸附速率最大;（2）在控制上覆水温度时,温度越高底泥对磷的吸附量越小,20℃时底泥的吸附量是30℃吸附量的1.5倍;（3）上覆水中溶解氧的浓度越高,吸附速率越高。     

pH值对土壤吸附铜的影响分析

随着社会经济的不断进步,土壤中重金属污染问题日趋严峻,土壤中重金属污染已经受到政府相关部门和一些研究人员的高度重视。本文运用化学分析的方法研究了土壤对金属铜的吸附作用。研究土壤吸附铜的速率的方法是根据所做实验的数据进而绘制吸附量与时间之间的变化曲线,通过所得到的曲线斜率来探讨吸附动力学过程。通过实验分析我们得知:pH对土壤吸附铜的影响达到了显著水平,当其他的条件相同、土壤自身的pH增加时,土壤对铜的吸附量也随着增加,加入液pH为5.5时的吸附量显著高于pH为2.5的吸附量。表明土壤对铜的吸附作用受酸度影响较为明显,在酸度增加的情况下,土壤对铜的吸附降低,使得铜从土壤中解吸出来,进入水体对环境造成危害。因此,我们要提高预防酸雨等环境问题,防止酸雨使得土壤中重金属进入到水体。     

污染底泥修复治理技术

我国目前有90%的城市河流受到严重污染,河道治理问题已提上日程。而随着截污工程的引入,底泥的二次污染问题就成为影响河水水质的一个重要原因。本文简要分析了底泥中的主要污染物及其危害性,并总结了近年来国内外环境学者对底泥中有机物污染修复治理技术研究的主要成果。     

Major factors influencing the efficacy of vegetated buffers on sediment trapping: a review and analysis

Sediment is a major agricultural pollutant threatening water quality. Vegetated buffers, including vegetative filter strips, riparian buffers, and grassed waterways, are best management practices (BMPs) installed in many areas to filter sediments from tailwaters, and deter sediment transport to water bodies. Along with reducing sediment transport, the filters also help trap sediment bound nutrients and pesticides. The objectives of this study were: (i) to review vegetated buffer efficacy on sediment trapping, and (ii) to develop statistical models to investigate the major factors influencing sediment trapping. A range of sediment trapping efficacies was found in a review of over 80 representative BMP experiments. A synthesis of the literature regarding the effects of vegetated buffers on sediment trapping is needed. The meta-analysis results based on the limited data showed that buffer width and slope are two major factors influencing BMPs efficacy of vegetated buffers on sediment trapping. Regardless of the area ratio of buffer to agricultural field, a 10 m buffer and a 9% slope optimized the sediment trapping capability of vegetated buffers.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of water quality and sediment-associated processes with application to a Mississippi Delta lake

A three-dimensional water quality model was developed for simulating temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen in freshwater bodies. Effects of suspended and bed sediment on the water quality processes were simulated. A formula was generated from field measurements to calculate the light attenuation coefficient by considering the effects of suspended sediment and chlorophyll. The processes of adsorption–desorption of nutrients by sediment were described using the Langmuir Equation. The release rates of nutrients from the bed were calculated based on the concentration gradient across the water–sediment interface and other variables including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration.The model was calibrated and validated by applying it to simulate the concentrations of chlorophyll and nutrients in a natural oxbow lake in Mississippi Delta. The simulated time series of phytoplankton (as chlorophyll) and nutrient concentrations were generally in agreement with field observations. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to demonstrate the impacts of varying suspended sediment concentration on lake chlorophyll levels.     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

Sediment Flux to the Sea as Influenced by Changing Human Activities and Precipitation: Example of the Yellow River,China

Since the 1970s, the sediment flux of the Yellow River to the sea has shown a marked tendency to decrease, which is unfavorable for wetland protection and oil extraction in the Yellow River delta. Thus, an effort has been made to elucidate the relation between the sediment flux to the sea and the drainage basin factors including climate and human activities. The results show that the sediment flux to the sea responds to the changed precipitation in different ways for different runoff and sediment source areas in the drainage basin. If other factors are assumed to be constant, when the annual precipitation in the area between Longmen and Sanmenxia decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 27.5 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area between Hekouzhen and Longmen decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 14.3 million t/yr; when the precipitation in the area above Lanzhou decreases by 10 mm, the sediment flux to the sea will decrease by 17.4 million t/yr. A multiple regression equation has been established between the sediment flux to the sea and the influencing factors, such as the area of land terracing and tree and grass planting, the area of the land created by the sediment trapped by check dams, the annual precipitation, and the annual quantity of water diversion by man. The equation may be used to estimate the change in the sediment flux to the sea when the influencing variables are further changed, to provide useful knowledge for the environmental planning of the Yellow River drainage basin and its delta.     

Identifying fecal sources in a selected catchment reach using multiple source-tracking tools

Given known limitations of current microbial source-tracking (MST) tools, emphasis on small, simple study areas may enhance interpretations of fecal contamination sources in streams. In this study, three MST tools-Escherichia coli repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), coliphage typing, and Bacteroidales 16S rDNA host-associated markers-were evaluated in a selected reach of Plum Creek in south-central Nebraska. Water-quality samples were collected from six sites. One reach was selected for MST evaluation based on observed patterns of E. coli contamination. Despite high E. coli concentrations, coliphages were detected only once among water samples, precluding their use as a MST tool in this setting. Rep-PCR classification of E. coli isolates from both water and sediment samples supported the hypothesis that cattle and wildlife were dominant sources of fecal contamination, with minor contributions by horses and humans. Conversely, neither ruminant nor human sources were detected by Bacteroidales markers in most water samples. In bed sediment, ruminant- and human-associated Bacteroidales markers were detected throughout the interval from 0 to 0.3 m, with detections independent of E. coli concentrations in the sediment. Although results by E. coli-based and Bacteroidales-based MST methods led to similar interpretations, detection of Bacteroidales markers in sediment more commonly than in water indicates that different tools to track fecal contamination (in this case, tools based on Bacteroidales DNA and E. coli isolates) may have varying relevance to the more specific goal of tracking the sources of E. coli in watersheds. This is the first report of simultaneous, toolbox approach application of a library-based and marker-based MST analyses to flowing surface water.     

Interactions of chlorpyrifos with colloidal materials in aqueous systems

An understanding of sorptive processes is key to describing the fate of chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl-O-(3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] in aquatic environments. The objectives of this study were to evaluate isotherms for adsorption and desorption of chlorpyrifos on colloidal materials and to advance understanding of interaction mechanisms between chlorpyrifos and colloidal materials. Six Ca-saturated reference smectites, one Ca-saturated humic acid (Ca-humate), and one suspended sediment sample, collected from the Upper Cedar River, Iowa, were studied. A batch equilibration technique was employed to quantify adsorption and desorption isotherms for chlorpyrifos over the 0 to 100 microg L(-1) concentration range in a 0.01 M CaCl(2) background. Large differences in sorption affinity and variation in desorption hysteresis were found among the smectites. Neither chlorpyrifos adsorption nor its desorption were correlated with cation exchange capacity, surface area, or surface charge density of the smectites. The evidence suggests that physical interaction between chlorpyrifos and smectites is the dominant mechanism for adsorption of chlorpyrifos in aqueous systems. Chlorpyrifos was very strongly sorbed on Ca-humate and was not desorbed from the Ca-humate back into the aqueous solution. Chlorpyrifos was moderately sorbed on river sediment, and a large adsorption-desorption hysteresis was also found. The study implies that the nature of both organic and inorganic materials in suspended sediment can influence the adsorption-desorption behavior of chlorpyrifos in aqueous systems.     

Modeling the Highly Dynamic Loading of Mercury Species in the Carson River and Lahontan Reservoir System,Nevada

The semiarid Carson River — Lahontan Reservoir system in Nevada, United States is highly contaminated with mercury (Hg) from historic mining with contamination dispersed throughout channel and floodplain deposits. Work builds on previous research using a fully dynamic numerical model to outline a complete conceptualization of the system that includes transport and fate of both sorbed and dissolved constituents. Flow regimes are defined to capture significant mechanisms of Hg loading that include diffusion, channel pore water advective flux, bank erosion, and overbank deposition. Advective flux of pore water is required to reduce dilution and likely represents colloidal‐mediated transport. Fluvial concentrations span several orders of magnitude with spatial and temporal trends simulated within 10‐24% error for all modeled species. Over the simulation period, 1991‐2008, simulated loads are 582 kg/yr (THg²⁺), 4.72 kg/yr (DHg²⁺), 0.54 kg/yr (TMeHg), and 0.07 kg/yr (DMeHg) with bank erosion processes the principal mechanism of loading for both total and dissolved species. Prediction error in the reservoir is within one‐order of magnitude and considered qualitative; however, simulated results indicate internal cycling within the receiving reservoir accounts for only 1% of the reservoir's water column contamination, with river channel sediment sources more influential in the upper reservoir and bank erosion processes having greater influence in the lower reservoir.     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Harvesting on Sediment Yield in Forested Watersheds of the United States

Managed forests generally produce high water quality, but degradation is possible via sedimentation if proper management is not implemented during forest harvesting. To mitigate harvesting effects on total watershed sediment yield, it is necessary to understand all processes that contribute to these effects. Forest harvesting best management practices (BMPs) focus almost exclusively on overland sediment sources, whereas in‐and‐near stream sources go unaddressed although they can contribute substantially to sediment yield. Thus, we propose a new framework to classify forest harvesting effects on stream sediment yield according to their direct and indirect processes. Direct effects are those caused by erosion and sediment delivery to surface water from overland sources (e.g., forest roads). Indirect effects are those caused by a shift in hydrologic processes due to tree removal that accounts for increases in subsurface and surface flows to the stream such that alterations in water quality are not predicated upon overland sediment delivery to the stream, but rather in‐stream processes. Although the direct/indirect distinction is often implicit in forest hydrology studies, we have formalized it as a conceptual model to help identify primary drivers of sediment yield after forest harvesting in different landscapes. Based on a literature review, we identify drivers of these effects in five regions of the United States, discuss current forest management BMPs, and identify research needs.     

90锶在核排污水域中的分布与监测

本文报告了川江上游核排污水环境中９０ Ｓｒ 的监测结果。表明：９０ Ｓｒ 在河水和底泥中的含量与排污距离密切相关,在不同水生物种之间的蓄积分布有显著性差异,其中底泥和含钙高的生物对９０ Ｓｒ 有较强的浓集作用。所以,选用指示性物种能提高９０ Ｓｒ 监测灵敏度,是核污染监测的较好方法。