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1.
Synergisms between climate change mitigation and adaptation: an insurance perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evan Mills 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):809-842
As the world’s largest industry, the insurance sector is both an aggregator of the impacts of climate change and a market
actor able to play a material role in decreasing the vulnerability of human and natural systems. This article reviews the
implications of climate change for insurers and provides specific examples of insurance-relevant synergisms between adaptation
and mitigation in the buildings and energy sectors, agriculture, forestry, and land use. Although insurance is far from a
“silver bullet” in addressing climate change, it offers significant capacity and ability to understand, manage, and spread
risks associated with weather-related events, more so today in industrialized countries but increasingly so in developing
countries and economies in transition. Certain measures that integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation also bolster
insurers’ solvency and profitability, thereby increasing their appeal. Promising strategies involve innovative products and
systems for delivering insurance and the use of new technologies and practices that both reduce vulnerability to disaster-related
losses and support sustainable development. However, climate change promises to erode the insurability of many risks, and
insurance responses can be more reactive than proactive, resulting in compromised insurance affordability and/or availability.
Public–private partnerships involving insurers and entities such as the international relief community offer considerable
potential, but have not been adequately explored.
相似文献
Evan MillsEmail: URL: http://insurance.lbl.gov |
2.
Shimpei Iwasaki Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe Rajib Shaw 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(4):339-355
Climate change combined with human activities poses significant risks to people’s livelihood especially in developing countries.
Adaptation at the community level is of crucial importance in enabling them to respond to the direct and indirect effects
of changes in climate. In a case study of fishing communities in Chilika lagoon, India, the focus is made on understanding
climate change adaptation at the community level and scaling it up into the policy perspective through application of Sustainable
Livelihood Approach. This article challenges the research and policy community to encourage the identification of locally
negative constraints and positive strengths toward climate resilient communities in rural areas.
相似文献
Rajib ShawEmail: |
3.
Kirsten Halsnæs Priyadarshi Shukla 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(2):105-130
The paper presents a number of ideas on how climate change policy implementation in developing countries can be supported
by alternative international cooperation mechanisms that are based on stakeholder interests and policy priorities including
broader economic and social development issues. It includes a brief review of current development policies, technological
research and promotion efforts, and climate change that demonstrates that mutual policy initiatives undertaken by governments
and the private sector actually have major positive impacts on climate change without being initiated by this global policy
concern. Furthermore a number of examples are given on how future development objectives in Brazil, China, and India jointly
can support economic and social goals and global climate change concerns if these goals are taken into consideration and supported
by international cooperative mechanisms. The paper proposes international cooperative mechanisms that can support the implementation
of integrated development and climate change policies. The mechanisms include an international sustainable development (SD)
and Climate Finance Mechanism (SDCFM), technology development and transition programmes, technology standards, and other measures.
相似文献
Priyadarshi Shukla (Corresponding author)Email: |
4.
Ingrid Christine Koch Coleen Vogel Zarina Patel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1323-1339
Climate change is a multi-dimensional issue and in terms of adaptation numerous state and non-state actors are involved from
global to national and local scales. The aim of this paper is first to analyse specific institutional networks involved in
climate change predominantly at the national level in South Africa and second to determine how different stakeholders perceive
their role vis-a-vis climate change adaptation. Within the South African context there is a gap in understanding and evaluating
how institutional networks operate and thus the findings of this work may help inform and strengthen such relationships in
the future. Results showed that few institutions fully understand the implications of adaptation and their roles and responsibilities
have not yet been properly defined. Constraints relating to capacity, lack of awareness and poor information flow need to
be addressed. Climate change is perceived as an important issue although problems such as poverty reduction and job creation
remain national priorities. Most importantly this research has demonstrated how adaptation challenges the hierarchical manner
in which government works and a more collaborative approach to climate change adaptation is needed. Adaptation needs to be
mainstreamed and institutional networks need to be strengthened in order for adaptation mechanisms to be effectively implemented.
相似文献
Ingrid Christine KochEmail: |
5.
A stakeholder driven process to reduce vulnerability to climate change in Hermosillo,Sonora, Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hallie Eakin Victor Magaña Joel Smith José Luis Moreno José Maria Martínez Osvaldo Landavazo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):935-955
While there is a growing body of knowledge on potential impacts of climate change on water availability, there has been much
less empirical research on exploring the viability of particular adaptation options. The participation of stakeholders in
defining appropriate adaptation strategies is increasingly recognized as a critical element in the translation of climate
change impact research into effective actions to reduce future vulnerability, yet the process by which stakeholders are included
in such initiatives is not well-defined. This article presents the results of a pilot project in which a participatory approach
was employed to identify and evaluate adaptation options to climate change scenarios for Sonora’s capital city, Hermosillo.
In an iterative process, stakeholders representing different water users and managers in the city met to discuss climate change
scenarios, identify specific adaptation options, and evaluate a subset of options for possible future implementation. This
process enabled the focus of the investigation on those adaptations that addressed not only concerns with the potential future
impacts of climate change but also the immediate and pressing concerns about development patterns and water use in the city.
Two of the adaptations to climate change identified by stakeholders would also reduce energy demand. The simplicity of the
approach makes it a feasible model for adaptation initiatives in other regions of Mexico and in other countries in Latin America.
相似文献
Osvaldo LandavazoEmail: |
6.
Adaptation and mitigation as complementary tools for reducing the risk of climate impacts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gary Yohe Kenneth Strzepek 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):727-739
This paper uses the likelihood of flooding along Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers in India to explore the hypothesis that adaptation
and mitigation can be viewed as complements rather than sustitutes. For futures where climate change will produce smooth,
monotonic and manageable effects, adopting a mitigation strategy is shown to increase the ability of adaptation to reduce
the likelihood of crossing critical threshold of tolerable climate. For futures where climate change will produce variable
impacts overtime, though, it is possible that mitigation will make adaptation less productive for some time intervals. In
cases of exaggerated climate change, adaptation may fail entirely regardless of how much mitigation is applied. Judging the
degree of complementarity is therefore an empirical question because the relative efficacy of adaptation is site specific
and path dependent. It follows that delibrations over climate policy should rely more on detailed analyses of how the distributions
of possible impacts of climate might change over space and time.
相似文献
Gary YoheEmail: |
7.
Veronika Dornburg Gregg Marland 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(3):211-217
Kirschbaum (Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 11:1151–1164, 2006) explores the climatic impact over time of temporarily sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. He concludes that temporary
storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere “achieves effectively no climate-change mitigation”. His strongly worded statement
begs for a response. This paper argues that Kirschbaum’s conclusion is an artifact of the specific perspective of his analysis
and his choice of a definition for climate-change impact. Even temporary sinks put us on a lower path for climate change,
a path that will not otherwise be accessible. For carbon sinks in the terrestrial biosphere, we argue that sooner is better
and longer is better, but even known temporary sinks have value.
相似文献
Gregg Marland (Corresponding author)Email: |
8.
Recent interest in sustainable forest management planning in the Yukon has coincided with growing public awareness of climate
change, providing an opportunity to explore how forestry plans are incorporating climate change. In this paper, the Strategic
Forest Management Plans for the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Traditional Territory (CATT) and the Teslin Tlingit Traditional
Territory (TTTT) are examined for evidence of adaptation to climate change. For each plan, management policies and practices
that are also recognized as ways to adapt to climate change are identified to provide information on the incremental costs
and benefits of additional adaptation efforts. A typology for classifying sustainable forest management plans according to
how they address climate change is proposed and applied to the CATT and TTTT plans. This typology, which may be useful to
any future retrospective assessments on how successful these or other sustainable forest management plans have been in addressing
and managing the risks posed by climate change, consists of a matrix that categorizes plans into one of four types; (1) proactive-direct,
(2) proactive-indirect, (3) reactive-direct, and (4) reactive-indirect. Neither of the plans available for the southern Yukon
explicitly identifies climate change vulnerabilities and actions that will be taken to reduce those vulnerabilities and manage
risks. However, both plans have incorporated some examples of ‘best management practices’ for sustainable forest management
that are also consistent with appropriate climate adaptation responses. Even in a jurisdiction facing rapid ecological changes
driven by climate change, where there is a relatively high level of awareness of climate change and its implications, forestry
planning processes have yet to grapple directly with the risks that climate change may pose to the ability of forest managers
to achieve the stated goals and objectives of sustainable forest management plans.
相似文献
J. L. InnesEmail: |
9.
Preety M. Bhandari Suruchi Bhadwal Ulka Kelkar 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):919-933
India occupies 2.4% of the world’s geographical area with a large percentage of its land under agriculture. About 228 Million
hectares (Mha) of its geographical area (nearly 69%) fall within the dryland (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid) region. Of
the total cultivated area of 142 Mha, major part of agriculture in the country is rainfed, extending to over 97 Mha and constituting
nearly 68% of the net cultivated area, therefore making the agricultural sector vulnerable and exposed to the vagaries of
weather conditions. Climate change adds to this dimension of stress. A strong need is felt for targeting programmes in these
areas that address issues related to employing suitable soil and water conservation measures. In this context this paper seeks
to examine the case for watershed development as an adaptive strategy. An examination of the possibility of fortifying the
existing programme with a view to adapting to expected changes in climate in future is undertaken. Also, the possibility of
watershed development integrating into a suitable mitigation strategy for the country is assessed.
相似文献
Preety M. BhandariEmail: |
10.
Pablo del Río 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(3):203-213
Internal mitigation projects have recently been proposed as an additional flexibility mechanism, particularly in the context
of the European Union. Their main objective is to engage sectors not included in the European Union emissions trading scheme
(EU ETS) in cost-effective emissions reductions. However, in this paper it is argued that, when assessed in terms of dynamic
efficiency, the instrument is likely to be, at best, irrelevant to induce the scale of systemic technological changes which
are required to tackle the climate change problem and, at worst, detrimental for this task. Insights from the Evolutionary
Economics of technological change complemented with political economy considerations are used to support this claim.
相似文献
Pablo del RíoEmail: |
11.
Institutions play an important role in the adaptive capacity of a system in responding to climate change. This review paper
characterizes the status of the collective institutional response (government, industry, First Nation, community, civil society)
to climate change in the forest sector of the Canadian province of Ontario, and highlights the presence and nature of inter-institutional
networks as part of the response. Based on a synthesis of the commonalities in the public administration and policy literature
on tackling wicked problems, and the resilience literature, inter-institutional networks, which foster exchange of different
types of knowledge, are an important aspect of enhancing the adaptive capacity of social–ecological systems such as the forest
sector. Based on a content analysis of publicly available documents and insights gained from representatives of government,
community members and non-governmental organizations, mitigation and adaptations strategies are described. At the provincial
level there have been some new innovations in inter-institutional networks, but expansion of the forest stakeholders involved
in such networks would further enhance adaptive capacity. In particular, it is important to network with First Nations and
other forest-dependent communities who have a heightened vulnerability to climate change. The presence of a collaborative
capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build
long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in the Ontario forest sector.
相似文献
H. Carolyn Peach BrownEmail: |
12.
Greenhouse gas mitigation in developing countries through technology transfer?: a survey of empirical evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sonja Peterson 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(3):283-305
While greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to rise primarily in the developing countries, the potential for developing
new GHG mitigation technologies exists primarily in the industrialized countries. It is thus important, not only for predictions
about future emission paths but also for climate change mitigation policies, to understand how the international diffusion
of such technologies takes place and how it affects the energy infrastructure and GHG emissions in developing countries. This
paper provides an overview of the channels through which these technologies diffuse and focuses on the empirical evidence
pertaining to the effects these technologies have on GHG emissions in developing countries.
相似文献
Sonja PetersonEmail: |
13.
Jayant A. Sathaye Kenneth Andrasko 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):971-1000
Climate change programs have largely used the project-specific approach for estimating baseline emissions of climate mitigation
projects. This approach is subjective, lacks transparency, can generate inconsistent baselines for similar projects, and is
likely to have high transaction costs. The use of regional baselines, which partially addresses these issues, has been reported
in the literature on forestry and agriculture projects, and in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation program guidance for them (e.g.,
WRI/WBCSD GHG Project Protocol, USDOE’s 1605(b) registry, UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism). This paper provides an assessment
of project-specific and regional baselines approaches for key baseline tasks, using project and program examples. The regional
experience to date is then synthesized into generic steps that are referred to as Stratified Regional Baselines (SRB). Regional
approaches generally, and SRB in particular explicitly acknowledge the heterogeneity of carbon density, land use change, and
other key baseline driver variables across a landscape. SRB focuses on providing guidance on how to stratify lands into parcels
with relatively homogeneous characteristics to estimate conservative baselines within a GHG assessment boundary, by applying
systematic methods to determine the boundary and time period for input data.
相似文献
Kenneth AndraskoEmail: |
14.
Sonia Akter Roy Brouwer Saria Choudhury Salina Aziz 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(3):215-229
The study aims to assess the commercial viability of a potential crop insurance market in Bangladesh. In a large scale household
survey, agricultural farm households were asked for their preferences for a hypothetical crop insurance scheme using double
bounded (DB) contingent valuation (CV) method. Both revenue and production cost based indemnity payment approaches were applied
to assess the commercial viability of a crop insurance program assuming a partner-agent (PA) model of insurance supply. Crop
insurance is found marginally commercially viable in riverine flood plain areas. The expected indemnity payable consistently
exceeds the expected insurance premium receivable by the insurer for the households living in wetland basin and coastal floodplain.
We conclude that a uniform structure of crop insurance market does not exist in Bangladesh. The nature of the disaster risks
faced by the farm households and the socio-economic characteristics of the rural farm communities need to be taken into careful
consideration while designing such an insurance scheme.
相似文献
Sonia AkterEmail: |
15.
Luis J. Mata June Budhooram 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):799-807
The water cycle, a fundamental component of climate, is likely to be altered in important ways by climate change. Climate
change will most likely worsen the already existing water related problems. Then the question is how should policy makers
respond to this dilemma. Climate change mitigation, through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and sequestration is
not a sufficient response. Adaptation will also need to feature as a response strategy. Mitigation and adaptation need to
be viewed as complementary responses to climate change. Complementarity between adaptation and mitigation in the water sector
will be addressed in this paper. The paper will also outline the main impacts of climate change on water resources and identify
those areas that are most dependent and vulnerable to hydrological systems (e.g., hydroelectric systems, irrigation, agriculture)
and any changes thereof resulting from climate change. It will aim to assess the impact of water demand and water use, with
a view to identifying the main relationships between mitigation and adaptation in the water sector and the means through which
individual mitigation and adaptation actions can potentially interact with each other for the benefit of the water sector
as a whole. It will also explore the implications of climate change on the management of water resources. Adaptation and mitigation
options would be considered in the context of their socio-economic and environmental impacts and their contribution to sustainable
development. A brief evaluation of how this information can be directly used for planning purpose will also be presented.
相似文献
Luis J. MataEmail: |
16.
Community-based vulnerability assessment has often assumed that the local is the relevant level of adaptation to climate change.
This paper suggests that not only do a number of levels from the international to the regional influence which adaptations
can take place locally, but the governance network that is made up by actors on different levels may to a large extent be
formed in responses to globalising factors, such as internationalisation of economies and the changing role of the state.
The paper presents a study of adaptation in reindeer (Rangifier tarandus) herding, forestry and fishing communities in northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland, with a focus on assessing stakeholders’
own perceptions of environmental, socio-political and economic factors that affect them. In general, the paper illustrates
the integration of non-subsistence economies into large and complex interactions where local adaptation is a result of the
sum of stresses impacting individual entrepreneurs, and the potential they have to adapt their practices given governance
(and their access to support) on different scales.
相似文献
E. Carina H. KeskitaloEmail: |
17.
Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Following is a synthetic review on the minimal living cell, defined as an artificial or a semi-artificial cell having the
minimal and sufficient number of components to be considered alive. We describe concepts and experiments based on these constructions,
and we point out that an operational definition of minimal cell does not define a single species, but rather a broad family
of interrelated cell-like structures. The relevance of these researches, considering that the minimal cell should also correspond
to the early simple cell in the origin of life and early evolution, is also explained. In addition, we present detailed data
in relation to minimal genome, with observations cited by several authors who agree on setting the theoretical full-fledged
minimal genome to a figure between 200 and 300 genes. However, further theoretical assumptions may significantly reduce this
number (i.e. by eliminating ribosomal proteins and by limiting DNA and RNA polymerases to only a few, less specific molecular
species). Generally, the experimental approach to minimal cells consists in utilizing liposomes as cell models and in filling
them with genes/enzymes corresponding to minimal cellular functions. To date, a few research groups have successfully induced
the expression of single proteins, such as the green fluorescence protein, inside liposomes. Here, different approaches are
described and compared. Present constructs are still rather far from the minimal cell, and experimental as well as theoretical
difficulties opposing further reduction of complexity are discussed. While most of these minimal cell constructions may represent
relatively poor imitations of a modern full-fledged cell, further studies will begin precisely from these constructs. In conclusion,
we give a brief outline of the next possible steps on the road map to the minimal cell.
相似文献
Pier Luigi Luisi (Corresponding author)Email: |
Francesca FerriEmail: |
Pasquale StanoEmail: |
18.
Michael J. Scott James A. Dirks Katherine A. Cort 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(4):307-339
US residential and commercial buildings were responsible for about 41 exajoules (EJ) of primary energy use per year in 2002,
accounting for approximately 9% of the world fossil-fuel related anthropogenic carbon (C) emissions of 6.7 Gt that contribute
to climate change. US Government-sponsored building energy efficiency research and implementation programs are focused on
reducing energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings and reducing these carbon (C) emissions. Although not
specifically intended for adaptation to a warmer climate and less effective than under today’s cooler climate, these programs
also could help reduce energy demand in a future warmer world. Warming scenarios projected by the United Nations Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 imply net overall decreases in both site energy and primary energy consumption in US
residential and commercial buildings, largely because of the reduced need for heating. However, there would be as much as
a 25% increase in building space cooling demand and a significant part of the increase could be offset by energy-efficiency
improvements in buildings. Overall, in the US, buildings-related energy efficiency programs would reduce site energy consumption
in buildings in the US by more than 2 EJ in 2020 and primary energy by more than 3.5 EJ, more than enough to offset the projected
growth in cooling energy consumption due to climate change and growth in the US building stock. The savings would have an
estimated annual net value at 2005 energy prices of between $45.0 and $47.3 billion to consumers.
相似文献
Michael J. ScottEmail: |
19.
Upasna Sharma Anand Patwardhan 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):819-831
Differences in impacts of climate hazards across exposed units are determined by many factors including the severity of the
hazard itself, the population that is exposed to the hazard and the coping capacity of the exposed units to the hazard. Coping
capacity or adaptive capacity results from a combination of development status (generic capacity) and interventions pertinent
to the hazard (specific capacity). This paper explores the extent to which the generic adaptive capacity may explain the variation
in tropical cyclone impacts. Therefore this paper offers an empirical approach by which adaptive capacity may be measured
and validated against actual outcomes. Results not only validate the role of generic adaptive capacity in explaining variations
in impact but also reveal that general development indicators are not very important as far as predicting outcomes is concerned.
Those indicators of development that can be linked to the impact process are significant in explaining and predicting impact.
This can help identify those aspects of generic adaptive capacity which are important from the perspective of policy action
for enhancing adaptive capacity to a particular climate hazard.
相似文献
Anand PatwardhanEmail: |
20.
Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation,mitigation, and sustainable development 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Indur M. Goklany 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):755-786
Determinants of adaptive and mitigative capacities (e.g., availability of technological options, and access to economic resources,
social capital and human capital) largely overlap. Several factors underlying or related to these determinants are themselves
indicators of sustainable development (e.g., per capita income; and various public health, education and research indices).
Moreover, climate change could exacerbate existing climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria,
water shortage, coastal flooding and threats to biodiversity) faced specifically by many developing countries. Based on these
commonalities, the paper identifies integrated approaches to formulating strategies and measures to concurrently advance adaptation,
mitigation and sustainable development. These approaches range from broadly moving sustainable development forward (by developing
and/or nurturing institutions, policies and infrastructure to stimulate economic development, technological change, human
and social capital, and reducing specific barriers to sustainable development) to reducing vulnerabilities to urgent climate-sensitive
risks that hinder sustainable development and would worsen with climate change. The resulting sustainable economic development
would also help reduce birth rates, which could mitigate climate change and reduce the population exposed to climate change
and climate-sensitive risks, thereby reducing impacts, and the demand for adaptation. The paper also offers a portfolio of
pro-active strategies and measures consistent with the above approaches, including example measures that would simultaneously
reduce pressures on biodiversity, hunger, and carbon sinks. Finally it addresses some common misconceptions that could hamper
fuller integration of adaptation and mitigation, including the notions that adaptation may be unsuitable for natural systems,
and mitigation should necessarily have primacy over adaptation.
相似文献
Indur M. GoklanyEmail: |